The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970 Andrew Demshuk Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02073-3 - The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970 Andrew Demshuk Index More information

Index

Adenauer, Konrad (West German Beuthen [Bytom]: expellee travel to, chancellor), 67, 67n9, 165, 236 198n47, 200, 202, 204, 219, Ahonen, Pertti, 8n20, 65n4, 67n9, 81n57, 226n127; Heimat periodical 233n3 from, 156n103, 198n47, 226n127, Aktion Oder-Neisse, 81, 116, 241 253n71, 261 Aktion Widerstand, 241–242, 260 Bielitz [Bielsko], 71, 72n31, 112–113, 125, St. Annaberg (Upper Silesia), 46, 115 136, 144, 148n72 Assmann, Jan, 17, 17n49 Bienek, Horst, 10, 10n25, 10n27, 11, Aubin, Hermann (Ostforscher), 70, 71n27, 11n28, 19n57, 213 85n70 Birke, Ernst (Ostforscher): as historian, Auschwitz Concentration Camp. 68, 68n16, 69n20, 70n25; similarity of See Holocaust methods to interwar Ostforscher, 47, 47n41 Bad Kudowa [Kudowa Zdrój], 101 Bjork, James, 43, 43n26, 48, 49n49 Bahlcke, Joachim, 35n4, 38 Blank, Ulrich, 207–209, 214, 220, 221 Bahr, Egon (Brandt’s secretary of state), Bloc of Expellees Party (BHE); 9, 237–238 76–77; founding of, 76, 257; loss of Basic Law, West German, 66, 66n7, votes for, 76 93n106 Boym, Svetlana, 18, 18n51, Behrens, Ewald (Ostforscher), 72, 18n54, 230 72nn33–34 Brandt, Willy: expellee responses to, Berlin: Center against Expulsions in, 270; 245, 254–255; as opponent of the expellee associations in Western half of, Oder-Neisse border, 237; perception 87, 113, 173, 250; mayor of (see Brandt, of expellees, 232–235, 243–244, 259; Willy; Schütz, Klaus); relationship to response to Günter Grass, 255n74; Silesia, 39–40; travel to Silesia via, 190, response to Marion Gräfin von Dönhoff, 193, 195, 197; Berlin Wall, 91, 266, 267 256; as signatory of the Treaty of Bernstadt [Bierutów], 100, 202, 219 Warsaw, 189, 232–233, 238, 254; as Bertram, Archbishop Adolf Cardinal, 149 supporter of the Oder-Neisse border, Beske, Hans (Landsberg Heimat leader), 237–238; under attack for signing Treaty 256–261, 264 of Warsaw, 233–234, 238–239, 242, Beutel, Willi Michael, 223–224 259, 260n93

295

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02073-3 - The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970 Andrew Demshuk Index More information

