EFFECTS OF BASAL INSULIN ANALOG AND METFORMIN ON GLYCAEMIA CONTROL AND WEIGHT AS RISK &FACTORS FOR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
Belma Aščić – Buturović¹*, Mirsad Kacila²
¹ Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Diseases, University of Sarajevo Clinics Centre, Bolnička , Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
² Center for Heart Diseases, University of Sarajevo Clinics Centre, Bolnička , Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Corresponding author
Abstract
Obese patients with type diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance are at increased risk of develop- ment of cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial dysfunction may be a reason for development of ath- erosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modifi cation, increased physical activity, weight reduction, energy restricted diet and good glycaemia control can be useful for the endothelial func- tion improvement and may decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Th e aim of this study was to evaluate the eff ects of basal insulin analog and metformin on glycaemia control and weight as risk factors of endothelial dysfunction. Total of patients ( male and female) with type dia- betes were studied. Th e patients were monitored over six months period. Glycated hemoglobin (HbAc), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), and body mass index (BMI) were observed. Mean age of the subjects was , ± , years. Mean diabetes duration was , ± , years. At the end of the study mean body mass index decreased from , ± , kg/m to , ±, kg/m. In this study we included diabetic patients with fasting glycaemia over mmol/ dm, postmeal glycaemia over , mmol/dm and glycated hemoglobin over . Prior to the study, the patients were treated with premix insulin divided in two daily doses and metformin after the lunch, which did not result in suffi cient regulation of glycaemia. We started treatment with one daily insulin basal analog and three daily doses of metformin and monitored the above mentioned parameters. We advised patients to change their lifestyle, to practice energy restricted diet and to increase their daily physical activity. Insulin doses were titrated separately for each patient (,- IU/kg). Weight reduction was recorded after the study. Mean fasting glycaemia decreased from ,±, mmol/dm to ,±, mmol/dm (p < ,). Mean postmeal glycaemia decreased from , ± , mmol/dm to , ± , mmol/dm (p<,). Mean HbAc decreased from , ± , to , ± , (p<,).
BOSNIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2008; 8 (4): 309-312 BELMA AŠČIĆ BUTUROVIĆ, MIRSAD KACILA: EFFECTS OF BASAL INSULIN ANALOG AND METFORMIN ON GLYCAEMIA CONTROL AND WEIGHT AS RISK FACTORS FOR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
Treatment with one daily doses of basal insulin analog and three daily doses of metformin with lifestyle modifi cation and weight re- duction, in obese patients with type diabetes can be useful for the endothelial function improvement and may decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
KEY WORDS: diabetes type , weight reduction, endothelial dysfunction
Introduction diabetes duration was , ± , years. Mean body mass index decreased from , ± , kg/m to , Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are responsible ±, kg/m after the study. In this study we included for the vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetic diabetic patients with fasting glycaemia over mmol/ patients. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance af- dm, post-meal glycaemia over , mmol/dm and gly- fect the atherogenic action caused by insulin. Obese cated hemoglobin over . Prior to the study, patients diabetes type patients, with impaired glucose toler- were treated with premix insulin divided into two daily ance, patients with metabolic syndrome, first degree doses + metformin mg after the lunch, which did relatives of patients with type diabetes and women not result in sufficient regulation of glycaemia. We with pervious gestational diabetes are at high risk of initiated treatment with one daily dose of basal insu- atherosclerosis development, endothelial dysfunction lin analog and three daily doses of metformin ( and cardiovascular diseases. Therapeutic approach mg/day) and monitored the above mentioned pa- that can improve insulin sensitivity and glycaemia rameters. Patients were advised to start with lifestyle control will prevent cardiovascular complications of modifi cation, increase physical activity, reduce weight diabetes. Endothelial dysfunction is connected with and practice energy restricted diet. Doses of insulin decreased nitric oxide production in obese, hyperten- were titrated separately for each patient (,- IU/kg). sive and diabetes type patients. Elevated free fatty acid levels increase vascular tone in insulin resistant Results persons, which is associated with vascular dysfunction. After six months of treatment with one daily dose High level of blood glucose, increased blood pressure, of basal insulin analog and three daily doses of met- dyslipidemia, obesity, physical inactivity, high energy formin, significant decrease was observed in fasting diet, are identifi ed as main risk factors of endothelial dys- glucose, postmeal glucose level and glycosylated hemo- function. Good management of the above mentioned globin. Weight reduction was recorded after the study. risk factors may improve endothelial function. It is well documented that good glycaemia