DOCSLIB.ORG

THE BEHAVIOURAL BIOLOGY of DOGS This Page Intentionally Left Blank the Behavioural Biology of Dogs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE BEHAVIOURAL BIOLOGY of DOGS This Page Intentionally Left Blank the Behavioural Biology of Dogs THE BEHAVIOURAL BIOLOGY OF DOGS This page intentionally left blank The Behavioural Biology of Dogs Edited by Per Jensen IFM Biology Linköping University Sweden CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington, DC. ISBN-10: 1 84593 1874 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 1872 Typeset by MRM Graphics Ltd, Winslow, Bucks. Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge. Contents Contributors vii Preface ix I: The Dog in Its Zoological Context 1 Editor’s Introduction 1. Evolutionary History of Canids 3 X. Wang and R.H. Tedford 2. Domestication of Dogs 21 P. Savolainen 3. Origin of Dog Breed Diversity 38 C. Vilà and J.A. Leonard II: Biology and Behaviour of Dogs 59 Editor’s Introduction 4. Mechanisms and Function in Dog Behaviour 61 P. Jensen 5. Behaviour Genetics in Canids 76 E. Jazin v vi Contents 6. Sensory Physiology and Dog Behaviour 91 H. Bubna-Littitz 7. Social Behaviour of Dogs and Related Canids 105 D.U. Feddersen-Petersen 8. Learning in Dogs 120 P. Reid III: The Dog in Its Niche: Among Humans 145 Editor’s Introduction 9. Behaviour and Social Ecology of Free-ranging Dogs 147 L. Boitani, P. Ciucci and A. Ortolani 10. Evolutionary Aspects on Breeding of Working Dogs 166 R. Beilharz 11. Individual Differences in Behaviour – Dog Personality 182 K. Svartberg 12. Human–Animal Interactions and Social Cognition in Dogs 207 Á. Miklósi IV: Behavioural Problems of Dogs 223 Editor’s Introduction 13. Behavioural Disorders of Dogs 225 R.A. Mugford 14. Behaviour and Disease in Dogs 243 Å. Hedhammar and K. Hultin-Jäderlund Index 263 Contributors Beilharz, R., School of Agriculture and Food Systems, Faculty of Land and Food Resources, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia Boitani, L., Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome, Viale Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy Bubna-Littitz, H., Department for Natural Sciences, Institute for Physiology, Veterinary University of Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Ciucci, P., Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome, Viale Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy Feddersen-Petersen, D.U., Department of Zoology, University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany Hedhammar, Å., Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7037, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Hultin-Jäderlund, K., Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway Jazin, E., Department of Evolution, Genomics and Systematics, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Jensen, P., IFM Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Leonard, J.A., Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Miklósi, Á., Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány sétány 1/c 1117, Budapest, Hungary Mugford, R.A., The Animal Behaviour Centre, PO Box 23, Chertsey, Surrey KT16 9NL, UK Ortolani, A., Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome, Viale Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy Reid, P., ASPCA Animal Behavior Center, 424 East 92nd Street, New York, NY 10128, USA vii viii Contributors Savolainen, P., Department of Biotechnology, Albanova University Centre, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden Svartberg, K., Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Tedford, R.H., Department of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA Vilà, C., Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE- 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Wang, X., Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA and Department of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA Preface Dogs are our oldest domesticated animals, our friends and companions, and the most widespread species of all animals under human care. There are few things for which dogs have not been utilized during our joint history: they have been used as hunting aids, for pulling and carrying, as providers of meat, fur and other products, for guarding and watching, and as laboratory test animals, just to mention some examples. In large parts of the world, dogs are increasingly popular as pets, friends and family members, and at the same time the importance of dogs as working dogs, for example with police and rescue forces, has probably never been higher. At the same time, biologists have started to take greater interest in the biology and behaviour of dogs, for a number of reasons. First, since dogs are so closely connected to human evolution and history, understanding how, where and when dogs have developed and spread helps us understand our own background. Second, the long coexistence with humans has led the dog to develop specific adaptations facilitating life with us, and the dog therefore provides an excellent model for studying how behaviour and cognition have evolved. Third, the increas- ing importance of dogs as pets and working animals calls for a deeper biological knowledge of how these animals actually work – such information can help us not only to train and shape dogs for specific tasks, but also to prevent and cure various behavioural disorders which may cause owners and animals large problems. The present book is an attempt to provide an up-to-date description of the behavioural biology of dogs, written by experts in different areas of this large field. The target audience consists of students of animal behaviour or veterinary medi- cine at advanced levels – the book is not intended as an introductory text to dog behaviour in general. It is also the hope of the authors that interested dog owners outside academia may find usable parts in the book. There is no doubt that ix x Preface certain chapters will require closer acquaintance with various aspects of biology than the average dog owner is likely to possess, but we also believe that most chapters contain aspects that are readily accessible. The book