296 Index

Breslau [Wrocław]: 1945 destruction of, Bunzlauer Heimat-Zeitung: history of, 51, 53–54, 103, 110–112, 269; expellee 153; information about travel in, memories of, 7, 14, 51, 70n25, 110–111, 194n29, 195, 197, 198n46, 221–222, 117, 125, 127–135, 137, 145–147, 149, 226; responses to the 1970 Treaty of 150–150, 158–159, 171, 248–250, 255, Warsaw, 242–243, 248 267; monuments to, 168, 255; post-1945 Byrnes, James (US secretary of state), 54 changes to, 4, 22, 50, 55, 56, 56n70, 57, 70n26, 104, 111–112, 117, 205, Caritas (Catholic charity organization), 6 250, 269, 275n33; post-1945 German Certeau, Michel de, 187 claims to, 63, 86, 90, 114, 117–118, Charta der Heimatvertriebenen, 92–95, 145–147, 150–151, 222, 225; pre-1945 153, 157, 165, 236, 244, 245 characteristics of, 33–35, 37, 39–42, Christian Democratic Party (CDU), 9, 77, 68n15, 197, 215, 220, 248–249, 275; 232, 237–238, 245, 246n49, 261 reconstruction of, 24–25, 52n59, 149, Christianity and expellee commemorative 199, 205, 236; travel to, 51, 175, 185n1, practices, 92, 112–113, 124, 125–126, 186, 192, 194, 197, 205, 215, 219–220, 130, 135, 142–152, 175, 207, 211–212, 231, 236n8 219–220, 236. See also Hebrews verse Breslauer Nachrichten. See Der Schlesier 13:14; Heimkehr: religious writing Brieg [Brzeg]: 1945 destruction of, 247; about; Rundbriefe; St. Hedwig expellee memories of, 146, 172, 174, Chyla, Ottokar (federal minister for all- 177–183, 246–247, 251–253, 258–259; German questions), 273 gatherings by expellees from, 167–168, circular letters (student, pastoral, etc.). 169, 172, 172n37, 174, 177–178, See Rundbriefe 182, 251–253; monuments to, 168 Confino, Alon, 11, 11nn29–30, 31n82, (see also Brieg Tower in Goslar); post- 106, 106n24, 187n6 1945 changes to, 176; travel to, 200–201 Cracow, 35, 72, 194, 234n5, 265 Brieg Tower in Goslar, 177–183, 252. currency reform of 1948, 60, 77n46 See also Brieg Czaja, Herbert (leader of the BdV): lack Briegische Briefe (later Neue Brieger of appeal to expellees, 235, 245, 248; Zeitung): independence of, 156; opposition to the 1970 Warsaw Treaty, responses to 1970 Treaty of Warsaw, 234, 240, 244–245; opposition to the 246–247, 252, 258 1990 border treaty with Poland, 261; Browning, Christopher, 50–51, 51n56 rightwing personal background, 234n5 Bund der Vertriebenen (BdV), 76, 86, 92, 165–166, 234–235, 244, 250, 257, 261, Dachau Concentration Camp (as expellee 265n5 refugee camp), 58n80, 60–61 Bundesministerium für gesamtdeutsche Danzig [Gdańsk], 29, 44n29, 55, 72n31, Fragen, 47, 74, 119n70, 165, 195, 85, 173, 269, 275 196n33, 197, 207, 210–211, 213–214, Davies, Norman, 35, 37 240n24, 257, 273 Dmowski, Roman (Polish endecja Bunzlau [Bolesławiec]: 1945 destruction politician), 34, 43–44, 44n29, 47, 55 of, 126; expellee memories of, 126, Dönhoff, Marion Gräfin von (editor of Die 141, 161–163, 166–167, 228–229; Zeit): conception of Heimat, 15; on the gatherings by expellees from, 161–163, loss of Heimat, 255–256; response to the 166–167, 169, 172n39, 175–176, 182, 1970 Warsaw Treaty, 254–256 184; Heimat book devoted to, 26n72; du Mont, Neven (West German journalist), monuments to, 161–164, 168, 177, 182; 236, 236n8 post-1945 changes to, 126, 175–176, 203–204, 205, 217, 226–229; post-1945 East Brandenburg, 173, 256, 258 German claims to, 141, 161–163, 167, East German resettlers. See Umsiedler 242–243, 248; pre-1945 characteristics East Germany (DDR): and Ostpolitik, of, 37, 126; reconstruction of, 203–204; 238n15; politics of memory and travel to, 203–204, 205, 230, 253–254 conceptions of the former German

