(Nb-Ti) Superconducting Joints for Persistent-Mode Operation
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Evolution and Understanding of the D-Block Elements in the Periodic Table Cite This: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C
Dalton Transactions View Article Online PERSPECTIVE View Journal | View Issue Evolution and understanding of the d-block elements in the periodic table Cite this: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C. Constable Received 20th February 2019, The d-block elements have played an essential role in the development of our present understanding of Accepted 6th March 2019 chemistry and in the evolution of the periodic table. On the occasion of the sesquicentenniel of the dis- DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00765b covery of the periodic table by Mendeleev, it is appropriate to look at how these metals have influenced rsc.li/dalton our understanding of periodicity and the relationships between elements. Introduction and periodic tables concerning objects as diverse as fruit, veg- etables, beer, cartoon characters, and superheroes abound in In the year 2019 we celebrate the sesquicentennial of the publi- our connected world.7 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. cation of the first modern form of the periodic table by In the commonly encountered medium or long forms of Mendeleev (alternatively transliterated as Mendelejew, the periodic table, the central portion is occupied by the Mendelejeff, Mendeléeff, and Mendeléyev from the Cyrillic d-block elements, commonly known as the transition elements ).1 The periodic table lies at the core of our under- or transition metals. These elements have played a critical rôle standing of the properties of, and the relationships between, in our understanding of modern chemistry and have proved to the 118 elements currently known (Fig. 1).2 A chemist can look be the touchstones for many theories of valence and bonding. -
Progress in Wire Fabrication of Iron-Based Superconductors
Progress in wire fabrication of iron-based superconductors Yanwei Ma* Key Laboratory of Applied Superconductivity, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China Abstract: Iron-based superconductors, with Tc values up to 55 K, are of great interest for applications, due to their lower anisotropies and ultrahigh upper critical fields. In the past 4 years, great progress has been made in the fabrication of iron-based superconducting wires and tapes using the powder-in-tube (PIT) processing method, including main three types of 122, 11, and 1111 iron-based parent compounds. In this article, an overview of the current state of development of iron-based superconducting wires and tapes is presented. We focus on the fabrication techniques used for 122 pnictide wires and tapes, with an emphasis on their meeting the critical current requirements for making high-performance conductors, such as a combination of using Ag sheath, addition element and optimized heat treatment to realize high Jc, ex situ process employed to reduce non-superconducting phases and to obtain a high relative density, and a texture control to improve grain connectivity. Of particular 4 2 interest is that so far transport Jc values above 10 A/cm at 4.2 K and 10 T are obtained in 122 type tapes, suggesting that they are prospective candidates for high-field applications. Finally, a perspective and future development of PIT pnictide wires are also given. * E-mail: [email protected] 1 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... -
Selected High-Temperature Superconducting Electric Power Products
Selected High-Temperature Superconducting Electric Power Products Prototypes are outperforming design goals full-scale utility applications are moving onto the power system and ... Modernizing the Existing Electricity Infrastructure Superconductivity Program for Electric Systems•• Office of Power Delivery U.S. Department of Energy January 2000 HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING POWER PRODUCTS CAPTURE THE ATTENTION OF UTILITY ENGINEERS AND PLANNERS Soon superconductors could be so common that we will drop the “super” and refer to them simply as conductors Critical Role of Wire The application of superconductors to electric power systems has been pursued for more than 30 years. This persistence is starting to pay off and utilities that once politely acknowledged the long-term potential of superconducting applications are now paying close attention to several prototype devices that are being tested or are nearing testing on utility systems. What has prompted this interest is the development of electric wires that become superconducting when cooled to the affordable operating-temperature realm of liquid nitrogen as well as the development of coils, magnets, conductors, and machines and power components made with these wires. Superconducting wires have as much as 100 times the current carrying capacity as (Courtesy of American Superconductor Corp.) ordinary conductors. Flexible HTS conductors promise reduced A Real Need operating costs and many other benefits when incorporated into electric power devices. They can change the way power is managed and The timing is right for superconducting solutions consumed. to emerging business problems. Power generation and transmission equipment is aging and must be replaced. Environmental considerations are increasing. Utilities are changing the way they evaluate capital investments. -