is split into four different parts, each concerned with a specific aspect of the behavioural biology of dogs. The first part (Chapters 1–3) is devoted mainly to the evolution and development of the dog. Although not primarily con- cerned with behaviour, these aspects form the basis for understanding how behaviour has developed and for placing the dog in its relevant biological context. The second part (Chapters 4–8) deals with basic aspects of animal behaviour with particular emphasis on dogs. The third part (Chapters 9–12) places the modern dog in its present ecological framework: in the niche of human coexistence. Here we give a broad overview of the behavioural aspects of living close to humans. In the last part of the book (Chapters 13 and 14), the emphasis is on behavioural problems, their prevention and cure. All of the contributors to this book have considerable research experience in their areas, and it is hoped that this will guarantee that the text is relevant, up-to- date and central to the subject. Per Jensen Linköping, March 2006 I The Dog in Its Zoological Context Editor’s Introduction In this first part of the book, the dog is placed in context amongst its zoological relatives, and in relation to its domestication history. The first chapter outlines the modern view on the zoological systematics of carnivores and canids in particular. Here, the reader will find an exciting account of fossil and present traits which allows the dog to be placed within the greater picture of closely related canids. Of course, the dog is a domesticated species, and its domestication history has been subject to intense research during the last decade or so. Here, modern molecular genetics offers tools which have allowed biologists to give their pictures of how, where and when domestication started, complementing the traditional picture offered mainly by archaeologists. Some aspects of this new picture are truly stunning and require that we revise large parts of our traditional views on how domestication began. Given the novelty of the molecular research on the ancestry of dogs, it should not be a surprise that different scientific groups arrive at somewhat different con- clusions. This is partly explained by variations in methods, and the only way to resolve some of the disagreements is to continue to do more and improved research. As this book is written, there is therefore only limited consensus among biologists concerning, for example, the time when domestication started. As editor, one has to make a decision – one can choose not to cover the new research at all, or to only present the picture oneself believes in, or to present divergent pic- tures and allow the reader to decide. I have chosen the last strategy, and there- fore, the stories presented in Chapters 2 and 3 differ on some important points – these differences will hopefully disappear in the light of future research.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shape Evolution and Sexual Dimorphism in the Mandible of the Dire Wolf, Canis Dirus, at Rancho La Brea Alexandria L
    Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2014 Shape evolution and sexual dimorphism in the mandible of the dire wolf, Canis Dirus, at Rancho la Brea Alexandria L. Brannick [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Recommended Citation Brannick, Alexandria L., "Shape evolution and sexual dimorphism in the mandible of the dire wolf, Canis Dirus, at Rancho la Brea" (2014). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 804. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SHAPE EVOLUTION AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE MANDIBLE OF THE DIRE WOLF, CANIS DIRUS, AT RANCHO LA BREA A thesis submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences by Alexandria L. Brannick Approved by Dr. F. Robin O’Keefe, Committee Chairperson Dr. Julie Meachen Dr. Paul Constantino Marshall University May 2014 ©2014 Alexandria L. Brannick ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my advisor, Dr. F. Robin O’Keefe, for all of his help with this project, the many scientific opportunities he has given me, and his guidance throughout my graduate education. I thank Dr. Julie Meachen for her help with collecting data from the Page Museum, her insight and advice, as well as her support. I learned so much from Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Coyote Canis Latrans in 2007 IUCN Red List (Canis Latrans)
    MAMMALS OF MISSISSIPPI 10:1–9 Coyote (Canis latrans) CHRISTOPHER L. MAGEE Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA Abstract—Canis latrans (Say 1823) is a canid commonly called the coyote. It is dog-like in appearance with varied colorations throughout its range. Originally restricted to the western portion of North America, coyotes have expanded across the majority of the continent. Coyotes are omnivorous and extremely adaptable, often populating urban and suburban environments. Preferred habitats include a mixture of forested, open, and brushy areas. Currently, there exist no threats or conservation concerns for the coyote in any part of its range. This species is currently experiencing an increasing population trend. Published 5 December 2008 by the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State University Coyote location (Jackson 1951; Young 1951; Berg and Canis latrans (Say, 1823) Chesness 1978; Way 2007). The species is sexually dimorphic, with adult females distinctly CONTEXT AND CONTENT. lighter and smaller than adult males (Kennedy Order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia, et al. 2003; Way 2007). Average head and infraorder Cynoidea, family Canidae, subfamily body lengths are about 1.0–1.5 m with a tail Caninae, tribe Canini. Genus Canis consists length of about Young 1951). The skull of the of six species: C. aureus, C. latrans, C. lupus, coyote (Fig. 2) progresses through 6 distinct C. mesomelas, C. simensis, and C. adustus. developmental stages allowing delineation Canis latrans has 19 recognized subspecies between the age classes of juvenile, immature, (Wilson and Reeder 2005). young, young adult, adult, and old adult (Jackson 1951).
