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University Micitxilrns International Iddn /Fo B ROAD ANN ARBUR Ml 4M1 HR IS Bf Dt L.'PD ROW I Nndom VJC L R ■It- J S N O L and 8001803 INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “ Missing Page(s)” . If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. 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Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Micitxilrns International iDDN /fO B ROAD ANN ARBUR Ml 4M1 HR IS Bf Dt l.'PD ROW I nNDOM VJC l R ■It- J S N O l AND 8001803 P o w e l l , D a n ie l Ja m e s , Jr . THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION The Ohio Stale University Ph.D. 1979 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M I 48106 18 Bedford Row, London WC1R 4EJ, England Copyright 1979 by Powell, Daniel James, Jr. All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In a ll cases this material has been filmed 1n the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been Id e n tifie d here with a check mark 1. Glossy photographs 2. Colored Illu s tra tio n s 3. Photographs with dark background _______ 4. Illustrations are poor copy _ _ _ _ _ 5. 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ANN ARSOfl Vli *8106 '3131 761-4700 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Daniel James Powell, Jr., B.S., M.S., M.ED., M.A. The Ohio State University 1979 -t Reading Committee: Dr. Jaques w. Kaswan Dr. Philip A. Marks Dr. J. Dennis Nolan Adviser Department of Psychology Dedicated to Mattie B. Powell and to Perri and Andy ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S I wish to thank Dr. Jaques Kaswan, my advisor, for his invalu­ able assistance and guidance, and Drs. Marks and Nolan for their helpful advice, in the preparation for this dissertation. I also wish to thank Patti Watson for her help in preparing this manuscript. I wish to express my appreciation to Dan Kniesner for his technical assistance, and to Sharron McCuistion for her help with the manuscript, technical assistance and continued interest in the project. Finally, I wish to thank the people of the community, without whose coopera­ tion this study could not have been conducted. iii VITA December 14, 1934.............Born - Columbus, Mississippi 1956 .......... ....... B.S., Lane College, Jackson, Tennessee 1956-1963..................... Teacher, B.T. Washington High School, Atlanta, Georgia 1966 ......................... M.S., Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 1966-196 8 ..................... Teaching assistant, Department of Edu­ cation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 1968 ......................... M.Ed. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 1967-196 9..................... Research Assistant, Counseling Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 1971-197 2..................... Predoctoral Clinical Psychology Internship. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Los Angeles, California 1972-197 3..................... Psychological Counselor, California State College. Student Health Ser­ vices, Dominguez Hills, California 1975 ......................... M.A., St. John's College, Santa F e , Hew Mexico 1977 ......................... Psychologist License No. 2459, state Board of Psychology, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Clinical Psychology Studies in Psychotherapy. Professor Ronald Fox. Studies in Community Psychology. Professors Jaques Kaswan and Andrew Schwebel iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION.................................................. i* ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................ iii VITA......................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES.............................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................... viii Chapter 1. Introduction ...................................... 1 Statement of the Problem ....................... 1 Conceptualizations of the Community. ........ 2 Strategies of Community Intervention .......... 9 The Parallel Institutions Model............... 10 The Community Organization-Social Advocacy Model........................................ 11 Developing a Psychological Approach to Communi ty Organizat io n ..................... 11 2. Beginning the Community Organization Project . 18 A Description of the Target Community........... 18 Invitation into the Community................... 19 The Community Self-Survey Technique............. 20 The Entry Phase.................................. 22 Some Community Events that Occurred During Course of the Self-Survey Project............. 28 The Survey Group Phase ......................... 30 The Interviewing Phase ......................... 34 Dissemination of Survey Results.................. 35 Community Action Programs Phase................. 38 Stimulating Community Action Programs........ 38 Providing Support for Community Action Groups. 40 Participating in Community Action Groups {The "Mix").................................. 41 A Brief Report of a Community Action Group: An Example of the "Mix"....................... 43 v Page 3. Cormnunity Action Programs-Phase I I ................. 47 Community Reentry and Stimulating New Community Action Programs.................................. 52 Establishing the Groundwork for a Community Action Group-Consultant "Mix"................... 66 An Assessment of Project Bootstraps as a Community Action Group-Consultant "Mix"......... 74 Stage One: Reorganizing the Project Bootstraps Group and Establishing it with vertical (Extracommunity) Ties............................ 85 Stage Two: Establishing the Project Bootstraps Group with Horizontal (Intracommunity) Ties. 100 Stage Three: Managing the Legal Suits While Training the Members in Attending to the Project Bootstraps Group’s Task and Maintenance Functions......................................... 115 Stage Four: The Consultant's Termination from the Group and the Group's Continued Functioning. 132 4. Discussion............................................ 161 APPENDICES A. The Libertyville-Kingston Survey Action Committee Household Survey ................... 172 B. Tables and Figures ............................ 196 C. Newspaper Articles ............................ 201 D. The Constitution of Bootstraps Kingston.............. 214 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................... 227 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Resident: Responses in Problem Categories............... 25 2. Prospective Survey Group Members........................ 31 3. Attendance Record of Survey Group Members .............. 33 4. Interview Completion Record ............................. 37 5. Project Bootstraps Core Members ........................ 197 6. Prospective New Project Bootstraps Members.............. 198 7. Attendance Record of Project Bootstraps Members .... 199 vii l i s t o f f i g u r e s Figure Page 1. Two Dimensions on Which American Communities Differ. 4 2. Map of the Community ............ .......................36 viii CHAPTER 1 Introduction Statement of the Problem In recent years, psychology has become one of the social science disciplines that is interested in developing ways of increasing the active participation of local residents toward making their communi­ ties better places
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