Sn and Ti DIFFUSION, PHASE FORMATION, STOICHIOMETRY, and SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES of INTERNAL-Sn-TYPE Nb3sn CONDUCTORS
Sn AND Ti DIFFUSION, PHASE FORMATION, STOICHIOMETRY, AND SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES OF INTERNAL-Sn-TYPE Nb3Sn CONDUCTORS A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Science in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Rakesh Kumar Dhaka, B. Tech. ***** The Ohio State University 2007 Masters Examination Committee Professor Mike Sumption, Adviser Professor John Morral, Adviser Professor Katharine Flores ABSTRACT In the present work the diffusion of Sn through the interfilamentary matrix within a subelement and the formation of the associated Cu-Sn intermetallics were observed experimentally for several different Nb3Sn internal-Sn type strands during the pre- reaction part of the heat treatment. An analytical-based model was then developed to determine the time and temperature dependence of Sn-diffusion through the Cu matrix of Nb3Sn subelements. The output of the model is in the form of radial positions of , and phases as a function of time during pre-reaction heat treatment process. These predicted radial positions can be used to determine the optimum heat treatment parameters. The model was then compared to the experimental results. Experimental results for Ti-bearing superconductor strands were also discussed. Following the pre-reaction heat treatment studies, the effects of Titanium doping in presence of Tantalum on the kinetics of Nb3Sn formation and superconducting properties of internal-tin type strands were examined. A series of internal-tin type Nb3Sn sublements which had Nb-7.5wt%Ta filaments and various levels of Ti doping were investigated. Titanium was introduced into the Sn core of the subelements such that the core contained 0 at% to 2.8 at% Ti before reaction. -
High Performance Magnesium Diboride (Mgb ) Superconductors
High Performance Magnesium Diboride (MgB2) Superconductors: Towards the Prospect for Commercialization M.S.A. Hossain (ARC DECRA Fellow) The Australian National University– 16/04/2014 Research Programs at ISEM/AIIM Faculty . Applied Superconductivity Group • Bulk • Wire • Tape • Cable • Thin Film . Energy Storage Group . Spintronics and Electronic Materials Group . Thin Film Technology Group . Terahertz Science, Solid State Physics Group . Nanostructure Materials Group . Advanced Photovoltaic Materials Group ISEM Performance Profile highlight ISEM Team: 40 research staff (12 ARC fellows) and more than 80 PhD Seven research program centred on energy and electronics Electrification Program leader in Automotive CRC 2020 More than 50% citations in Li ion battery and superconductivity from ISEM in Australia ISEM is ranked at first place in magnesium diboride supercondcutors and eighth place in Li ion battery research in terms of outputs since 2001 105 PhD graduates widely spread across five continents since 1994 50 ARC fellowship awards to ISEM since 1995 80 ARC projects since 2000 12% publications, 15% ARC funding and 24% citations of UoW are from ISEM $80m for building & $20m for facilities for research infrastructure Member of CoE, ANFF and Flagship Bao Steel Joint Centre with other 3 Universities; Network with more than 50 institutions world-wide Strong links with more than 10 industry partners ERA assessment ranked at 5 for materials engineering, materials chemistry, physical chemistry and interdisciplinary engineering of UOW Superconductivity? Applications • Making a good superconducting product is a formidable interdisciplinary problem Wire cost Wire performance Engineering Cryogenics MgB2 Very simple crystal structure Very high current densities Polycristalline materials observed in films carry large currents Moderately high Tc Tc of 39K Factor of 10 larger than in bulks; room for large improvement in wires still available from R&D MgB2 presents very Good mechanical properties Potentially high critical field 60 1.2 promising features Sample No. -
Development of Niobium-Boron Grain
DEVELOPMENT OF NIOBIUM-BORON GRAIN REFINER FOR ALUMINIUM-SILICON ALLOYS A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) by Magdalena Nowak Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology (BCAST) Brunel University September 2011 To my mother and my late father... II Abstract Aluminium castings with a large grain structure have poor mechanical properties which are primarily due to casting defects as opposed to fine grain structure. The grain refinement practice using chemical addition is well established for wrought alloys, however in the case of casting alloys, the practice of adding grain refiners and the impact on castability is not well established. The addition of well known Al-5Ti-B grain refiner to casting alloys with silicon (Si) content above 3 wt.% is not effective. This is believed to be due to the chemical reaction between Ti and Si. The current research aim is to find an alternative, but effective, chemical phase which can refine Al-Si alloy grains. Based on a crystallographic database search and intermetallic phases found in Aluminium–Niobium-Boron, there exists several iso-structural phases similar to those of Al3Ti and TiB2. We have selected a phase which exhibits chemical phase stability with Si (below 900 oC) and developed a potential novel grain refiner Nb-B for Al-Si cast alloys. Various Al-Si binary alloys and a commercial sourced LM6 (Al-10Si-Mg) cast alloys were cast after novel grain refiner addition to the melt. It is the first time that such fine grain structures were achieved for Al-Si alloys when Si >4wt.%. -