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    UNDERSTANDING CARNIVORAN ECOMORPHOLOGY THROUGH DEEP TIME, WITH A CASE STUDY DURING THE CAT-GAP OF FLORIDA By SHARON ELIZABETH HOLTE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Sharon Elizabeth Holte To Dr. Larry, thank you ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my family for encouraging me to pursue my interests. They have always believed in me and never doubted that I would reach my goals. I am eternally grateful to my mentors, Dr. Jim Mead and the late Dr. Larry Agenbroad, who have shaped me as a paleontologist and have provided me to the strength and knowledge to continue to grow as a scientist. I would like to thank my colleagues from the Florida Museum of Natural History who provided insight and open discussion on my research. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Aldo Rincon for his help in researching procyonids. I am so grateful to Dr. Anne-Claire Fabre; without her understanding of R and knowledge of 3D morphometrics this project would have been an immense struggle. I would also to thank Rachel Short for the late-night work sessions and discussions. I am extremely grateful to my advisor Dr. David Steadman for his comments, feedback, and guidance through my time here at the University of Florida. I also thank my committee, Dr. Bruce MacFadden, Dr. Jon Bloch, Dr. Elizabeth Screaton, for their feedback and encouragement. I am grateful to the geosciences department at East Tennessee State University, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard for the loans of specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF File
    1.08 1.19 1.46 Nimravus brachyops Nandinia binotata Neofelis nebulosa 115 Panthera onca 111 114 Panthera atrox 113 Uncia uncia 116 Panthera leo 112 Panthera pardus Panthera tigris Lynx issiodorensis 220 Lynx rufus 221 Lynx pardinus 222 223 Lynx canadensis Lynx lynx 119 Acinonyx jubatus 110 225 226 Puma concolor Puma yagouaroundi 224 Felis nigripes 228 Felis chaus 229 Felis margarita 118 330 227 331Felis catus Felis silvestris 332 Otocolobus manul Prionailurus bengalensis Felis rexroadensis 99 117 334 335 Leopardus pardalis 44 333 Leopardus wiedii 336 Leopardus geoffroyi Leopardus tigrinus 337 Pardofelis marmorata Pardofelis temminckii 440 Pseudaelurus intrepidus Pseudaelurus stouti 88 339 Nimravides pedionomus 442 443 Nimravides galiani 22 338 441 Nimravides thinobates Pseudaelurus marshi Pseudaelurus validus 446 Machairodus alberdiae 77 Machairodus coloradensis 445 Homotherium serum 447 444 448 Smilodon fatalis Smilodon gracilis 66 Pseudaelurus quadridentatus Barbourofelis morrisi 449 Barbourofelis whitfordi 550 551 Barbourofelis fricki Barbourofelis loveorum Stenogale Hemigalus derbyanus 554 555 Arctictis binturong 55 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Genetta victoriae 553 558 Genetta maculata 559 557 660 Genetta genetta Genetta servalina Poiana richardsonii 556 Civettictis civetta 662 Viverra tangalunga 661 663 552 Viverra zibetha Viverricula indica Crocuta crocuta 666 667 Hyaena brunnea 665 Hyaena hyaena Proteles cristata Fossa fossana 664 669 770 Cryptoprocta ferox Salanoia concolor 668 772 Crossarchus alexandri 33 Suricata suricatta 775
    [Show full text]
  • PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS of the BOROPHAGINAE (CARNIVORA: CANIDAE) Xiaoming Wang
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska State Museum 1999 PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF THE BOROPHAGINAE (CARNIVORA: CANIDAE) Xiaoming Wang Richard H. Tedford Beryl E. Taylor Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Museum, University of Nebraska State at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF THE BOROPHAGINAE (CARNIVORA: CANIDAE) XIAOMING WANG Research Associate, Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, Long Island University, C. W. Post Campus, 720 Northern Blvd., Brookville, New York 11548 -1300 RICHARD H. TEDFORD Curator, Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History BERYL E. TAYLOR Curator Emeritus, Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 243, 391 pages, 147 figures, 2 tables, 3 appendices Issued November 17, 1999 Price: $32.00 a copy Copyright O American Museum of Natural History 1999 ISSN 0003-0090 AMNH BULLETIN Monday Oct 04 02:19 PM 1999 amnb 99111 Mp 2 Allen Press • DTPro System File # 01acc (large individual, composite figure, based Epicyon haydeni ´n. (small individual, based on AMNH 8305) and Epicyon saevus Reconstruction of on specimens from JackNorth Swayze America. Quarry). Illustration These by two Mauricio species Anto co-occur extensively during the late Clarendonian and early Hemphillian of western 2 1999 WANG ET AL.: SYSTEMATICS OF BOROPHAGINAE 3 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dire Wolves Were the Last of an Ancient New World Canid Lineage Angela
    Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage Angela R. Perri1,*§, Kieren J. Mitchell2,*§, Alice Mouton3,*, Sandra Álvarez-Carretero4,*, Ardern Hulme-Beaman5,6, James Haile 7, Alexandra Jamieson7, Julie Meachen8, Audrey T. Lin7,9,10, Blaine W. Schubert11, Carly Ameen12, Ekaterina E. Antipina13, Pere Bover14, Selina Brace15, Alberto Carmagnini4, Christian Carøe16, Jose A. Samaniego Castruita16, James C. Chatters17, Keith Dobney5, Mario dos Reis4, Allowen Evin18, Philippe Gaubert19, Shyam Gopalakrishnan16, Graham Gower2, Holly Heiniger2, Kristofer M. Helgen20, Josh Kapp21, Pavel A. Kosintsev22,23, Anna Linderholm7, 24, Andrew T. Ozga25, 26, 27, Samantha Presslee28, Alexander T. Salis2, Nedda F. Saremi21, Colin Shew3, Katherine Skerry26, Dmitry E. Taranenko29, Mary Thompson30, Mikhail V. Sablin31,Yaroslav V. Kuzmin32, 33, Matthew J. Collins34, 35, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding16, 36, M. Thomas P. Gilbert16, 37, Anne C. Stone25 ,26, Beth Shapiro21, 38, Blaire Van Valkenburgh3, Robert K. Wayne3, Greger Larson7, and Alan Cooper39, Laurent A. F. Frantz4, 40§. 1Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK 2Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 5Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 6School of Natural Sciences and Psychology,
    [Show full text]
  • First Bone-Cracking Dog Coprolites Provide New Insight
    RESEARCH ARTICLE First bone-cracking dog coprolites provide new insight into bone consumption in Borophagus and their unique ecological niche Xiaoming Wang1,2,3*, Stuart C White4, Mairin Balisi1,3, Jacob Biewer5,6, Julia Sankey6, Dennis Garber1, Z Jack Tseng1,2,7 1Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, United States; 2Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States; 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; 4School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; 5Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton, United States; 6Department of Geology, California State University Stanislaus, Turlock, United States; 7Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States Abstract Borophagine canids have long been hypothesized to be North American ecological ‘avatars’ of living hyenas in Africa and Asia, but direct fossil evidence of hyena-like bone consumption is hitherto unknown. We report rare coprolites (fossilized feces) of Borophagus parvus from the late Miocene of California and, for the first time, describe unambiguous evidence that these predatory canids ingested large amounts of bone. Surface morphology, micro-CT analyses, and contextual information reveal (1) droppings in concentrations signifying scent-marking behavior, similar to latrines used by living social carnivorans; (2) routine consumption of skeletons; *For correspondence: (3) undissolved bones inside coprolites indicating gastrointestinal similarity to modern striped and [email protected] brown hyenas; (4) B. parvus body weight of ~24 kg, reaching sizes of obligatory large-prey hunters; ~ Competing interests: The and (5) prey size ranging 35–100 kg.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Divergence Among Mitochondrial Lineages in African Jackals
    Received: 27 March 2017 | Accepted: 6 August 2017 DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12257 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Deep divergence among mitochondrial lineages in African jackals Anagaw Atickem1,2 | Nils Chr. Stenseth2 | Marine Drouilly3 | Steffen Bock4 | Christian Roos5 | Dietmar Zinner6 1Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Recently, molecular analyses revealed that African and Eurasian golden jackals are Center (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate distinct species. This finding suggests re- investigation of the phylogenetic relation- Research, Göttingen, Germany ships and taxonomy of other African members of the Canidae. Here, we provide a 2 Department of Biosciences, Centre for study on the phylogenetic relationship between populations of African jackals Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Lupulella mesomelas and L. adusta inferred from 962 bp of the mitochondrial cy- 3Department of Biological Sciences, tochrome b (cytb) gene. As expected from its disjunct distribution, with one popula- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in tion in eastern Africa and the other one in southern Africa, we found two mitochondrial Africa, University of Cape Town, lineages within L. mesomelas, which diverged about 2.5 million years ago (Ma). In Rondebosch, South Africa 4 contrast, in L. adusta with its more continuous distribution in sub-Saharan Africa, we Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany found only a shallower genetic diversification, with the exception of the West African 5Primate Genetics Laboratory, Gene Bank population, which diverged around 1.4 Ma from the Central and East African popu- of Primates, German Primate Center lations. Both divergence ages are older than, for example the 1.1–0.9 million years (DPZ), Leibniz Institute for Primate Canis lupus C.
