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Geology and Ground-Water Resources in Eastern Cheyenne and Kiowa Counties, Colorado

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Geology and Ground-Water Resources in Eastern Cheyenne and Kiowa Counties, Colorado Geology and Ground-Water Resources in Eastern Cheyenne and Kiowa Counties, Colorado GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1779-N Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board Geology and Ground -Water Resources in Eastern Cheyenne and lliowa Counties, Colorado f ; ARNOLD J. BOETTCHER With a section on CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE GROUND WATER C. ALBERT HORR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1779-N Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board J NTITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library catalog card for this publication appears after page 32. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Pag« Abstract__ ______________________________________________________ N1 Introduction. _____________________________________________________ 1 Purpose of investigation._______________________________________ 1 Location _____________________________________________________ 1 Previous investigations-_____-___-______________-_-_------______ 2 Method of investigation.________________________________________ 3 Well-numbering system___________________,____________________ 3 Acknowledgments. ____________________________________________ 4 Geography______________________________________________________ 4 Topography and drainage._____________________________________ 4 Climate._____________________________________________________ 5 Cultural development-_________________________________________ 6 Geology-_________________________________________________________ 7 General features_____________________________________________ 7 Niobrara Formation.- ________-____-__-_______-____-----__--_-_ 8 Pierre Shale_________________________________________________ 9 Ogallala Formation.___________________________________________ 9 Alluvium.____________________________________________________ 10 Ground water_____________________________________________________ 10 Occurrence ___________________________________________________ 10 Hydrologic properties of water-bearing materials_____-_--_--______ 11 Configuration of the water table_________________________________ 12 Depth to water______________________________________________ 12 Thickness of saturated materials_______________________________ 13 Natural recharge and discharge________________________________ 13 Water-level fluctuations._______________________________________ 14 Utilization of water________________________________________________ 16 Domestic and stock____________________________________________ 16 Irrigation __ _________________________________________________ 16 Municipal____________________________________________________ 16 Chemical quality of the ground water, by C. Albert Horr_____________ 17 Definition of terms__-____---__--___-______-----------_-------- 20 Factors affecting water quality____________________-______-______ 21 Water quality in relation to geology_____________________________ 21 Relation of water quality and use______________________________ 21 Domestic._ _______________________________________________ 21 Stock._________________________________________________ 23 Irrigation__ _____________________________________________ 24 Water-bearing properties of the geologic formations.___________________ 30 Smoky Hill Marl Member of the Niobrara Formation._____________ 30 Pierre Shale_________________________________________ 30 Ogallala Formation____________________________________________ 31 Alluvium.____________________________________________________ 31 References cited-__________________________________________________ 31 in IV CONTENTS ILLUSTKATIONS [Plates are In pocket] PLATE 1. Geologic map showing location of wells and test holes and the con­ figuration of the bedrock beneath the Ogallala Formation. 2. Map showing configuration of the water table and depth to water in wells in the Ogallala Formation. 3. Map showing thickness of saturated materials in the Ogallala Forma­ tion. Page FIGURE 1. Index map--_____________________._____________________ N2 2. System used in numbering wells and test holes ______________ 4 3. Graph showing annual precipitation at Cheyenne Wells._____ 6 4. Hydrograph of water-level fluctuations and barograph of atmospheric-pressure changes _______________________ 15 5. Relation of chemical quality of water to saturated thickness of the Ogallala....___________________________ 22 6. Diagram by U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff for classification of irrigation water___________ ____________ _ 26 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Generalized section of the geologic formations-.- ________ N8 2. Summary of the results of pumping tests in the Ogallala For­ mation. _______________________________________________ 11 3. Chemical analyses of ground water from the Ogallala Formation. 18 4. Suitability, for irrigation, of ground water in the Ogallala For­ mation. _______________________________________________ 27 5. Leaching and gypsum requirements of ground water from the Ogallala Formation..--------------------------------_ 29 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES IN EASTERN CHEYENNE AND KIOWA COUNTIES, COLORADO By AjjNOii) 3. BOETTCHEE ABSTRACT The principal source of ground water in eastern Cheyenne and Kiowa Coun­ ties, Colo., is the Ogallala Formation of Pliocene age. Yields from wells for domestic- or stock-water supplies from the Ogallala Formation are adequate almost anywhere in the area, but yields sufficient for irrigation are obtained only in a few localities. The alluvium of Pleistocene to Recent age occurs only in the valleys, and its yield of water to stock and domestic wells is small. All the ground water is derived from natural underflow from Kit Carson County and from precipitation. The recharge from precipitation reaching the zone of saturation is estimated at three-fourths of an inch annually. The remain­ der, about 13.5 inches, either becomes stream runoff, evaporates, or is retained in the soil and subsequently evaporates or is transpired. The water table slopes generally eastward. Depth to water in the Ogallala Formation ranges from about 15 to 290 feet. Ground water is discharged natur­ ally by underflow to Kansas, Kit Carson County, and Prowers County. The chemical quality of water in the Ogallala Formation ranges from fair to good. In general the quality of water seems to depend on the thickness of the saturated zone and on the solubility of the minerals in the underlying bedrock. Water obtained from thinly saturated materials overlying the Smoky Hill Marl Member is poor in quality, whereas water from materials overlying the Pierre Shale is better. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION In eastern Cheyenne and Kiowa Counties, ground water is the only source of potable water for the population and the only means by which the crops can be irrigated. To determine the availability and occurrence of ground water in this area, a project was started in July 1959 by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board. LOCATION The project area described in this report (fig. 1) includes approxi­ mately 1,500 square miles in the eastern half of Cheyenne County and Nl N2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES the eastern third of Kiowa County in eastern Colorado. The area is bounded on the east by the Kansas State line, on the west by the Big Sandy Creek valley, on the north by Kit Carson County, and on the south by Prowers County. 103°30' 103 C 102°30' Base map compiled by U.S. Geological Survey 10 o 10 20 I i i i .1 I i _L_ PIGTJKE 1. Map showing area described in this report. PBEVTOUS INVESTIGATIONS The geology and ground-water resources of eastern Cheyenne and Kiowa Counties were first described by Hay (1895), Johnson (1901, 1902), and Darton (1905) in their studies of the High Plains. The geologic formations were described in detail by Elias (1931) in his report on the adjoining area in Wallace County, Kans. The availa­ bility of ground water in the northeastern part of Cheyenne County was discussed by Cardwell (1953) in a report on the irrigation-well development in the Kansas River basin of eastern Colorado. Studies EASTERN CHEYENNE AND KIOWA COUNTIES, COLORADO N3 of ground water in Kit Carson County, the lower Big Sandy Creek valley, and Prowers County are in preparation. METHOD OF INVESTIGATION Field data for the project were collected by R. O. Smith from July to September 1959 and by the author during the summers of 1960 and 1961. Eecords of wells, logs, test holes, water-level measure­ ments, and chemical analyses of ground water were collected during this study and were published (Boettcher, 1962). E. A. Moulder, Colorado district engineer of the Ground Water Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey, supervised both the fieldwork and report preparation. Ground-water information was collected from 257 selected wells. Depth of the well and depth to water were measured with a steel tape. The depth to water in pumping wells was measured with an electric tape. The location of the wells and test holes is shown on plate 1. Altitudes of the wells and test holes were determined by plane-table methods by V. M. Burtis of the Geological Survey. Water samples were collected from 56 wells and analyzed by the Quality of Water Branch of the Geological Survey. The surficial geology
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