Index 297

Eastern Territories in, 2, 6n12, Gleiwitz [Gliwice]: expellee memories of, 27–28, 68n15, 129, 191, 268–269; 19n57, 74–75, 142; expellee travel to, Silesian emigration to, 119n68, 120; 198n47, 200, 212–213, 217n101, Silesians living in (see Umsiedler); 219–220, 226n127, 253n71, 261; West German claims to, 117, 236; gatherings of expellees from, 146, 168; West German expellees’ interaction Heimat periodical from, 156n103, with citizens of, 153, 181, 251; West 226n127; and the start of World German terminology and cartographic War II, 49 representation for, 84, 86; West Glogau [Głogów]: destruction as a Nazi German travel through, 185n1, 195, “fortress city,” 53, 99, 205; expellee 197–198, 266 memories of, 191; expellee travel East Prussia, 1n2, 10, 15, 16, 28–29, to, 99; Jewish past in, 40; Polish 44, 63n54, 82, 85, 88, 98, 111, 127, alienation from, 104–105; Protestant 255–256, 263, 268, 269 Friedenskirche in, 39 East Prussian Diary by Hans Graf von Gomułka, Władysław (Polish communist Lehndorff, 247 party secretary), 238, 238n15 Ehrling, Uwe, 16, 16n43, 19, 19n56, 111, Görlitz [Zgorzelec]: 1950 Treaty of, 239; 111n42 as a border town, 190, 230, 266–267, Eichendorffgilde, 88, 175 268, 269n16; current pedagogy in, Endecja (Polish National Democrats), 275n35; travel to, 191 43–44, 47, 49n51 Göttinger Arbeitskreis, 9n22, 67n12, 68 Equalization of Burdens. Grass, Günter: novel Im Krebsgang, 263– See Lastenausgleichgesetz 264, 269; response to 1970 rightwing Exner, Curt (Lower Silesian expellee), Aktion Widerstand rally, 242; response 102–103, 102n14 to 1970 Warsaw Treaty, 254–255; expellee charter of 1950. See Charta der scholarly responses to, 10n25, 11, 12, Heimatvertriebenen 12n33, 213 expulsion of Germans. See Vertreibung Grottkau [Grodków], 137, 210 Grünberg [Zielona Góra], 80 Faehndrich, Jutta, 8–9, 26, 26n71 Grundmann, Günther (Silesian art and Falkenau [Chróścina Nyska], 205–206, architecture preservationist), 24, 24n68, 210, 216–217, 220, 226 68n17, 68–69, 128, 128nn17–20, Federal Expellee Law, West German, 66, 158–159 66n8, 67 Grzimek, Ansgar (Ostforscher), 71, 118, Federal Ministry for All-German 118n65 Questions. See Bundesministerium für Gürtler, Max (dentist from Bunzlau), gesamtdeutsche Fragen 166–167, 175 Frankenstein [Ząbkowice Śląskie], 138, 144 Habelschwerdt [Bystrzyca Kłodzka], 265 Frederick the Great (Prussian king), 39–41, Habsburg Dynasty, 28, 39–40 74, 200 Hahn, Eva and Hans Henning Hahn, 2n3, Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP), 67n9, 10, 10n26, 53n61, 270 244, 246, 246n49 Hartwich, Mateusz, 188, 275n33 Freytag, Gustav (19th-century Prussian Hauptmann, Gerhart (Silesian poet), 69, writer), 34, 34n2, 69 80, 94–95, 138 Fritzsche, Peter, 14n36, 17n47, 73n38 Hebrews verse 13:14, 142–149. See also Christianity and expellee Galicia. See kresy commemorative practices German-Polish Border Treaty of 1990 (also St. Hedwig, 37, 40, 130, 148n70, 175. the Two-Plus-Four Agreement), 92, 231, See also Christianity and expellee 239, 259, 259n89, 261, 265 commemorative practices Glatz [Kłodzko], 22, 108, 126, 137, 196, Heim ins Reich movement 196n32, 265 (Nazi-era), 51

