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An Examination of Participatory Planning Approaches Used in the “Transmigration” Resettlement Programme: the Case of West Aceh Regency, Indonesia

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An Examination of Participatory Planning Approaches Used in the “Transmigration” Resettlement Programme: the Case of West Aceh Regency, Indonesia An Examination of Participatory Planning Approaches Used in the “Transmigration” Resettlement Programme: The Case of West Aceh Regency, Indonesia ANDY ARYAWAN LUP-80436 MSc Thesis Land Use Planning 36 ECTS An Examination of Participatory Planning Approaches Used in the “Transmigration” Resettlement Programme: The Case of West Aceh Regency, Indonesia Supervisor : dr. ME (Meghann) Ormond Examiner : Prof.dr.LB (Leonie) Janssen-Jansen Author: Andy Aryawan Reg. No. 791213-015-060 [email protected] Wageningen, April 2017 Land Use Planning Group Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen THE NETHERLANDS Preface First and importantly, all the praises to Allah SWT that I can finish this Master Thesis. I would like to thank my family, my wife Rani, my son Affan, and my parents who have given me support from Indonesia, during my study in Wageningen. I would like to thank my colleagues in the Land Use Planning group and the Indonesian students for all of their support, consultation, and peer review during this thesis. I would like to thank all of the respondents for my thesis, and also the Government employees of the Transmigration Affair in Jakarta, Aceh, and Meulaboh who supported me during the fieldwork. I would like to thank Gerrit-Jan Carsjens as a Thesis Coordinator who believes in me that I can start and finish with my thesis. Last, but not least, I would like to thank Meghann Ormond as my Thesis Supervisor. Her endeavour to support me in finishing my thesis is truly a blessing for me. I hope that this thesis can provide valuable insights and contribution to the development of the transmigration program in Indonesia and the prosperity of all the inhabitants. Thank you for all of my friends whom I cannot mention. Be success for all of us. Amin. Wageningen, April 2017 Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Summary ........................................................................................................................................ iv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Transmigration Program .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Regional Autonomy ......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Planning Process .............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Research Question ............................................................................................................ 7 1.6 Outline of Thesis .............................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................... 8 2.1 Public Participation and Role of Stakeholders ................................................................. 8 2.2 Various Resettlement Programs ..................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 16 3.1 Location of Observation ................................................................................................. 16 3.2 Data Collection ............................................................................................................... 22 3.3 The Study Design ........................................................................................................... 25 3.4 Method of Analysis ........................................................................................................ 26 3.5 Ethical Issues .................................................................................................................. 26 CHAPTER IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.......................................................................... 28 4.1 Elements of Participatory Planning .................................................................................. 28 4.2 Role of Stakeholders ......................................................................................................... 37 4.3 Residents’ Perceptions and Expectations......................................................................... 43 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 46 References: .................................................................................................................................... 49 ANNEX......................................................................................................................................... 52 i List of Tables Table I. Planning Process Indicated in Transmigration Region Plan (RKT) .................................. 4 Table II. Principle of Public Participation in Planning Processes in Different Countries ............ 11 Table III. Distribution of Area and Population in West Aceh Regency 2014 .............................. 17 Table IV. Location's Status of Transmigration Settlement in West Aceh Regency 2014 ............ 17 Table V. Different Characteristics of The First and Second Typology ........................................ 19 Table VI. Interview Overview ...................................................................................................... 24 Table VII. Study Design ............................................................................................................... 25 List of Figures Figure 1.The Flow of Transmigration Participants ......................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Location of Observation: A. West Aceh Regency in Aceh Map ; B. Aceh Province in Indonesia Map ............................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 3. Location of Fieldwork ................................................................................................... 18 Figure 4. The Pictures of Villages in The First Typology ............................................................ 20 Figure 5. The pictures of villages in the second typology ............................................................ 21 Figure 6. Interview with Local Inhabitants in West Aceh Regency ............................................. 24 ii Abstract This master thesis researches how participatory planning approaches are used in the Indonesia Transmigration Resettlement Program in West Aceh Regency Indonesia. Providing insights of several resettlement programs and planning practices from several countries by employing participatory framework are valuable in the discussion of Aceh as the unique case of transmigration practice in Indonesia. Personal interviews with local inhabitants and focus group interviews with different level of government were combined with the national and local regulations to answer the research questions. The clarity of information and government responses in participation process were becoming a concern for the inhabitants, regarding the elements of participation. The provincial government prominent role in determining the continuation of the program after the social conflict in the 2000s and the composition of transmigrants were identified in the research. Lastly, the local inhabitants’ expectation about the government responses and time sufficiency provision in the forum for discussion are needed to address this case. Keywords: participatory, resettlement, transmigration, stakeholders, regulations iii Summary This thesis examines the particular case of the West Aceh Regency transmigration planning practice. The Aceh province has a more unique socio-political context, than other provinces, and this provides different insights in the discussion of planning practice in Indonesia. The governments’ determination in increasing the local inhabitants welfare, through a transmigration program was rejected by a few groups of local people in Aceh. Importantly, the central government cannot impose this program on local governments and local people. Although the principle of participation has been selected to be employed in the planning process by the Indonesian regulation, the reality in practice is perceived by local inhabitants to be still below their level of expectation. The different stakeholders involved in the transmigration planning contribute to the different perspectives and expectations for the local inhabitants. The main research question was formulated to address the several concerns above: How are central and local governments incorporating participatory approaches in transmigration program planning in West Aceh Regency? Qualitative research with semi-structured interviews, to the local inhabitants and different levels of the government in transmigration affair and an overview of national and local regulations,
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