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Biological Control and Pollination in Cider Apple Orchards: a Socio-Ecological

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Biological Control and Pollination in Cider Apple Orchards: a Socio-Ecological Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Programa de Doctorado: “Biogeociencias” Línea de investigación: Ecología y Biodiversidad Biological Control and Pollination in Cider Apple Orchards: a Socio-ecological Approach A thesis submitted by Rodrigo Martínez Sastre Under the supervision of Dr. Marcos Miñarro and Dr. Daniel García Oviedo 2020 RECOMMENDED CITATION: Martínez-Sastre, R. (2020). Biological control and pollination in cider apple orchards: a socio-ecological approach. PhD Thesis. University of Oviedo (Oviedo, Asturias). Spain RESUMEN DEL CONTENIDO DE TESIS DOCTORAL 1.- Título de la Tesis Español/Otro Idioma: Control biológico y Inglés: Biological control and pollination in polinización en plantaciones de manzana de cider-apple orchards: a socio-ecological sidra: una aproximación socio-ecológica approach. 2.- Autor Nombre: RODRIGO MARTÍNEZ SASTRE DNI/Pasaporte/NIE: 53474767C Programa de Doctorado: BIOGEOCIENCIAS Órgano responsable: DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA DE ORGANISMOS Y SISTEMAS RESUMEN (en español) La expansión agrícola y su intensificación son unas de las principales causas del deterioro medio ambiental y de la pérdida de biodiversidad en todo el mundo. Aunque suene contradictorio, esta tendencia actual pone en peligro el suministro futuro de alimentos a escala global. Sin embargo, una agricultura rentable que haga compatible la seguridad alimentaria con la conservación de la naturaleza es posible. En 010 (Reg.2018) 010 - los últimos años, muchos esfuerzos se han destinado a detener los daños generados por la agricultura y hacerla más sostenible. Lamentablemente, queda mucho camino por recorrer. La biodiversidad, asociada VOA - al suministro de servicios ecosistémicos, puede aportar diversos beneficios al rendimiento de los cultivos. MAT - Sin embargo, para asentar dicha biodiversidad es necesario cumplir ciertas condiciones favorables dentro FOR y cerca del cultivo. Por lo tanto, debemos ampliar nuestros conocimientos acerca de cómo el paisaje y las características de los agrosistemas pueden fomentar la biodiversidad para maximizar el suministro de servicios ecosistémicos. De la misma manera, necesitamos comprender la compleja relación entre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos. Finalmente, debemos acotar las diferencias que existen entre los objetivos de las estrategias de manejo y los resultados reales obtenidos en los paisajes agrícolas. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es proporcionar conocimientos acerca del suministro simultáneo de los servicios de control biológico de plagas y polinización en la zona por excelencia del cultivo de manzana de sidra (Malus x domestica Borkh) en Asturias (España). Para ello, en primer lugar, la tesis se centra en los impulsores de la biodiversidad que operan en los paisajes agrícolas. En segundo lugar, trata de revelar las relaciones entre la biodiversidad y los dos servicios ecosistémicos. Y, en tercer lugar, evalúa las percepciones y el conocimiento de los agricultores sobre el control biológico y los enemigos naturales. En concreto abarca tres estudios: El primero evalúa en profundidad los principales efectos ambientales (i.e. paisaje y características a escala local) que impulsan simultáneamente la avifauna insectívora y los insectos polinizadores en las plantaciones de manzana. Asimismo, demuestra la relación positiva entre esta biodiversidad y el suministro de los servicios de control biológico y polinización. El segundo estudio también aborda los principales efectos medio ambientales que impulsan a las poblaciones de carpocapsa y a sus parasitoides. Sin embargo, en este caso, las interacciones tróficas (i.e. “bottom-up” y “top-down”) dentro del sistema manzana - carpocapsa - parasitoides parecen gobernar el parasitismo y el daño en la producción de manzana generado por la carpocapsa. Finalmente, el tercer estudio, a través de 90 encuestas “face-to-face”, intenta comprender los conocimientos y percepciones sobre el control biológico y los enemigos naturales que poseen los agricultores de manzana de sidra. En colaboración con ellos tratamos de proporcionar conocimientos para una gestión exitosa de los huertos de manzanas de sidra basada en el control biológico. Mediante un enfoque integrador, combinando aproximaciones empíricas y participativas basadas en la teoría que vincula biodiversidad con el funcionamiento ecosistémico (BEF) y el marco de los servicios de los ecosistemas; los resultados de esta tesis sugieren que las aves insectívoras y los insectos polinizadores pueden promoverse simultáneamente aumentando los hábitats leñosos semi-naturales alrededor de las plantaciones y un dosel continuo y extenso dentro de