298 Index

Heimat: definition of, 1, 14–16; diverging 151, 166, 187–188, 213–214, 216, 266, images of, 3, 5, 12–14, 21–22, 25, 32, 268 (see also polnische Wirtschaft); as 81, 95, 97–98, 113, 122–124, 126, 127, transient and fleeting, 115, 115n53, 117, 129–130, 142–144, 153–154, 157, 162, 123–124, 135–136, 142–149 164, 169, 173, 177, 186, 199, 222–223, Heimat und Glaube (Catholic expellee 260; overcoming the loss of, 5, 6, 9–10, periodical), 111, 143, 192 12–25, 30–32, 61, 93–95, 97, 110, 114, Heimkehr, 2–5, 5n9, 8, 54, 63–66, 71, 115n53, 116, 118, 122–160; 162, 169, 76–95, 96–97, 117–118, 124–125, 173, 178, 186, 188, 198–199, 218–221, 139, 143, 152–155, 157, 159, 162n4, 226–229, 230, 231, 233, 235, 236–237, 165–166, 170, 227, 235, 240, 248–249, 247, 248–257, 262, 264, 272 260, 262; Nazi film by this name, 49; Heimat books, 4, 8, 20, 21, 25–26, 26n72, opinion polls about, 90–91; religious 26n74, 68, 69n21, 79n52, 123, 125n4, writing about, 115–116, 125, 143, 126, 126n10, 135n28, 161n1, 168, 229 236n9 (see also Christianity and expellee Heimat films, 18, 20, 86, 124 commemorative practices) Heimat meetings, 2–3, 9, 31, 79–80, 95, Herder Institut (Marburg), 68, 146, 150–151, 161–184, 221, 237, 130, 275 240–242, 250–253, 261 Herrmann, Egon (early postwar expellee Heimat of Memory: in artwork, 127–134; leader), 60–61 chief characteristics of, 5, 12–20, Heyer, H. (expellee amateur artist), 122–124, 126–127; in Christian imagery, 130–133 20, 24, 56, 119, 124, 127–134, 142–152; Hindenburg [Zabrze], 253n71 contrasted to the Heimat Transformed, Hirschberg [Jelenia Góra], 102–103, 5, 21–22, 81, 95, 97–98, 113, 127, 102n14, 107, 138–139, 190 129–130, 143–144, 154, 169, 173, 177, Hirschberg, Erwin, 50, 208–209, 223–224, 186, 260; as a cultural memory, 17, 26, 223nn116–117, 224n121 178; differing by region, 29–30; evinced Hitler, Adolf, 23, 47, 47n42, 49, 51, 60, 73, in non-German exiled populations, 75, 83, 114, 207, 224, 243, 247, 256 272–273; generational aspects of, 19, Hoffmann-Rehmie, Erika (editor of the 26, 97, 111, 126, 127, 130, 137, 157, Lüben Heimat periodical), 4n7, 27, 152, 261, 263–264, 266–268; imaginary 156–158 journeys into, 2–3, 14, 114, 119, 122, Hohe Eule. Heimatblatt für Stadt und 135–142, 157–159, 189–190, 248–249; Kreis Reichenbach, 185–186, 194, 210, as imperishable (unvergänglich), 115, 217–218 115n53, 117, 123–124, 136, 142–149, Hohenzollern Dynasty, 39–40 173; inaccessibility (Unerreichbarkeit) Holocaust, 9–10, 14, 22, 23, 51–52, 94, of, 128, 139, 251; in picture books and 265, 270–272. See also World War II chronicles, 68, 79–80, 124–129, 158– Homesick Tourism, 4, 8, 11n28, 13, 21, 159; in slideshows, 2–3, 113, 162–163, 25, 31–32, 95, 118, 121, 149, 158, 177, 172, 174–177, 251–252 185–231, 253–254, 261, 276; changes Heimat periodicals, 20, 25, 26–27, 67–68, in after 1970, 230–231, 234, 253–254, 74, 111–112, 121, 127–129, 143–144, 263, 268; early interest in, 189–191; 152–158, 172n37, 185–186, 194–195, expellee leadership’s opposition to, 222–223 155–156, 221–226, 227–229; Heimat Transformed: alienation from, international rules governing, 193–199 3, 17, 21–25, 56, 100–101, 114–115, Hoppe, Richard and Elfriede (Pastor and 124, 151–152, 191, 203, 209–210, 214, Pastor’s wife from Wohlau), 145, 194 227–228, 230; chief characteristics of, 5, Hotel Monopol in Wrocław, 186 13, 17, 21–25; contrasted to the Heimat Hupka, Herbert (Silesian Landsmannschaft of Memory, 5, 21–22, 81, 95, 97–98, chairman), 4n7, 182; espousing 113, 127, 129–130, 143–144, 154, 169, revisionism on behalf of expellees, 173, 177, 186, 260; and racism, 12–13, 63, 81, 240, 245; laments late in life, 22–23, 27, 34, 70–71, 99, 101–103, 138, 261–262; personal background, 116

