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Instituto De Pesquisas Jardim Botânico Do Rio De Janeiro Escola Nacional De Botânica Tropical Programa De Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu Dissertação de Mestrado O gênero Paullinia L. (Sapindaceae) no Acre, Brasil Herison Medeiros de Oliveira Rio de Janeiro 2014 Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu O gênero Paullinia L. (Sapindaceae) no Acre, Brasil Herison Medeiros de Oliveira Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Botânica, Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Botânica. Orientadora: Dra. Rafaela Campostrini Forzza Co-orientador: Dr. Pedro Acevedo Rodríguez Rio de Janeiro 2014 ii O gênero Paullinia L. (Sapindaceae) no Acre, Brasil Herison Medeiros de Oliveira Dissertação submetida ao corpo docente da Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro - JBRJ, como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau de Mestre. Aprovada por: Profª. Drª. Rafaela Campostrini Forzza (Orientadora) ________________________ Profª. Drª. Genise Vieira Somner ________________________ Prof. Dr. Vidal Masano de Freitas ________________________ Em 28/02/2014 Rio de Janeiro 2014 iii Oliveira, Herison Medeiros de. O48g O gênero Paullinia L. (Sapindaceae) no Acre, Brasil / Herison Medeiros de Oliveira. – Rio de Janeiro, 2014. xvii, 88 f. : il. ; 28 cm. Dissertação (mestrado) – Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro / Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, 2014. Orientadora: Rafaela Campostrini Forzza. Co-orientador: Pedro Acevedo Rodríguez. 1. Sapindaceae. 2. Paullinia. 3. Taxonomia vegetal. 4. Distribuição geográfica. 5. Acre. 6. Amazônia. I. Título. II. Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical. CDD 583.78098112 iv Aos meus pais, pela dedicação e incentivo à minha formação profissional. v “Cada sonho que você deixa pra trás, é um pedaço do seu futuro que deixa de existir.” Steve Jobs vi Agradecimentos À Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical e ao Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, por minha formação e disponibilização de toda a infra-estrutura utilizada. A CAPES pela bolsa de estudos concedida. A JRS Biodiversity Foudantion pelo financiamento do projeto Resgate e Integração de Dados Botânicos para a Conservação no Sudoeste da Amazônia, tornando possível a realização deste projeto. Ao Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) pela autorização de coleta para as unidades de conservação pesquisadas. À Profª Dra. Rafaela C. Forzza pela paciência e confiança, pelo apoio e incentivo, pelas correções detalhistas na redação do trabalho, pelas aulas nas disciplinas que ministra na ENBT, pelo exemplo de profissional, pela amizade e principalmente pela orientação. À Profª Dra. Genise V. Somner, pela predisposição em colaborar com o trabalho, pelo auxílio durante o estudo do gênero Paullinia, pela participação na banca avaliadora e pelas valiosas sugestões e críticas. Ao Prof. João Marcelo e Haroldo C. Lima, pelas sugestões durante a disciplina Seminários II, pela prestatividade e bom humor. Aos curadores dos seis herbários visitados, pela plena disponibilização das coleções e auxílio durante os estudos realizados. Ao Dr. Douglas Daly, pelas valiosas sugestões, pelo exemplo de profissional, pela dedicação e competência, por tornar possível a realização do trabalho e intercâmbio no Jardim Botânico de Nova Iorque, por todas as oportunidades e principalmente pelo incentivo e amizade. Ao Dr. Pedro Acevedo, pela predisposição em colaborar com o trabalho, pela sua dedicação em compartilhar comigo todo o seu precioso conhecimento sobre a família Sapindaceae, por me despertar o interesse em taxonomia e sistemática deste grupo, pelo apoio e amizade. Ao pesquisador, professor e amigo Marcos Silveira, fundamental nos meus primeiros passos na Botânica, pelo auxílio nas coletas e apoio do Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal da Universidade Federal do Acre. vii Aos amigos Eduardo Leal, Juliana Amaral, Karina Hmeljevski, Fernanda Silva, Paula Leitman, Deisy Saraiva, Marco Pelegrini, Nina Lyz, Rafael Gomes, Fernanda Coêlho, pelo companheirismo, apoio e troca de informações durante a realização deste trabalho. Ao amigo e biólogo Flávio Obermuller pelo incentivo, pelo exemplo de profissional, pelo companheirismo e principalmente pela amizade. A todos os membros do Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal da Universidade Federal do Acre (LABEV), em especial aos amigos, Wendeson Castro, João Lima, Izaias Brasil, Martin Acosta, Daniel Silva, Júlio Caruta, Paula Alverga, Lívia Souza, Heloísa Fernanda, pelo companheirismo e amizade. Aos parataxonomistas Edilson