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A África Sob O Olhar Do Outro: a Guiné Nas Representações Literárias E Cartográficas Portuguesas Do Século XV

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A África Sob O Olhar Do Outro: a Guiné Nas Representações Literárias E Cartográficas Portuguesas Do Século XV UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA DOUTORADO EM HISTÓRIA KATIUSCIA QUIRINO BARBOSA A África sob o olhar do outro: a Guiné nas representações literárias e cartográficas portuguesas do século XV. VOLUME 1 Niterói - RJ 2017 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA DOUTORADO EM HISTÓRIA KATIUSCIA QUIRINO BARBOSA A África sob o olhar do outro: a Guiné nas representações literárias e cartográficas portuguesas do século XV. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Grau de doutor. Área de concentração: História Social e das Ideias Orientadora: Profª Drª Vânia Leite Fróes. Niterói - RJ 2017 2 B238 Barbosa, Katiuscia Quirino. A África sob o olhar do outro: a Guiné nas representações literárias e cartográficas portuguesas do século XV / Katiuscia Quirino Barbosa. – 2017. 349 f. ; il. Orientadora: Vânia Leite Fróes. Tese (Doutorado em História Social) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, Departamento de História, 2017. Bibliografia: f. 234-250. 1. Identidade. 2. Alteridade. 3. Navegação – Portugal. 4. Século XV. I. Fróes, Vânia Leite. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. 3 KATIUSCIA QUIRINO BARBOSA A África sob o olhar do outro: a Guiné nas representações literárias e cartográficas portuguesas do século XV. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Grau de doutor. Área de concentração: História Social e das Ideias. ______________________________________________________________________ Professora Doutora Vânia Leite Fróes – Orientadora Universidade Federal Fluminense – UFF ______________________________________________________________________ Professora Doutora Gracilda Alves – Arguidora Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ ______________________________________________________________________ Professor Doutor Edmar Checon de Freitas – Arguidor Universidade Federal Fluminense – UFF ______________________________________________________________________ Professora Doutora Priscila Aquino da Silva – Arguidora Centro Universitário La Salle do Rio de Janeiro – UNILASALLE ______________________________________________________________________ Professor Doutor Douglas Mota Xavier De Lima – Arguidor Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará – UFOPA Niterói – RJ 2017 4 DEDICATÓRIA Aos meus pais 5 AGRADECIMENTOS À Profª. Drª. Vânia Leite Fróes, por seu apoio, dedicação e paciência. Ao Professor Doutor Edmar Checon de Freitas e à Professora Doutora Priscila Aquino da Silva pelas contribuições dadas no exame de qualificação. À professora doutora Gracilda Alves e ao professor doutor Douglas Mota Xavier de Lima por aceitarem, gentilmente, integrar a banca de avaliação desta tese. Aos familiares e amigos cujo apoio e compreensão foram fundamentais para a realização deste trabalho. À CAPES pela concessão da bolsa. À secretaria do PPGH-UFF. 6 EPÍGRAFE “Pode-se medir nosso grau de barbárie ou civilização por como percebemos e acolhemos os outros, os diferentes. Os bárbaros são os que consideram que os outros, porque não se parecem com eles, pertencem a uma humanidade inferior e merecem ser tratados com desprezo ou condescendência. Ser civilizado não significa haver cursado estudo superior ou ter lido muitos livros (...): todos sabemos que certos indivíduos com essas características foram capazes de cometer atos de absoluta barbárie. Ser civilizado significa ser capaz de reconhecer plenamente a humanidade dos outros, ainda que tenham rostos e hábitos diferentes dos nossos” Tzevetan Todorov 7 RESUMO Considerando o avanço das navegações portuguesas no Atlântico central no século XV, este trabalho tem por finalidade compreender as relações entre portugueses e africanos durante a expansão quatrocentista, a fim de analisar o impacto dessas relações na construção de uma nova perspectiva de mundo, que passa tanto por aspectos culturais, quanto por aspectos geográfico-espaciais. Destacamos as formas como a África fora representada pelos viajantes do período com o intuito de compreender como o continente e seus habitantes foram apreendidos pelos europeus e de que modo os novos contatos culturais estabelecidos à época contribuíram para a formação e consolidação da identidade portuguesa, pautada em valores cristãos, erigida na relação de alteridade com os povos da região da Guiné. Palavras-chave: Identidade, Alteridade, Espaço, Expansão Marítima. 