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Prospects for Utilization of Superconductors in the Power Industry

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Prospects for Utilization of Superconductors in the Power Industry Session 8 — High Temperature Superconductors PROSPECTS FOR UTILIZATION OF SUPERCONDUCTORS IN THE POWER INDUSTRY N.A. CHERNOPLEKOV Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, Moscow ABSTRACT. Utilization of superconducting technology is greatly influenced by die discoveiy of the so-called high-temperature superconductors (HTS). The present report considers to what extent there is a need for HTS in up-to-date engineering and how much they are prepared for practical applications. The work on practical use of superconductors was started about 30 years ago. As a result, two fields of die high-current superconductivity have emerged. The first category is the field in which other alternatives were inconceivable from techno-econotnk points of view (magnets of large merino-nuclear installations, MHD generators, inductive energy storage systems, etc.). The second category involves areas where superconductors must demonstrate the ability to compete with existing technologies (electrical devices, magnetic separators, etc.). The present overview discusses development of various low temprature superconducting devices, estimates their potential and evaluates future applications of HTS based on the experience accumulated in the USSR and other countries. INTRODUCTION MODERN COMMERCIAL Applied superconductivity and its most significant SUPERCONDUCTORS constituents, namely, the research and development Superconducting materials are necessary in electrical of superconducting electrical devices, have been devices to generate high magnetic fields in large studied for 30 years. This period follows the volumes while dissipating little power. theoretical prediction of Soviet physicists1 on the Technological feasibility of such materials should be possible existence of the so-called hard comparable to that of common conductors, e.g. superconductors. Such materials have sufficiently copper or aluminium. The stability of the high values of critical magnetic field and current superconducting state must also be ascertained for density to promise useful applications. This any particular environment within the prediction was followed by the discovery of such superconducting windings. substances by American physicists 2 (here we refer to How do modern industrial superconductors look the liquid helium temperature superconductors). like and what could be said about their industrial Almost immediately, these discoveries stimulated production (wires, cables, tapes, etc.)? In answering active research and development in many countries, these questions we consider only tow-temperature including the USSR. The subject of the superconductors, because the high-temperature investigations was the possible use of high current materials can hardly be anticipated on the market in low-temperature superconductors in magnets, the near future. electric power devices and physical research. Modem materials for superconducting windings The practical use of superconductors was are typically made of a quite complicated composite proclaimed a new technology which could radically structure; they comprise metals with different change electric power engineering and influence electrical, thermal and mechanical properties and are other branches of industry and science 3. Today it is usually covered with some insulation. The reasonable to evaluate the outcome of this effort. So cross-sectional area of a wire or a cable can vary the possible changes following the discovery of from a fraction of a few square milimeters to tens of "high-temperature superconductors" (or, more square centimeters. Rated currents can be, precisely, superconductors at liquid nitrogen accordingly, a few amperes or tens of kA. temperature level) and their possible use in Superconducting filament diameters in those wires or high-current technologies should be discussed. The cables vary from tens of micrometers to less than one present report deals with superconducting electrical micrometer, while the total number of filaments can engineering developments in the USSR and other vary from a few units to hundreds of thousands. parts of the world. Individual filaments could be separated by some 141 kma — USSR ENERCV CONFERENCE MAV 13-15.1991 intermediate material a few micrometers (or less) In spite of its technological complexity, the thick. These intermediate barriers ate made from commercial production of superconducting wires and high resistant alloys in order to minimize the cables is now performed in many developed transverse conductivity. The barriers can also serve countries; this production is at the level of several some technological purposes, for instance, to prevent hundreds of tons per year, with a steady growth mutual diffusion of different components of the trend. The cost of modern commercial conductor, etc. The wires are usually twisted around superconductors varies from a few to ten US dollars their axes so that each filament follows a spiral path. per one Idloamperemeter (kAm), depending on the In some high current conductors, individual strands particular design and the production scale. It is are transposed along the lengths so that every two pertinent to compare the price of one kAm of filaments could change their position. superconducting cable with that of common copper In general, commercial superconductors should wires, carrying a current with a standard density of meet specified requirements. The corresponding 107 A/m2. Whereas the current carrying capacity of technological principles of their design and a superconductor is about SO times mat of a copper production are now fairly well understood. They ate conductor, its effective price is smaller by a factor of based on the electric, thermal and mechanical two. processes which have been experienced in more than In the state of the art discussion on tens thousands of superconducting magnets4. superconducting materials and their prospects for Although many different superconductors are commercialization, two recent breakthroughs should known, only two of them are used in the high-current be mentioned. The first one, which took place in superconducting technologies. One is a group of 1983, is connected with the use of superconducting Nb-Ti alloys with slightly varying composition, and magnets to generate AC fields with frequencies of the other is the intermetaUic compound, Nb^Sn. 50-60 Hz. Until then, the superconductors were Their critical parameters are listed in Table 1. Nb-Ti extensively used only for steady field generation or superconductors became commercially available in for fields changing rather slowly (characteristic the late sixties and NbjSn conductors in the middle frequency of 10'2 Hz), e.g. for magnets of seventies. superconducting synchrotrons. Of these two superconductors, Nb-Ti alloys are The reasons for such limitations on AC more technologically feasible (for their ductility); applications of superconductors are the following. they are also cheaper and thus preferred for use in As the magnetic field partly penetrates the bulk of a superconducting magnets. They yield overall current superconductor, changes of the field lead to densities that are about ten times higher than those of dissipation. Additional losses could arise due to traditional conductors (without any power Table 1. Critical parameters of superconductors dissipation). Supenxnducton A. J*(10»A/m2) As can be seen from the •K (nm) (nm) (5T) (1CT) data in Table 1, the use of Nb3Sn conductors Lo» Temperature allows the building of Nb-Ti 95 12 250 6.2 15/4.5 — magnets with larger fields Nb-Zr 10.5 10 160 6.7 20 or higher operating 18 24 180 6.5 50/15 25 temperatures. These 23.2 35 133 3.6 180 94 magnets can be more 18.2 42 150 3.3 100 50 reliable, since their critical v Ga 15.5 23 168 4 90 45 parameters could be much * 14.2 59 244 2.8 100 63 higher than those of nMoe>* operating ones, at 4.2K. HkhTtmpmtKn However, due to the natural ~T brittleness of NbjSn. all 94 50 200 corresponding technologies mt4.2K are more intricate. The 85 100-200 300-1000 1.5-30 targe scale production of 110 2 10 Nl^Sn conductors was first realized in the USSR in the it 773 K Tokamak T-1S installation B—critical magnetic induction for fusion. J — critical current density 142 NA CHBMOPIBCOV LhXEATON Of SUPERCONDUCTORS turbulent currents in stabilizing metals with high point—77.3 K at 1 atm) for refrigeration. conductivity (Cu, Al). The removal of power Some authors place these discoveries at the same dissipated at liquid He temperatures require 500 to level as die development of semiconductor 1000 times more power than at room temperature. technology or even that of the nuclear fission Accordingly, the AC applications of superconductors reactions which form the base for atomic power should become economical if the losses in generation. They envisage radical changes in superconducting windings could be made less than electricity and power generation technologies due to 10"3 of corresponding losses in traditional practical application of high temperature conductors at room temperature. superconductors. To what extent ate these Investigations of different dissipative AC expectations justified? mechanisms in superconducting cables have First of all it should be stressed that currently even established the main relationship between losses and "high-temperature" superconductivity is still a the parameters of a cable. This allows the cryogenic superconductivity. Thus superconducting development of procedures serving to reduce the devices must be cooled, the cables or wires must be dissipation rate.
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