Index 299

Integration of expellees in West Germany, Lastenausgleichgesetz, 76–78, 77n46, 82 2, 5, 7n16, 58–61, 64–65, 97, 137–138, Lauban [Lubań], 3, 68, 146–147 143, 147, 165, 233; difficulties or failure League of Expellees (BdV). See Bund der of, 7n18, 14, 58–61, 165; economic Vertriebenen factors and, 6, 7, 7nn17–18, 76–78, Lemberg, Eugen (Ostforscher), 90, 90n98, 271; role of the Heimat of Memory and 97, 270 (see Heimat, overcoming the loss of) Leubus Monastery, 38, 227 International Refugee Organization (IRO), 60 Liegnitz [Legnica]: expellee memories of, 2–3, 20, 20n58, 94–95, 118–119, Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf, 77–78, 259 120–121, 122, 124, 129–130, 133, 135, Jauer [Jawor]: Protestant Friedenskirche in, 145, 147–148, 151, 152–155, 176–177, 39; West German monuments to, 79 229; gatherings by expellees from, 2–3, Jeggle, Utz, 106 113–114, 163, 172, 173, 175, 176–177; Jellito-Elbinger, Annemarie (expellee from post-1945 changes to, 23, 53, 56, Falkenau), 205, 206, 210, 220 113–114, 118–119, 120–121, 129–130, Jerrig, Franz Otto (early postwar expellee 144, 153–155, 173, 202–203, 205, 208, writer), 112, 114, 151 216, 218, 228; post-1945 German claims Jewish history in and responses to Silesia, to, 94–95, 122, 124, 153–156, 225–226, 14, 20, 30, 36, 40–41, 49–51, 56n70, 57, 246; pre-1945 characteristics of, 37–38, 73, 79, 85, 94–95, 116, 127–128, 153, 129–130; travel to, 202–203, 205, 208, 199n48, 206, 223, 264, 275 216, 218, 225–226, 229, 253 Liegnitzer Heimatbrief, 152–156, 225, Kapitza, Theodor (leader of Aktion O/S), 228, 246 83–84 lieux de mémoire, 17, 20, 127, Karzel, Paul (Pastor from Bielitz), 163–164, 183 112–113, 144 Linzer Travel Company, 185–186, Kassel Resolution of 1959, 92 194–196, 222, 225, 228, 253n71 Kather, Linus (rightwing East Prussian lost Polish eastern borderlands. politician), 77, 241 See kresy Kattowitz [Katowice], 47, 74–75, 86, 87 Lotz, Christian, 6n12, 65, 164n11 Koffmane, Herbert (Lower Silesian Löwenberg [Lwówek], 102–103, farmer), 100, 106 125n4, 126 Kohl, Helmut (German chancellor), 239, 261 Lüben [Lubin], 27, 152, 156–158 Königsberg [Kaliningrad], 1n2, 46, 54n63, Ludwig, Georg (expellee from Liegnitz), 68n15, 85, 86, 129 2–3, 3n5, 163 Kopp, Kristin, 18, 18n53 Ludwig, Manfred (expellee correspondent Korfanty, Wojciech (interwar Polish Upper from Reichenbach), 185–186, 189, 210, Silesian politician), 42, 44, 48 217–218 Koshar, Rudy, 11, 11n31, 187n8 Lukaschek, Hans (federal expellee Kreisau [Krzyżowa], 50, 261 minister), 78, 165, 171 kresy, 14, 33, 42, 57, 57n74, 104, 104n20, Lwów [Lviv], 24, 33, 55 104n20, 271 Kristallnacht, 50–51 Malzahn, Manfred, 61n92, 87 Krzoska, Markus, 188, 212, 224n121 Marten, Werner (Upper Silesian expellee), Kuhn, Walter (Ostforscher), 71–72, 211–212 72nn31–32 Masuria (southern East Prussia), 98, 99, Kulturwerk der vertriebenen Deutschen, 86 111, 225 Kuril [Chishima] Islands, Japanese Matzke, Horst (expellee Protestant youth revisionism and, 272–273 leader), 16, 82, 82n62 Meißler, Wolfgang (last Protestant minister Lamsdorf camp, 58 in Lower Silesia), 56, 119 Landsmannschaft. See Silesian Meinecke, Friedrich (German liberal Landsmannschaft historian), 73, 73n37

