Ware Tier“ Im Dokumentarfilm

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Ware Tier“ Im Dokumentarfilm DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Fleisch-Darstellung und Fleisch-Konsum. Normalisierungsprozesse in der Gesellschaft anhand der „Ware Tier“ im Dokumentarfilm. verfasst von Elisabeth Nesensohn angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ulrich Meurer, M.A. Danksagung Meinem Betreuer Ulrich Meurer, der dafür sorgte, dass die Arbeit nicht ins Unermessliche ausartete und mich mit einer thematischen Rahmung des Themas den „roten Faden“ der Arbeit finden ließ. Meinen wundervollen Eltern, denen es immer wichtig war (und ist) den Gedanken und der Kreativität ihrer Kinder freien Lauf zu lassen, die mich mental und finanziell unterstützten, wann auch immer es nötig war, die mir ihre Liebe zu zeigen vermochten schon vor Beginn meines Denkens. Ahna und Ehni, Opa und Oma, von denen ich nicht alle kennenlernen durfte, die mich aber stets an die Zeit erinnern, als die Welt noch ein wenig anders war und mich nicht vergessen lassen, dass sie sich stets im Wandel befindet. Meinem Onkel Walter, der mich seit meiner frühesten Kindheit in die Begrifflichkeit der Natur eintauchen ließ und der materiellen Wert nicht über das eigene Wohl oder das von anderen stellt. Marie, deren inspirierende Gesellschaft mich auf den Boden der Realität zurückbringt und mich zugleich davon befreit. Danke für die (Bibliotheks-)Stunden, sowie das Korrekturlesen. Mick, dessen motivierende Worte mich stets beflügeln und dessen Hilfe manche Krisen verhinderte. Michaela, die einer der liebsten Menschen ist, die ich kenne. Danke für die Korrektur. Katrin, für die motivierenden Worte, die Korrektur und die Anmerkungen. Roman, für die Kaffeepausen. Und nicht zuletzt Dominik, ohne den ich wohl „vom Fleisch gefallen“ wäre. Zudem meinen beiden Geschwistern und deren Familien. „Blut ist dicker ist als Wasser“. Danke! Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung................................................................................................................................1 2. Die Lust am Fleisch................................................................................................................4 2.1. Der Wandel der „Fleischeslust“ von der Entstehung des Menschen bis zur Moderne....6 2.1.1. Fleisch in der Zeit der Jäger und Sammler..............................................................7 2.1.2. Die ersten Agrarwirtschaften.................................................................................12 2.1.3. Zeitgenössisches Fleisch - Der Wandel durch die Industrialisierung....................18 2.2. Der Blick auf Fleisch und seine soziale Funktion.........................................................22 2.2.1. Fleischkonsum in Zahlen und die Rolle der „Normalisierung“.............................26 2.2.2. Fleischkonsum im Hinblick auf Kultur.................................................................29 2.2.3. Die Veränderung der gesellschaftlichen Mentalität durch den tabuisierten Tod...32 2.2.4. Individualisierung im 20. Jahrhundert und der Blick auf Waren...........................36 3. Die Systemtheorie und ihr Bezug auf gesellschaftliche Organisationsformen.....................41 4. Fleisch und seine Hintergründe im Dokumentarfilm............................................................47 4.1. We Feed The World – Essen Global (2005)..................................................................48 4.1.1. Thematischer Zuschnitt & Argumentative Struktur...............................................50 4.1.2. Fazit.......................................................................................................................61 4.2. Unser täglich Brot – Essen Global (2006).....................................................................62 4.2.1. Thematischer Zuschnitt & argumentative Struktur...............................................64 4.2.2. Die Wirkung der Bilder.........................................................................................72 4.3. Der Prozess – Zivilgesellschaft als Staatsfeind? (2011)................................................75 4.2.1. Thematischer Zuschnitt & Argumentative Struktur...............................................76 4.3.2. Fazit.....................................................................................................................113 5. Schlusswort.........................................................................................................................114 6. Bibliographie.......................................................................................................................117 7. Zusammenfassung...............................................................................................................123 