Stable Isotopes of Niobium Properties of Niobium
Stable Isotopes of Niobium Isotope Z(p) N(n) Atomic Mass Natural Abundance Nuclear Spin Nb-93 41 52 92.906376 100% 9/2+ Niobium was discovered in 1801 by Charles Hatchett. Its name comes from the Greek name Niobe, meaning “daughter of Tantalus” (tantalum is closely related to niobium in the periodic table of elements). Because the niobium was discovered in an ore called columbite, it was known temporarily as columbium. Niobium, a gray or silvery soft metal, is ductile and very malleable at room temperature and does not tarnish or oxidize at room temperature. It only reacts with oxygen and halogens when heated. It is less corrosion- resistant than tantalum is at high temperatures. Niobium is not attacked by nitric acid up to 100 °C but is vigorously attacked by the mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids. It is unaffected at room temperature by most acids and by aqua regia. It is attacked by alkaline solutions, to some extent, at all temperatures. Niobium becomes a superconductor at 9.15 °K. It is insoluble in water, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and aqua regia; soluble in hydrofluoric acid; and soluble in fused alkali hydroxide. At ordinary temperatures niobium does not react with most chemicals; however, the metal is slowly attacked by hydrofluoric acid and dissolves and is attacked by hydrogen fluoride and fluorine gases, forming niobium pentafluoride. Niobium is oxidized by air at 350 ºC, first forming a pale yellow oxide film of increasing thickness, which changes its color to blue. On further heating to 400 ºC, it converts to a black film of niobium dioxide. -
Separation of Niobium and Tantalum - a Literature Survey Ernest L
Ames Laboratory ISC Technical Reports Ames Laboratory 8-15-1956 Separation of niobium and tantalum - a literature survey Ernest L. Koerner Iowa State College Morton Smutz Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_iscreports Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Koerner, Ernest L. and Smutz, Morton, "Separation of niobium and tantalum - a literature survey" (1956). Ames Laboratory ISC Technical Reports. 145. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_iscreports/145 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Ames Laboratory at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ames Laboratory ISC Technical Reports by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Separation of niobium and tantalum - a literature survey Abstract During recent years increased interest has been shown in the metal niobium. Because niobium has a high melting point (4376° F) and a low neutron cross-section, the Atomic Energy Commission has encouraged research on new methods of winning the metal from its ores with the ultimate hope of finding a process which would yield niobium metal at a reasonable price. The two areas of endeavor in which·the principal difficulties in finding such an economic process occur are the separation of tantalum from the niobium and the conversion of purified niobium salts to the metal. This report, then, was written to consolidate the more important information available in the literature on one of these troublesome areas, that of the separation of niobium and tantalum. -
Effect of Oxygen on the Corrosion of Niobium and Tantalum by Liquid Lithium
ORNL-TM-4069 DECEIVED BY TIC MAR 2 01973 THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN ON THE CORROSION OF NIOBIUM AND TANTALUM BY LIQUID LITHIUM R. L. Klueh MASTER SiSTiHBUTWfl c-f THIS &3CmMT 13 U&UMITED r. I . • -I ' / •''Hi'; 1 . V/', •• I • • H I •-' , C •!", >i ; ' o ': 'J -1 ; .•..'.' •-•'I' < . • . .J ,• ! OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY '-I. ' ' t- /operated'by "unjon 'carbide, coloration • forjhe'u.s. atowic1 ENERGY'CQMMISSION 1 • - " <•:-.*- '' .1 iS> '•'• . ' , 1 <• \ .1 I . 'v: • = 1 r i. H. ORNL-TM-4069 Contract No. W-7405-eng-26 METALS AND CERAMICS DIVISION THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN ON THE CORROSION OF NIOBIUM AND TANTALUM BY LIQUID LITHIUM R. L. Klueh NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States noi' the United States Atomic Energy Commission, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility fir the accuracy, com- pleteness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. MARCH 1973 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 operated by • i UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION for the U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION MASTER • • • 11X CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Experimental 5 Results ...... 7 The Effect of Oxygen in Lithium 7 The Effect of Oxygen in the Refractory Metal 9 Discussion ........ 16 Acknowledgments 21 THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN ON THE CORROSION OF NIOBIUM AND TANTALUM BY LIQUID LITHIUM R. L. -
Niobium Pentoxide Based Materials for High Rate Rechargeable Electrochemical Energy Storage Cite This: Mater