300 Index

memory: right to, 158–159; theories of, Patenschaften, 26, 74, 79, 156, 167–169, 16–19 172, 178n53, 180, 251–253, 257, Mende, Erich (federal minister for all- 258, 259 German questions), 46–47, 47n40, Pfeil, Elisabeth (expellee sociologist), 207n69 58–59, 72–73, 73n35, 87–88, 151–152 Meyer, Enno, 73, 73n36, 265n6 Piast Dynasty: mythos concerning Mitscherlich, Alexander and Margarete, 9, (see Recovered Territories mythology); 10n24, 11 Nazi attempts to eliminate memory of, Moeller, Robert, 11–12, 12n32, 12n34, 50–51 247n53, 264n3 Pietrek, Olga (Upper Silesian expellee), Molotov, Viacheslav (Soviet foreign 207–208 minister), 54 Piłsudski, Józef (interwar Polish Moorhouse, Roger, 35, 37 president), 43 Munich Agreement of 1938, 29 plebiscite, Upper Silesian, 45–46, 49; legacies of, 50, 74, 83 National Democrat Movement in Poland. polnische Wirtschaft, 13, 22. See endecja See also Heimat Transformed, and Naumann, Katja, 105 racism Naumann, Robert (Jewish Silesian in Pomerania, 28–29, 225, 268, 274 Maryland), 20, 20n58, 94–95 Potsdam Conference, 1, 8, 52, 54, Nazism, legacies of, 1, 5, 11, 23, 24, 27, 57, 232 30, 46, 46n38, 51–53, 56–59, 61, 66, Poznań (province and city), 40, 42, 48, 70–75, 79–80, 82, 87, 98, 99, 100, 75, 82, 87, 104, 114, 197; travel to 105–109, 127–128, 206–208, 234n5, international trade show in, 196 241–242, 246–247, 266, 271–272 Preußische Treuhand (Prussian Claims Neisse [Nysa], 111, 129 Society), 261, 262n99 Nora, Pierre, 17, 17n48, 20n59, 164n8 Pückler, Otto Graf von, 4, 4nn7–8 nostalgia, 14n36, 16–18, 17n47, 18nn50– 51, 230, 272 Rahden, Till van, 40–41 Ratibor [Racibórz], 116 Oder-Neisse border, 1, 10, 27, 32, 44, 54, Reche, Roland (a Brieg Heimat leader), 67, 67n9, 109, 117, 156, 159, 192, 198, 257–259, 259nn87–88, 261 208, 236–239, 254–256, 259, 267, 268 Reche, Waldemar (last German mayor of Oels [Oleśnica], 90 Brieg), 180, 182 Oppeln [Opole]: 1921 plebiscite in, 45; Recht auf die Heimat, 5, 5n9, 8, 31, 63–67, during World War II, 51; expellee 76–84, 90, 91n100, 93–95, 98, 153, 159, memories of, 130–131, 134, 177–178, 164–165, 176–177, 220, 235, 237, 245, 178n53; travel to, 121, 203, 206 251, 261–262 Orbis Travel Company, 185, 193, 196 Recovered Territories mythology, 24, 34, O/S Aktion, 83–84 43–44, 47, 55–57, 63n1, 166, 206 Ossig [Osiek], 202, 217 Reichenbach [Dzierżoniów], 156n103, Ostforschung, 46, 68–73, 84–91, 94, 185–186, 193–194, 210, 217–218 114–118, 241, 262, 272–273 Rekowski, Wilfried von, 149, 196 Ostpolitik, 232–234, 237–240, 241, Revue (magazine), 9, 9n23, 164, 173, 243–246, 249, 251, 254–260, 267 189–191, 208 Otte, Alfred (Wehrmacht soldier and Rhode, Gotthold (Ostforscher), 73 photographer from Liegnitz), 129–130 Riesengebirge mountains in Silesia, 14, 68, 80, 96, 127, 138–140, 141, 160, 188, Palestinian refugees, 270–272, 273–274 190, 198, 203, 240, 249 Parchwitz [Prochowice], 2 Right to the Heimat. See Recht auf die partitions of Poland, 41 Heimat