8. Abstract...............................................................................................................................124 1 1. Einleitung Quot homines, tot sententiae - So viele Menschen, so viele Meinungen Terenz (Publius Terentius Afer) um 195 – 159 v. Chr. Der Hunger nach Fleisch steigt global gesehen stetig an. Vor allem in Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländern1 lässt sich ein Trend zum Fleischkonsum beobachten, da sich die Verfügbarkeit in den letzten Jahrzehnten vervielfacht hat. Dies liegt unter anderem an den Produktionsmethoden der Industrialisierung und später auch der Globalisierung, die es ermöglichen die Ware in großen Mengen herzustellen und dementsprechend zu exportieren. In Industrienationen wie Österreich scheint der Markt aber gesättigt, sodass die Konsumzahlen seit einigen Jahren ein gleichbleibendes Niveau aufweisen. Dabei wirkt es so, als würde der massive Fleischkonsum immer kritischer gesehen werden, woraus resultiert, dass sich Menschen in Industrienationen häufiger dafür entscheiden, dem tierischen Eiweiß aus freien Stücken zu entsagen.2 Doch welche Beweggründe liegen hinter diesen Entwicklungen? Während umstrittene Produktionsmethoden, die ökologische Folgen nach sich ziehen, ethische Überlegungen, die sowohl Tier- als auch Menschenrechte gefährdet sehen und nicht zuletzt gesundheitliche Aspekte, von Fleischkonsum-Gegner/innen als Contra-Argument herangezogen werden, beziehen sich viele der Fleischesser/innen auf die menschliche Entstehungsgeschichte, um ihren Konsum zu legitimieren. Der Mensch habe schon immer Fleisch gegessen, heißt es. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, ob dies der Wahrheit entspricht bzw. ob sich erklären lässt, wieso der Mensch im Laufe seiner Entwicklung Fleisch gegessen hat. War es überlebensnotwendig? Und wenn ja, waren es die Bestandteile des Fleisches, die der Mensch braucht, oder diente Fleisch bloß als zusätzliche Proteinquelle, die in Zeiten des Mangels das Überleben sozialer Gruppierungen sicherte? 1 Das Sachbuch „The China Study“ von Colin Campbell beschreibt das Aufkommen von Zivilisationskrankheiten im Zusammenhang mit Fleischkonsum in China, der seit einigen Jahren massiv zunimmt. Diese Ausführungen sollen jedoch nicht Teil dieser Arbeit sein. 2 9% der [österreichischen] Bevölkerung geben an, sich rein vegetarisch/vegan zu ernähren“ (Stand vom 26. August 2013) „Bis 2005 bezeichneten sich in Österreich nur 3% der Menschen als Vegetarier“ http://newsroom.sparkasse.at/studie-bestatigt-veggie-boom-9-vegetarier-in-osterreich/ (Zugriff am 14.11.2014) 2 Diese Fragen, so wichtig sie im Diskurs um den Fleischkonsum auch sind, werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zwar nicht beantwortet, wohl aber diskutiert werden, denn sie bilden die Basis der Argumentation beider Lager und dienen somit einer Hervorhebung der Argumentationsweisen, die in Bezug auf den Konsum der Ware getroffen werden. Die Ausführungen zur „Fleisch-Geschichte“ im zweiten Kapitel beschäftigen sich mit der Frage, weshalb der Mensch Fleisch isst. Auch lässt sich mit der geschichtlichen Entwicklung des Fleischkonsums darlegen, welchen sozialen Stellenwert die Ware innerhalb menschlicher Gesellschaften einnimmt. Unter anderem soll dabei erläutert werden, warum die Kontroverse um das Thema Fleischkonsum mit einem Pathos geführt wird, der anders schwer zu verstehen ist, denn die Diskussion ob Fleisch gegessen werden sollte oder nicht, ist oft von außerordentlicher Emotionalität gekennzeichnet. Im zweiten Kapitel wird auch anhand Jürgen Links Ausführungen zur Normalisierung besprochen werden, weshalb der hohe Fleischkonsum der gesellschaftlichen Norm entspricht, gleichermaßen jedoch als abnormal bezeichnet werden kann. Im dritten Kapitel wird nun anhand Niklas Luhmanns Systemtheorien gezeigt, wie menschliche Gesellschaften sich in Interessengruppen aufspalten, die sich auch als Systeme bezeichnen ließen, und sich dort eine Umwelt konstruieren, die von der Umwelt anderer Systeme abweicht. Die Realität solcher Gruppierungen ist damit ein Konstrukt ihrer Wahrnehmung, also dem Blick auf die Umwelt. Jürgen Habermas führt die Kommunikation zwischen Individuen als Möglichkeit an, zu einem gemeinsamen Konsens zu kommen. Hier kommt die entscheidende Rolle der Medien zum Tragen. Zwar erschaffen sie Bilder einer konstruierten Realität und entspringen einem gewissen System, bieten aber gleichzeitig die Möglichkeit, die Welt mit anderen Augen zu sehen. Sie können als Kommunikationsmittel verstanden werden, die Voraussetzungen dafür schaffen die Sichtweise auf verschiedene Aspekte, beispielsweise des Fleischwarenkonsums oder der Fleischlobby, zu verändern. Dabei erfüllen Dokumentarfilme eine ganz andere Funktion, als beispielsweise
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