ellas. Asimismo, el control biológico y la polinización responden positivamente a la biodiversidad de aves insectívoras, insectos polinizadores y parasitoides de carpocapsa. En el caso del control biológico de la carpocapsa, la disponibilidad de recursos alimentarios, tanto para ella como para sus parasitoides, es esencial para comprender la dinámica de ambas poblaciones y controlar eficazmente esta plaga. Por último, el estudio participativo revela que los agricultores conocían mejor a los enemigos naturales vertebrados que a los invertebrados. Además, demostraron que la capacidad para reconocer a un enemigo natural está asociada a conocimientos previos sobre el organismo (i.e. conocimientos ecológicos locales y formales). En cuanto a las percepciones sobre las interacciones enemigos natural - plaga, revelaron importantes lagunas de conocimiento. Por consiguiente, la combinación de estudios empíricos y participativos en marcos integradores es esencial para lograr políticas agrícolas y prácticas de gestión exitosas en relación con el suministro de servicios ecosistémicos en los paisajes agrícolas. Esta tesis ofrece una perspectiva integradora sobre el suministro de los servicios de control biológico de plagas y polinización en cultivos de manzana por diferentes grupos de biodiversidad (i.e. aves insectívoras, parasitoides de carpocapsa e insectos polinizadores). A su vez, esta biodiversidad está condicionada por el paisaje y factores a escala local. Por último, esta tesis demuestra que los estudios participativos son esenciales para diseñar estrategias de gestión exitosas. Una nueva agricultura basada en prácticas agrícolas sostenibles y en la biodiversidad puede satisfacer la demanda futura de alimentos y otros productos, reduciendo al mismo tiempo los daños en el medio ambiente y la pérdida de biodiversidad. RESUMEN (en Inglés) The increasing land use conversion to agriculture and intensification are damaging the environment and threatening biodiversity worldwide. Although it may seem contradictory, this current trend in agriculture is jeopardizing the future world´s food supply. However, an economically profitable agriculture that makes compatible food security with biodiversity conservation is feasible. In recent years, an increasing effort has been oriented to halt the damage generated by agriculture and make it more sustainable. Unfortunately, much work remains to be done. Biodiversity can render benefits to crop yield through the provision of ecosystem services. But, these biodiversity needs some habitat conditions to stay close to or within the crop. Thus, we need more research on how landscape and local-scale features foster biodiversity to maximize the provision of ecosystem services in agroecosystems. At the same time, we are still far from understanding the complex relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services. Finally, we should bridge the gap between the management strategies promoted and their true implementation in agricultural landscapes. The present PhD thesis aims to gaining insights into the simultaneous provision of biological control and pollination in the main cider apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) crop area of Spain (Asturias). For this purpose, first, the thesis focuses on the drivers of animal biodiversity that operate in agricultural landscapes. Second, it tries to reveal the relationships between biodiversity and the two ecosystem services. Third, it assesses farmers’ perceptions and knowledge of the concept of biological control and natural enemies underpinning its provision. Specifically, it comprises three studies: In the first one, we deal in depth with the main environmental effects (landscape and local-scale features) that drive simultaneously insectivorous birds and pollinator insects communities. For it, censuses and captures where performed to evaluate both biodiversity groups. This study also aims to prove the positive effects of both groups in the provisioning of pest control and pollination. Insectivory was estimated from sentinel model and exclusion experiments. The contribution of pollinator insects to crop yield and fruit quality were measured as fruit set and seed set. In the second study, we also try to dissect the main environment effects that drive codling moth populations and their parasitoids. Codling moth was sampled from overwintering larvae in cardboard traps wrapped around the trunk and the parasitism was estimated from the parasitoids emerging from the collected codling moth. However, in this case, the strong trophic interactions (i.e. top-down and bottom- up) within the apple-codling moth-parasitoid system seem to drive the ecosystem service supply of biological control by parasitoids and the crop damage generated by the codling moth. Finally, in the third one, we conducted 90 face-to-face surveys with cider-apple farmers to better understand their knowledge and perceptions
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