    [Show full text]
  • Bayesian Phylogenetic Estimation of Fossil Ages Rstb.Royalsocietypublishing.Org Alexei J
    Downloaded from http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on June 20, 2016 Bayesian phylogenetic estimation of fossil ages rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org Alexei J. Drummond1,2 and Tanja Stadler2,3 1Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand 2Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgeno¨ssische Technische Hochschule Zu¨rich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland Research 3Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland Cite this article: Drummond AJ, Stadler T. Recent advances have allowed for both morphological fossil evidence 2016 Bayesian phylogenetic estimation of and molecular sequences to be integrated into a single combined inference fossil ages. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 371: of divergence dates under the rule of Bayesian probability. In particular, 20150129. the fossilized birth–death tree prior and the Lewis-Mk model of discrete morphological evolution allow for the estimation of both divergence times http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0129 and phylogenetic relationships between fossil and extant taxa. We exploit this statistical framework to investigate the internal consistency of these Accepted: 3 May 2016 models by producing phylogenetic estimates of the age of each fossil in turn, within two rich and well-characterized datasets of fossil and extant species (penguins and canids). We find that the estimation accuracy of One contribution of 15 to a discussion meeting fossil ages is generally high with credible intervals seldom excluding the issue ‘Dating species divergences using rocks true age and median relative error in the two datasets of 5.7% and 13.2%, and clocks’. respectively. The median relative standard error (RSD) was 9.2% and 7.2%, respectively, suggesting good precision, although with some outliers.
    [Show full text]
  • Genus/Species Skull Ht Lt Wt Stage Range Abacinonyx See Acinonyx Abathomodon See Speothos A
    Genus/Species Skull Ht Lt Wt Stage Range Abacinonyx see Acinonyx Abathomodon see Speothos A. fossilis see Icticyon pacivorus? Pleistocene Brazil Abelia U.Miocene Europe Absonodaphoenus see Pseudarctos L.Miocene USA A. bathygenus see Cynelos caroniavorus Acarictis L.Eocene W USA cf. A. ryani Wasatchian Colorado(US) A. ryani Wasatchian Wyoming, Colorado(US) Acinomyx see Acinonyx Acinonyx M.Pliocene-Recent Europe,Asia,Africa,N America A. aicha 2.3 m U.Pliocene Morocco A. brachygnathus Pliocene India A. expectata see Miracinonyx expectatus? Or Felis expectata? A. intermedius M.Pleistocene A. jubatus living Cheetah M.Pliocene-Recent Algeria,Europe,India,China A. pardinensis 91 cm 3 m 60 kg Astian-Biharian Italy,India,China,Germany,France A. sp. L.Pleistocene Tanzania,Ethiopia A. sp. Cf. Inexpectatus Blancan-Irvingtonian California(US) A. studeri see Miracinonyx studeri Blancan Texas(US) A. trumani see Miracinonyx trumani Rancholabrean Wyoming,Nevada(US) Acionyx possibly Acinonyx? A. cf. Crassidens Hadar(Ethiopia) Acrophoca 1.5 m U.Miocene-L.Pliocene Peru,Chile A. longirostris U.Miocene-L.Pliocene Peru A. sp. U.Miocene-L.Pliocene Chile Actiocyon M-U.Miocene W USA A. leardi Clarendonian California(US) A. sp. M.Miocene Oregon(US) Adcrocuta 82 cm 1.5 m U.Miocene Europe,Asia A. advena A. eximia 80 cm 1.5 m Vallesian-Turolian Europe(widespread),Asia(widespread) Adelphailurus U.Miocene-L.Pliocene W USA, Mexico,Europe A. kansensis Hemphillian Arizona,Kansas(US),Chihuahua(Mexico) Adelpharctos M.Oligocene Europe Adilophontes L.Miocene W USA A. brachykolos Arikareean Wyoming(US) Adracodon probably Adracon Eocene France A. quercyi probably Adracon quercyi Eocene France Adracon U.Eocene-L.Oligocene France A.