Materials Horizons View Article Online REVIEW View Journal | View Issue Niobium pentoxide based materials for high rate rechargeable electrochemical energy storage Cite this: Mater. Horiz., 2021, 8, 1130 Fei Shen,a Zhongti Sun,ab Qinggang He, *c Jingyu Sun, abd Richard B. Kaner *e and Yuanlong Shao*abd The demand for high rate energy storage systems is continuously increasing driven by portable electronics, hybrid/electric vehicles and the need for balancing the smart grid. Accordingly, Nb2O5 based materials have gained great attention because of their fast cation intercalation faradaic charge storage that endows them with high rate energy storage performance. In this review, we describe the crystalline features of the five main phases of Nb2O5 and analyze their specific electrochemical characteristics with an emphasis on the intrinsic ion intercalation pseudocapacitive behavior of T-Nb2O5. The charge Received 14th September 2020, storage mechanisms, electrochemical performance and state-of-the-art characterization techniques for Accepted 9th December 2020 Nb2O5 anodes are summarized. Next, we review recent progress in developing various types of Nb2O5 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01481h based fast charging electrode materials, including Nb2O5 based mixed metal oxides and composites. Finally, we highlight the major challenges for Nb2O5 based materials in the realm of high rate rechargeable rsc.li/materials-horizons energy storage and provide perspectives for future research. 1. Introduction Due to the increasing demand for rapid charging and high power a College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS delivery for portable electronics and electricvehicles,highrate (SIEMIS), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and energy storage systems (ESSs) that can store/release charge in Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, P. -
Thermal Analysis and Simulation of the Superconducting Magnet in the Spinquest Experiment at Fermilab
Thermal Analysis and Simulation of the Superconducting Magnet in the SpinQuest Experiment at Fermilab Z. Akbar∗and D. Keller† University of Virginia November 18, 2020 Abstract The SpinQuest experiment at Fermilab aims to measure the Sivers asymmetry for theu ¯ and d¯ sea quarks in the range of 0.1 < xB < 0.5 using the Drell-Yan production of dimuon pairs. A nonzero Sivers asym- metry would provide an evidence for a nonzero orbital angular momentum of sea quarks. The proposed beam intensity is 1.5 × 1012 of 120 GeV unpo- larized proton/sec. The experiment will utilize a target system consisting 4 of a 5T superconducting magnet, NH3 and ND3 target material, a He evaporation refrigerator, a 140 GHz microwave source and a large pump- ing system. The expected average of the target polarization is 80% for the proton and 32% for the deuteron. The polarization will be measured with three NMR coils per target cell. A quench analysis and simulation of the superconducting magnet is performed to determine the maximum intensity of the proton beam be- fore the magnet transitions to a resistive state. Simulating superconduc- tor as they transition to a quench is notoriously very difficult. Here we approach the problem with the focus on producing an estimate of the maximum allowable proton beam intensity given the necessary instru- mentation materials in the beam-line. The heat exchange from metal to helium goes through different transfer and boiling regimes as a function of temperature, heat flux, and transferred energy. All material proper- ties are temperature dependent. A GEANT-4 based simulation is used to calculate the heat deposited in the magnet and the subsequent cooling processes are modeled using the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation pack- age. -
Future Possibilities – Technology and the Market Place
NIOBIUM: FUTURE POSSIBILITIES – TECHNOLOGY AND THE MARKET PLACE Friedrich Heisterkamp(1) and Tadeu Carneiro(2) (1) Niobium Products Company GmbH, Steinstrasse 28, D-40210 Düsseldorf 1, Germany. (2) Reference Metals Company, Inc.,1000 Old Pond Road, Bridgeville, PA 15017-0217, U.S.A. Abstract Although niobium is now two hundred years old, it has been only during the past four decades that it has been consumed as an industrial material. During this time, niobium has been established as part of the engineering solution in numerous cases for its own technical merits. The most important of these cases are in the field of oil and gas transportation, automotive industry, high-rise buildings, aircraft engines and medical diagnosis devices. The future will see niobium as an increasingly important technological solution in a broad spectrum of end- uses as specific niobium properties continue to be investigated. The bulk of niobium will continue to go into steel since its present position is unchallenged in the three main microalloyed steel domains (pipe, automotive and structurals). In pipe steels niobium will remain a chief microalloying element in all steel grades. In automotive steels it will remain the most important microalloying element in all hot and cold rolled HSLA steels with a good chance to penetrate the new and important group of multi-phase steels. In addition, it is expected that all thermomechanically processed high strength steels for structural components will contain niobium as the first microalloy choice in the future. With regard to the non-ferrous applications niobium will be rather used for high value-added products.