control enables im- Mean fasting glycaemia decreased from ,±, mmol/ provement in dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and blood dm (Table ., Figure .) to , ± , mmol/ dm ( p pressure. Many contemporary studies indicate that < ,) ( Table ., Figure .). Mean postmeal glycaemia regular exercise and weight loss can improve insulin decreased from ,±, mmol/ dm (Table ., Figure resistance and endothelial function. Hyperglycemia is a .) to , ± , mmol/ dm (p<,) ( Table ., Figure risk factor of both micro and macrovascular disease (). .). Mean HbAc decreased from , ± , ( Table ., Figure .) to , ± , (p<,) (Table ., Figure .). Objective Reference Prior to the Parameters Values Study Th e aim of this study was to evaluate the eff ects of basal HbA1c % 7,0 8,8 insulin analog and metformin on glycaemia control MFBG mmol/ dm3 6,1 8,6 and weight as risk factors for endothelial dysfunction. MPPG mmol/ dm3 7,8 9,3
Material and Methods TABLE 1. Th e group of patients treated with two daily doses of NPH + metformin
Reference Prior to the After the Total of patients ( male and female) with type Parameters Values Study Study diabetes were studied. Th e patients were observed over HbA1c % 7,0 8,8 7,1 six months period. Glycated hemoglobin (HbAc), fast- MFBG mmol/ dm3 6,1 8,6 7,04 ing plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose MPPG mmol/ dm3 7,8 9,3 7,78 PPG), and body mass index (BMI), were monitored. TABLE 2. Group of patients treated with one daily dose of basal Mean age of the subjects was , ± , years. Mean insulin analog and metformin
BOSNIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2008; 8 (4): 310-312 BELMA AŠČIĆ BUTUROVIĆ, MIRSAD KACILA: EFFECTS OF BASAL INSULIN ANALOG AND METFORMIN ON GLYCAEMIA CONTROL AND WEIGHT AS RISK FACTORS FOR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
increase in carotid artery distensibility. Weight loss pro- Discussion grams are useful for the treatment and prevention of dia- betes and they can improve endothelial function, which Life style modifi cation, with increased physical activity can decrease the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascu- and weight loss has benefi cial impact on endothelial func- lar disease in obese subject with or without diabetes (). tion. Weight loss of - can improve insulin sensitivity Twenty-four obese patients, BMI , kg/m were stud- and reduce hyperglycemia in obese diabetic persons (). ied and followed throughout the period of months. Weight reduction is effective in preventing type Weight reduction of , and signifi cant improvement diabetes. The US Diabetes Prevention Program in- in insulin sensitivity were recorded after months of cluded overweight persons at high risk for dia- diet therapy. Th e endothelial dependent vasodilatation betes. In a group of persons with body weight loss was associated with percentage of weight reduction (). of - , reduction in diabetes was recorded (). Weight reduction and increased physical ac- Th e impact of weight reduction on vessels wall with or tivity resulted in improvement of insulin resis- without exercising has been studied in obese men. Mean tance, serum glucose levels and lipid profiles (). BMI decreased from , kg/m to , kg/m and mean Over the past few decades several trails were conduct- BP decreased by after three months of energy–re- ed, and it is well established that weight reduction and stricted diet. Weight reduction positively eff ected an diet therapy have good eff ects on endothelial function.
Conclusion
Treatment with one daily doses of basal insulin analog and three daily doses of metformin with lifestyle modifi cation and weight reduction in obese patients with type diabetes could be useful for the endothelial function improvement and may decrease the risk for cardiovascular diseases.
BOSNIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2008; 8 (4): 311-312 BELMA AŠČIĆ BUTUROVIĆ, MIRSAD KACILA: EFFECTS OF BASAL INSULIN ANALOG AND METFORMIN ON GLYCAEMIA CONTROL AND WEIGHT AS RISK FACTORS FOR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
List of Abbreviations
HbAc - glycated hemoglobin BMI - body mass index MFBG - mean fasting blood glycaemia MPPG - mean postprandial blood glycaemia
References
() Intensive blood – glucose control with Sulfonylureas or INS () Balkestein E. J., van Aggel-Leijssen D. P., van Baak M. A., Struijker compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications – Boudier H. A., Van Bortel L. M. Th e eff ect of weight loss with in patients with type diabetes (UKPDS) UK Prospective Diabe- or without exercise training on large artery compliance in healthy tes Study Group, Lancet ; (): – . obese men. J. Hypertens. ; : – .
() Watts N. B., Spanheimer R.G., DiGirolamo M., et al. Prediction () Hamdy O., Ledbury S., Mullooly C., et al. Lifestyle modifi cation of glucose response to weight loss in patients with non insulin de- improves endothelial function in obese subject with the insulin pendent diabetes mellitus. Arch. Intern. Med. ; : -. resistance syndrome. Diabetes Care ; : – .
() Knowler W. C., Barrett – Connor E., Fowler S. E., et al. Reduction () Clinical Guidelines on the Identifi cation, Evaluation and Treat- in the incidence of type diabetes with life style intervention or ment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults – Th e Evidence Re- metformin. N. Engl. J. Med. ; : – . port, National Institutes of Health. Obes. Res. ; ( Suppl ): S - S.
BOSNIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2008; 8 (4): 312-312