8 ABSTRACT Considering the advance of the Portuguese navigations in the central Atlantic in the 15th century, this work aims to understand the relations between Portuguese and Africans during the Portuguese expansion of the fifteenth century, in order to analyze the impact of these relations in the construction of a new perspective of the world, by cultural aspects, as well as by geo-spatial aspects.We highlight the ways in which Africa was represented by the travelers of the period in order to understand how the continent and its inhabitants were apprehended by Europeans and how the new cultural contacts established at the time contributed to the formation and consolidation of the Portuguese identity, based on Christian values, built on the relationship of otherness with the peoples of the Guinean region. Keywords: Identity, Otherness, Space, Maritime expansion. 9 RESUMEN Teniendo en cuenta el progreso de los navegantes portugueses en el centro del Atlántico en el siglo XV, este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender la relación entre los portugueses y los africanos durante la expansión del Quattrocento con el fin de analizar el impacto de estas relaciones en la construcción de una nueva visión del mundo, que implica no solo aspectos culturales, sino geográfico-espacial. Destacamos las formas en que África estuvo representada por los viajeros de la época con el fin de entender cómo el continente y sus habitantes fueron capturados por los europeos y cómo los nuevos contactos culturales establecidos en el momento contribuyeron a la formación y consolidación de la identidad portuguesa, sobre la base de los valores cristianos, construidos en relación otredad con la gente de la región de Guinea. Palabras clave: Identidad, Alteridad, Espacio, Expansión marítima. 10 SUMÁRIO GERAL VOLUME 1 Introdução ...................................................................................................................... 17 Primeira Parte: África, Portugal e a expansão quatrocentista: espaço e imaginário Capítulo 1 - Historiografia e fontes de pesquisa sobre a expansão Atlântica portuguesa e a exploração da Guiné ........................................................................... 24 1.1. A Historiografia ...................................................................................................... 25 1.1.1. A expansão quatrocentista: as grandes questões historiográficas .................. 25 1.1.2. A África e a expansão marítima: abordagens possíveis ................................... 33 1.2. As fontes: entre textos e mapas ............................................................................. 37 1.2.1. Fontes cartográficas: a produção cartográfica portuguesa do século XV.....37 1.2.2. As fontes literárias: as literaturas na Idade Média..........................................42 1.2.3.Humanismo, produção literária e propaganda política no quatrocentos português ........................................................................................................................ 46 1.2.4. A produção cronística de Gomes Eanes de Zurara .......................................... 50 1.2.5. A crônica da Guiné .............................................................................................. 52 1.2.6. Viagens de Luís de Cadamosto e Pedro de Sintra...............................................................................................................................57 1.2.7. O Descobrimento Primeiro da Guiné...................................................................58 1.2.8. Fontes arquivísticas e normativas ..................................................................... 60 Capítulo 2- Entre o Medievo Ocidental e a África: espaço e imaginário na Baixa Idade Média....................................................................................................................62 2.1. O espaço: considerações teóricas ......................................................................... 63 2.2. O imaginário e as percepções do espaço na Idade Média ................................... 73 2.2.1. Cartografia e apreensão do espaço no Ocidente Medieval ............................. 78 2.3. A África no imaginário europeu............................................................................ 82 2.3.1 .A África no imaginário medieval ....................................................................... 82 11 2.3.2. A construção da África no imaginário ocidental .............................................. 86 2.4. O Atlântico e a Costa Ocidental Africana: aproximações atuais ....................... 90 Capítulo 3 - O mar como missão: a dinastia de Avis e a expansão sobre a África............................................................................................................................100 3.1. Mar e Imaginário .................................................................................................
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