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La Literatura De Homero Aridjis Desde La Cosmovisión Ecológica, “Alma En La Naturaleza”

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La Literatura De Homero Aridjis Desde La Cosmovisión Ecológica, “Alma En La Naturaleza” UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE FACULTAD DE FILOSOFIA Y HUMANIDADES ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO DEPARTAMENTO DE LITERATURA LA LITERATURA DE HOMERO ARIDJIS DESDE LA COSMOVISIÓN ECOLÓGICA, “ALMA EN LA NATURALEZA” Tesis para optar el grado de Doctora en LiteraturaCon mención en Literatura Chilena e Hispanoamericana Autora: Jung Hwa Kim Dirigida por: Prof. Dr. Leonidas Morales T. Santiago de Chile, 2010 Dedicatoria . 4 Epígrafe . 5 ABSTRACT . 6 PRESENTACIÓN . 7 INTRODUCCIÓN . 9 PRIMERA PARTE: CONCEPTO ESTRATÉGICO . 14 Trasfondo histórico de posmodernismo . 14 El posmodernismo y la literatura . 17 Ecología desde lo sagrado . 22 El Apocalipsis y la utopía . 31 El antropocentrismo versus el biocentrismo (técnica vs naturaleza) . 33 La ecopsicología y el alma . 44 La ecoliteratura en el ámbito de la ecocrítica . 54 316 Literatura comprometida (engagée) . 64 SEGUNDA PARTE: ANÁLISIS . 71 CAPÍTULO I: LA PERSPECTIVA ECOCRÍTICEN LA LITERATURA DE HOMERO ARIDJIS . 71 1. Aridjis como ecoescritor con visión ecopsicológica y ecocósmica . 71 2. Lo sagrado en la naturaleza en Aridjis . 76 3. La necrópolis en soledad . 82 4. El ecocidio en la literatura de Aridjis . 84 5. La técnica como una fase antiecológica en Aridjis . 94 CAPÍTULO II: EL TIEMPO EN REENCARNACIÓN: APOCALIPSIS Y UTOPÍA . 97 1. Del Apocalipsis a la utopía en Homero Aridjis . 97 2. El tiempo cíclico (reencarnado) y mítico en Aridjis . 100 3. Apoteosis de luz y de sol en Aridjis (epifanía) hacia la utopía . 107 CONCLUSIONES Y REFLEXIONES . 110 BIBLIOGRAFÍA . 114 BIBLIOGRAFÍA DEL AUTOR . 114 BIBLIOGRAFÍA GENERAL . 114 WEBGRAFÍA . 129 ANEXO 1: Entrevista con Homero Aridjis . 130 ANEXO 2: Frases de Homero Aridjis en torno a su ecovisión (de Reforma) . 131 ANEXO 3: Artículos seleccionados de Homero Aridjis en Reforma (México, D.F.) . 132 ANEXO 4: Curriculum Vitae de Homero Aridjis (1940 -) . 135 ANEXO 5: Voz e imagen de Aridjis en sitio de Internet . 139 ANEXO 6: Time Capsule de Homero Aridjis . 140 ANEXO 7: Imágenes fotográficas de Homero Aridjis . 141 LA LITERATURA DE HOMERO ARIDJIS DESDE LA COSMOVISIÓN ECOLÓGICA, “ALMA EN LA NATURALEZA” Dedicatoria Con toda mi alma, Para Elliot y Rubén, mi centro Para Gastón, mi norte Para mis padres, mi raíz Sobre todo, para toda el alma en la naturaleza, mi esfera. 4 Kim, Jung Hwa Epígrafe Epígrafe Hacer ecología es hacer poesía. Homero Aridjis (1940- ) Yo soy vida que anhela vivir en medio de otras vida s que anhelan vivir . Albert Schweitzer (1875- 1965) Toda la teoría es gris. La única eterna es ese verde del árbol de vida. Goethe (1749-1832) El escritor debe abrazarse con su época, que está hecha para él y él está hecho para ella. Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980) Un paisaje es un estado de alma. Henri-Frédéric Amiel (1821-1881) Was somebody asking to see the soul? See your own shape and countenance, persons, substances, beasts, the trees, the running rivers, the rocks and sands. Walt Whitman (1819-1892) Conservar el bosque es el papel del poeta. Gary Snyder (1930- ) La naturaleza es el primer maestro que enseña al ser humano lo que es la ética y el principio moral. Peter Kropotkin (1842- 1921) I want my body to help fertilize the growth of a cactus or cliff rose or sagebrush or tree.. Edward Abby (1927—1989) Kim, Jung Hwa 5 LA LITERATURA DE HOMERO ARIDJIS DESDE LA COSMOVISIÓN ECOLÓGICA, “ALMA EN LA NATURALEZA” ABSTRACT En esta tesis se indaga la cosmovisión ecológica de Homero Aridjis. La revisión de textos poéticos y narrativos, muestra que su temática central son el cuerpo y el alma de la naturaleza de modo comprometido, intentando generar conciencia ambiental desde la literatura, en una visión ecopsicológica de lo sagrado y de lo mítico. En una primera etapa se aborda el tema del posmodernismo, las representaciones centrales de las temáticas ecocríticas, la preocupación por la técnica, el progreso versus naturaleza y la alienación del sujeto. Se sondea el vínculo entre la literatura y la ecología, aclarando qué es la literatura comprometida de contenido social, en el momento actual y en el ámbito ecológico. Se discute el concepto de ecología, su evolución histórica y su vinculación con la literatura posmoderna. Utilizando metódicamente el concepto de ecocrítica, campo crítico de la ecoliteratura, se analizan los textos de Aridjis desde la mirada del ecocidio y la ecopsicología. Aparecen así, sus conceptos claves como lo sagrado, el alma, la naturaleza, el apocalipsis, la utopía, el biocentrismo y el antropocentrismo, la relación entre la naturaleza y la técnica. Se vincula la noción de la utopía aridjisiana como una posibilidad cierta de equilibrio ecológico con el concepto del tiempo circular relacionándolos con el fin del apocalipsis. Paralelamente, se dilucida el sentido de la luz y del sol en Aridjis, los que proyectan también la utopía ecológica. La indagación en los textos revisados se orienta por la añoranza de la fusión cósmica y la empatización armoniosa con la naturaleza que este autor persigue. Para fortalecer esta creencia, la autora hizo una entrevista por e-mail a Aridjis en la temática de la cosmovisión ecológica. Se profundiza en la reformulación contratextual del mito del Génesis propuesta por este autor. 