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The Grenada Revolution in the Caribbean Present NEW CARIBBEAN STUDIES Edited by Kofi Campbell and Shalini Puri

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The Grenada Revolution in the Caribbean Present NEW CARIBBEAN STUDIES Edited by Kofi Campbell and Shalini Puri The Grenada Revolution in the Caribbean Present NEW CARIBBEAN STUDIES Edited by Kofi Campbell and Shalini Puri New Caribbean Studies is a unique series of monographs and essay collections focused on the still burgeoning field of Caribbean Studies, a field that is contributing to Caribbean self-understanding, global understanding of the region, and the reinven- tion of various disciplines and their methodologies well beyond the Caribbean. The series especially solicits humanities-informed and interdisciplinary scholarship that addresses any of the region’s language traditions. Kofi Campbell is an associate professor of English at Wilfrid Laurier University and coordinator of the English program at its Brantford Campus. He is the author of Literature and Culture in the Black Atlantic: From Pre- to Postcolonial. Shalini Puri is an associate professor of English at the University of Pittsburgh. Her book The Caribbean Postcolonial: Social Equality, Post-Nationalism, and Cultural Hybridity was the winner of the 2005 Gordon and Sybil Lewis award for the best book on the Caribbean. Published by Palgrave Macmillan: Humor in the Caribbean Literary Canon By Sam Vásquez Rhys Matters: New Critical Perspectives Edited by Mary Wilson and Kerry L. Johnson Between Empires: Martí, Rizal, and the Intercolonial Alliance By Koichi Hagimoto Desire between Women in Caribbean Literature By Keja L. Valens The Queer Caribbean Speaks: Interviews with Writers, Artists, and Activists By Kofi Omoniyi Sylvanus Campbell Telling West Indian Lives: Life Narrative and the Reform of Plantation Slavery Cultures 1804–1834 By Sue Thomas Coloniality of Diasporas: Rethinking Intracolonial Migrations in a Pan-Caribbean Context By Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel The Grenada Revolution in the Caribbean Present: Operation Urgent Memory By Shalini Puri The Grenada Revolution in the Caribbean Present Operation Urgent Memory Shalini Puri the grenada revolution in the caribbean present Copyright © Shalini Puri, 2014. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-349-29854-9 All rights reserved. First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the World, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-29854-9 ISBN 978-1-137-06690-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137066909 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Puri, Shalini. The Grenada Revolution in the Caribbean present : Operation Urgent Memory / Shalini Puri. pages cm — (New Caribbean studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–230–12032–7 (hardback) 1. Grenada—History—1974–1983. 2. Grenada—Civilization. 3. Collective memory—Grenada. I. Title. F2056.8.P87 2014 972.9845—dc23 2014013689 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Integra Software Services First edition: October 2014 10987654321 for my students and for the weavers of futures joyous and just Contents List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xi Preface xv Introduction: The Scales of History 1 Wave 31 Fault-lines 65 Fort 89 Continent 98 Stone 128 Volcano 151 Archipelago 173 Hurricane 206 Prison 225 Sand 251 Straits 255 Notes 279 Works Cited 307 Permissions 329 Index 333 For additional materials, recent developments, and ongoing research, see www.urgentmemory.com List of Figures 1 Abandoned planes at Pearls airport 16 2 Abandoned planes at Pearls airport, overgrown 17 3 Fort George viewed from Fort Frederick 19 4Graffiti 20 5 Roadside kiosk: Maurice Bishop in a Pan-Africanist mural 21 6 The Revolution seizes the radio station, March 13, 1979 36 7 Achievements of the Revolution, Grenada stamps 1980 43 8 Budget Day discussions 46 9 Bishop listens to nurses’ concerns 48 10 School bus converted into school in Limes, Grenada 51 11 “Bicycle Man” Glen Gittens on tour with the National Performing Company of Grenada: Berkeley, California 56 12 Revolution billboard mobilizing women 61 13 Art encouraging defense of Revolutionary Grenada 66 14 Preventive detention order signed by Maurice Bishop 80 15 Maurice Bishop and Bernard Coard before Party split 83 16 Bombing of Calivigny during US invasion 98 17 US media policy during invasion 104 18 American anti-war leaflet 107 19 Military patches commemorating Urgent Fury 108 20 Surprise! 