    [Show full text]
  • 1: Beast2.1.3 R1
    1: Beast2.1.3_r1 0.93 Canis adustus 0.89 Canis mesomelas 0.37 Canis simensis Canis arnensis 1 Lycaon pictus 1 Cuon javanicus 0.57 Xenocyon texanus 0.91 Canis antonii 0.96 0.35 Canis falconeri 1 Canis dirus 1 Canis armbrusteri 0.060.27 Canis lupus Canis chihliensis Canis etruscus 0.98 0.99 0.26 Canis variabilis 0.11 Canis edwardii 0.93 Canis mosbachensis 0.68 0.58 Canis latrans Canis aureus 0.94 Canis palmidens 0.94 Canis lepophagus 1 0.41 Canis thooides Canis ferox 0.99 Eucyon davisi 0.8 Cerdocyon texanus Vulpes stenognathus Leptocyon matthewi 0.98 Urocyon cinereoargenteus 0.85 Urocyon minicephalus 0.96 1 Urocyon citronus 1 Urocyon galushi 0.96 Urocyon webbi 1 1 Metalopex merriami 0.23 Metalopex macconnelli 0.68 Leptocyon vafer 1 Leptocyon leidyi Leptocyon vulpinus 0.7 Leptocyon gregorii 1 Leptocyon douglassi Leptocyon mollis 0.32 Borophagus dudleyi 1 Borophagus hilli 0.98 Borophagus diversidens 0.97 Borophagus secundus 0.18 Borophagus parvus 1 Borophagus pugnator 1 Borophagus orc 1 Borophagus littoralis 0.96 Epicyon haydeni 1 0.92 Epicyon saevus Epicyon aelurodontoides Protepicyon raki 0.98 0.28 Carpocyon limosus 0.96 Carpocyon webbi 0.97 0.98 Carpocyon robustus Carpocyon compressus 0.17 0.87 Paratomarctus euthos Paratomarctus temerarius Tomarctus brevirostris 0.31 0.85 0.35 Tomarctus hippophaga 0.17 Tephrocyon rurestris Protomarctus opatus 0.24 0.58 Microtomarctus conferta Metatomarctus canavus Psalidocyon marianae 0.79 1 Aelurodon taxoides 0.32 0.27 Aelurodon ferox 1 Aelurodon stirtoni 0.14 Aelurodon mcgrewi 0.33 Aelurodon asthenostylus
    [Show full text]
  • First Bone-Cracking Dog Coprolites Provide New Insight Into
    RESEARCH ARTICLE First bone-cracking dog coprolites provide new insight into bone consumption in Borophagus and their unique ecological niche Xiaoming Wang1,2,3*, Stuart C White4, Mairin Balisi1,3, Jacob Biewer5,6, Julia Sankey6, Dennis Garber1, Z Jack Tseng1,2,7 1Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, United States; 2Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States; 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; 4School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; 5Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton, United States; 6Department of Geology, California State University Stanislaus, Turlock, United States; 7Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States Abstract Borophagine canids have long been hypothesized to be North American ecological ‘avatars’ of living hyenas in Africa and Asia, but direct fossil evidence of hyena-like bone consumption is hitherto unknown. We report rare coprolites (fossilized feces) of Borophagus parvus from the late Miocene of California and, for the first time, describe unambiguous evidence that these predatory canids ingested large amounts of bone. Surface morphology, micro-CT analyses, and contextual information reveal (1) droppings in concentrations signifying scent-marking behavior, similar to latrines used by living social carnivorans; (2) routine consumption of skeletons; *For correspondence: (3) undissolved bones inside coprolites indicating gastrointestinal similarity to modern striped and [email protected] brown hyenas; (4) B. parvus body weight of ~24 kg, reaching sizes of obligatory large-prey hunters; ~ Competing interests: The and (5) prey size ranging 35–100 kg.
    [Show full text]