6 Kim, Jung Hwa PRESENTACIÓN PRESENTACIÓN El propósito de esta investigación es el de indagar la cosmovisión ecológica de Homero Aridjis, que subyace constantemente en los mensajes ecológicos de sus obras y que marcan un hito significativo en los procesos del despertar y restaurar la conciencia ecológica. Esta tesis se contextualiza en la actual necesidad de las críticas de la literatura latinoamericana de acercarse a lo sagrado de la naturaleza, tantas veces vulnerado y desvirtuado políticamente que, sin embargo, se impone como necesario en una conciencia ambiental reactivada en la última década por varios autores. Por esta razón, la presente investigación revisará distintos textos poéticos y narrativos, enmarcados dentro de esta visión del mundo de Aridjis, los que abordan como temática central el cuerpo y el alma de la naturaleza de modo comprometido en un intento de generar conciencia ambiental desde la literatura, relacionándose con una visión ecopsicológica, de lo sagrado y de lo mítico. Una primera etapa de investigación abordará el tema del posmodernismo, el que involucra representaciones centrales de las temáticas ecocríticas, tales como la preocupación por la técnica, el progreso versus la naturaleza y la alienación del sujeto. La presente investigación sondeará el vínculo entre la literatura y la ecología como un estudio ecocrítico de la literatura de Homero Aridjis. Además, esta tesis intenta precisar qué es la literatura comprometida de contenido social, en el momento actual y en el ámbito ecológico, aquella que busca generar preocupación participativa en el tema sustentable en pro de una recuperación de la biosfera y la sanación espiritual para la humanidad. Se identificarán los factores involucrados en el surgimiento de la literatura comprometida con visión ecosófica.1 Esta tesis se aproximará a una mirada trascendental que nos ayudará a restablecer una relación entre la naturaleza y el hombre (protagonista de invención de la técnica) basada en la literatura de Aridjis. Para entender bien la ecoliteratura de Homero Aridjis, se discutirá el concepto de ecología, identificando su evolución histórica y su vinculación con la literatura posmoderna. Para ello, se utilizará metodológicamente, el concepto de “ecocrítica”, el que constituye el campo crítico de la ecoliteratura. Así, este estudio contribuirá a reflexionar acerca del rol que la literatura y la institución literaria deben jugar en las relaciones entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza en la actualidad. Además, se analizarán los textos de Aridjis desde la mirada del ecocidio y la ecopsicología. En un tercer momento, se identificará los conceptos claves en la obra del autor tales como: lo sagrado, el alma, la naturaleza, el apocalipsis y la utopía. Interesa determinar los conceptos de biocentrismo y antropocentrismo, destacando la relación entre la naturaleza 1 Ecosofía es un neologismo para designar a “una filosofía de la armonía o equilibrio ecológico que cuestiona la desacralización de la naturaleza que supuso el pensamiento griego”. Para mayor información, véase el argumento de Arne Naess: “By an Ecosophy I mean a philosophy of ecological harmony or equilibrium. A philosophy as a kind of sofia (wisdom), is openly normative, it contains both norms, rules, postulates, value priority announcements and hypotheses concerning the state of affairs in our universe. Wisdom is policy wisdom, prescription, not only scientific description and prediction. The details of an Ecosophy will show many variations due to significant differences concerning not only ´facts` of pollution, resources, population, etc., but also value priorities”, Drengson, A. y Y. Inoue. The Deep Ecology Movement: an Introductory Anthology 50, Berkeley: North Atlantic Publishers, 1995. 8. Kim, Jung Hwa 7 LA LITERATURA DE HOMERO ARIDJIS DESDE LA COSMOVISIÓN ECOLÓGICA, “ALMA EN LA NATURALEZA” y la técnica. Se vinculará la noción de la utopía aridjisiana como una posibilidad cierta de equilibrio ecológico con el concepto del tiempo circular relacionándolos con el fin del apocalipsis. Paralelamente, será posible comprender el sentido de la luzy del sol en Aridjis, los que proyectan también la utopía ecológica. Todos los conceptos estratégicos serán contrastados en algunas de las obras seleccionadas de Aridjis.2La añoranza de la fusión cósmica y la empatización armoniosa con la naturaleza que este autor persigue serán directrices que orienten la indagación en los textos revisados. La presencia del alma en la naturaleza es el hilo conductor esencial para el desarrollo del presente estudio, lo que conlleva la connotación de la mirada sacralizada del alma que existe en la naturaleza. Así, el tópico de la empatía con la naturaleza como prolongación del cuerpo en lo sagrado natural,que presenta la obra de Aridjis, propondría considerar el cuerpo humano como un microcosmos y la naturaleza como el ente extendido de dicho cuerpo, identificándose ambos en lo sagrado. Para fortalecer esta creencia, se anexará posteriormente una entrevista3 realizada a Aridjis que abarcará dentro de la temática de cosmovisión ecológica.
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