109 21 Anti-Revolution comic circulated in Grenada by the US 113 22 American servicemen breakfast in front of painting of Caribs’ Leap 117 23 US Military Successfully Bombs a Mental Hospital in Grenada by Sue Coe 119 24 US Isolation Box, Grenada, 1984 by Hans Haacke 121 25 Road sign near memorial to fallen US soldiers, St. George’s University 127 26 Memorial to fallen American servicemen outside Grenada airport, Point Salines 128 x ● List of Figures 27 Grenadian stamp saluting Ronald Reagan, 1996 130 28 Soviet stamp commemorating Maurice Bishop, 1984 131 29 Pro-US graffiti maintained since 1983, Tempe, Grenada 133 30 Highway named for Maurice Bishop in 1994 133 31 Memorial to Keith Lucas at Amber Belair Hill, Grenada 134 32 Memorial to fallen American soldiers at St. George’s University 135 33 Stained glass window commemorating Urgent Fury at Wood Memorial Chapel, Fort Bragg 137 34 Plaque on wall at Fort George in memory of those killed at the site 139 35 Bust of Maurice Bishop in Upper Cemetery; Fort George in the background 141 36 Grenada airport renamed after Maurice Bishop in 2009 142 37 The Revolution in Grenada by Canute Caliste, 1995 162 38 Caribs’ Leap 163 39 The fall from Fort George ramparts 164 40 Exhibit of boots Hudson Austin wore when storming Gairy’s barracks 166 41 The Boot by Eric Johnn 167 42 Cuban workers rehearse for Carnival dances near airport site 178 43 Bust of Maurice Bishop by Alberto Lescay, Casa del Caribe, Cuba 189 44 Ancestors in Conference by Kolongi Brathwaite 198 45 Grenada after Hurricane Ivan 206 46 Who Holds the String by Susan Mains, 2005 214 47 Ruins of a Methodist church in Constantine, St. George 216 48 Radio station at Morne Rouge, 1957 217 49 Rubble of radio station at Morne Rouge after US invasion, 1983 219 50 Grenada Broadcasting Network after Hurricane Ivan, 2004 220 51 School children playing basketball at Fort George at site of 1983 killings 276 Acknowledgments This book began in 1998 when I traveled to Grenada for a conference. Intensive work on it began in 2007. In that time, I have been continually moved by the generosity with which people have shared their memory and knowledge of the Grenada Revolution with me. Fly Sylvester was one of the first people I met in 2007; he was an extraordinary and exuberant guide. I spent many days at the Grenada Broadcasting Network. I am grateful to the entire staff there for allowing me access to their video and audio archives and for guiding me through them. Special thanks are due to GBN music librarian Sherla Charles. Lillian Sylvester, director of the National Library, was enormously help- ful. Thanks to the librarians of Marryshow House for permission to use the archives there. I benefitted deeply from long conversations with Elwyn McQuilkin (Black Wizard) and Lloyd Panchoo (Mr. X) about calypso and politics. Oonya Kempadoo unfailingly helped me see things afresh. Meg Conlon, Erik Johnson, Susan Mains, and Suelin Low Chew Tung welcomed me into a warm and knowledgeable community of the arts. Ann Peters and Francis Urias Peters shared many hours of conversation, song, and recollection with me; I am grateful for their creative visions, encouragement, and friendship. Many other conversations have contributed to this book in different ways. I thank Andaiye, David Austin, Gail Austin, Oliver Benoit, George Brizan, Tony Bogues, Roger Byer, Porgy Cherebin, Bernard Coard, Merle Collins, Cecilia Green, Joan French, Norman Girvan, Richard Hart, Curtis Jacobs, Elwin James, Javier Labrador, Edgar Lake, Patsy Lewis, Terrence Marryshow, Kamau McBarnette, Brian Meeks, Gloria Payne-Banfield, Claudette Pitt, Rhoda Reddock, Jerry Romain, Rupert Roopnaraine, Jacob Ross, Chris Stroude, Pablo Sylvester, Caldwell Taylor, John “Chalky” Ventour, Dessima Williams, Judy Williams, and many other interlocutors who remain unnamed. They entrusted me with their recollections and insights. I hope I will not disappoint them. xii ● Acknowledgments John Angus Martin, director of the Grenada National Museum, is a veritable encyclopedia of information. I have turned to him innumer- able times for information and help. He has taught me much about the generosity, patience, and persistence necessary for archival work. Ann Wilder, whose website thegrenadarevolutiononline is an invaluable schol- arly resource, has been a prompt and spirited interlocutor over the years. I thank her for her formidable knowledge and for her intolerance of aca- demic jargon. Memory of the Grenada Revolution is deeply served by John Angus Martin’s and Ann Wilder’s skill and dedication as archivists, their insistence on precision, their understanding of vernacular memory, and their commitment to recording different points of view. Dawn Adams, David Austin, Michael Dash, Kajri Jain, Didacus Jules, Colin MacCabe, Philip Nanton, Kirk Savage, Deborah Thomas, and members of the Caribbean Reading Group at the University of Pittsburgh commented on parts of the manuscript and strengthened it. Thanks to Peter Hulme, Lara Putnam, and Gayle Rogers for expert, detailed, and generative commentary on the entire manuscript. For insightful crit- icism and generous readings of my manuscript, for exchanges about Caribbean art and politics, and for the inspiring example of their prac- tice, I am grateful beyond words to Andaiye, Merle Collins, and Rupert Roopnaraine.
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