C. Oliveira e Adriano Silva, pela troca de conhecimento e principalmente pelo apoio em campo, pois sem eles o trabalho seria ainda mais árduo. A Ilustradora Maria Alice pela dedicação na confecção das ilustrações das espécies. A minha namorada Amanda sempre tão companheira, pela compreensão, paciência, pelo sacrifício de tolerar minha ausência e pelos tantos momentos especiais. A minha família exemplo de força, pelo o amor, confiança e admiração que sempre me dedicarão. viii Resumo As espécies de Paullinia são geralmente trepadeiras lenhosas, lactescentes, com gavinhas e estípulas, apresentam folhas compostas, na maioria das vezes pinadas (5-folíolos), flores zigomorfas, frutos do tipo cápsula septífraga, sementes negras com sarcotesta branca. Paullinia é um gênero com aproximadamente 200 espécies com distribuição essencialmente neotropical, exceto por P. pinnata L. que além de se encontrar na região neotropical ocorre na África e Madagascar. No Brasil, ocorrem 99 espécies que se distribuem principalmente em ambientes florestais. Os dois Domínios brasileiros com maior diversidade são a Amazônia (73 spp.) e a Floresta Atlântica (26 spp.). O Acre possui cerca de 80% de toda sua cobertura vegetal original, além de ser considerado área de alta prioridade para a conservação e centro de diversidade de muitos grupos. Os objetivos deste trabalho são apresentar o tratamento taxonômico do gênero Paullinia para o Acre, determinar as formações vegetacionais que abrigam o maior número de espécies e apresentar a distribuição dos táxons no Acre e na região neotropical. Foram registradas 49 espécies, das quais duas são prováveis espécies novas, quatro novos registros para o Acre e cinco novas ocorrências para o Brasil. As fitofisionomias com maiores valores de diversidade foram a Floresta Aluvial (33 spp.) e Floresta Ombrófila Densa (30 spp.), seguidas pela Floresta Aberta com Bambu (11 spp.), Campinaranas e Floresta Densa Submontana (4 spp. e 2 spp., respectivamente). Além disso, 70% das espécies possuem distribuição restrita ao Domínio Amazônico e 44% são restritas ao sudoeste da Amazônia, sugerindo esta região como um centro de diversidade do gênero. Palavras chaves: Amazônia, flora, taxonomia, Sapindales, distribuição geográfica. ix Abstract The species of Paullinia are generally composed of latescent woody climbers, with watch-spring tendrils and stipules, present compound leaves, mostly pinnate (5 leaflets), zygomorphic white flowers, the fruit a septifragal capsule, and black seeds with white sarcotesta. Paullinia has approximately 200 species and is an essentially Neotropical genus, except for P. pinnata L. that can be found in the Neotropics, Africa and Madagascar. Approximately 99 species are currently listed for Brazil, being found mainly in forest formations. The Amazon and the Atlantic Forest are the two Brazilian vegetation domains with the greatest diversity of Paullinia species, 73 and 26 species respectively. The state of Acre, possess about 80% of its original vegetation, besides being considered a high-priority area for conservation, and the diversity center of many groups. The present work aims to present a taxonomic treatment for Paullinia in Acre; identify the vegetation formations with the greatest diversity of Paullinia species; and present the distribution of the species for Acre and the Amazonian domain. A total of 49 species were found for Acre: two which are probably new to science; four new records for Acre; and five new records for Brazil. The phytophysiognomies with the greatest diversity of species were found in the Alluvial Forest (33 spp.) and the Dense Ombrophilous Forest (30 spp.), followed by the Open Forest with Bamboo (11 spp.), the Campinaranas and the Dense Submontane Forest (4 spp. e 2 spp., respectively). It is noteworthy that about 70% of the species had their distribution restricted to the Amazonian domain and 44% are restricted to southwestern Amazonia, suggesting this region as a center of diversity for the genus. Keywords: Amazon, flora, Taxonomy, Sapindales, Geographical distribution x Sumário Índice de Figuras ............................................................................................................................ xiii Índice de Mapas ............................................................................................................................. xvi Índice de Tabelas ........................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introdução ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Material e métodos .......................................................................................................................
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