Index 301

Rinke, Walter (Silesian Landsmannschaft cyclical rendition of its history, 69–70; chairman), 68, 94, 117–118 German minorities remaining in, Roth, Walter, 107, 109, 138–139 30, 57–58, 96–104, 106–109, 112, Rübezahl (mythical spirit in the 119–121, 149, 208–212, 253; Jewish Riesengebirge mountains), 14, life in (see Jewish history in and 138–140, 142 responses to Silesia); as a lost heaven Rundbriefe, 7, 25, 112–113, 137, 143–148, or paradise, 2, 2n3, 14, 19, 118–119, 150–151, 171, 194. See also Christianity 122, 136–139, 145, 147–149, 227; and expellee commemorative practices physical characteristics of, 30, 33–34; Polish reconstruction efforts in, 23–24, Schaaf, Fritz (expellee from Liegnitz), 129, 204–205, 231, 236; postwar Polish 120–121 settlers in, 56–57, 104–105, 106, 208, Schettler, Albert (expellee school advisor), 212–218, 226, 253–254; in schoolbooks 86–87, 94 and pedagogy, 68–70, 84–90, 189–190, Scheyer, Ernst (Jewish-Silesian writer), 265–266, 275; travel to (see Homesick 127–128 Tourism); Upper Silesia versus Lower Schieder, Theodor (Ostforscher), 71, 71n30 Silesia, 29–30, 33–34, 35–36, 41–44, 53, Schlaak, Eva-Maria (expellee from 56–57, 74–75, 83–84, 98–101, 119, 195, Breslau), 7, 7n19 200–205, 210–212, 217n101, 226n127, Der Schlesier (periodical of the Silesian 261n98 Landsmannschaft), 20, 21–22, 27, Silesian Landsmannschaft: attacks on its 67–68, 98, 116–118, 162n4, 222–223, nationalist outlook, 83, 166; attacks 239, 240–241, 245–246, 249n57, on Polish reconstruction efforts in 249–250, 260 Silesia, 4, 116–117, 222–223, 236n8; Schlesischer Gottesfreund (Silesian attacks on the 1965 Protestant peace Protestant newsletter), 93, 148, letter, 236, 236n9; conventions of, 79, 169–170, 191 94, 165–167, 250–251; definition of Schlonzok (Szlonzok), 30, 34, 36, 41, 43, the term, 3; as distinct from the Upper 83, 83n64, 207, 211 Silesian Landsmannschaft, 30; expellee Schmid, Carlo (West German politician), disinterest in rhetoric of, 166–167, 170, 235–236 261, 265; founding of, 67, 165; framing Schmidt, Herbert (Upper Silesian expellee), of the expellee charter, 94, 94n109 200, 212–213, 217n101, 219–220 (see also expellee charter of 1950); Schneekoppe (mountain peak in the membership in or endorsement for, 76, Riesengebirge), 80, 139–140, 198n46, 91, 115; opposition to the 1970 Warsaw 203n56 Treaty, 239–241, 243, 245; periodicals Schoenberg, Hans, 58n77, 64–65, of, 67–68, 116–117, 222–223 65n4, 81n57 (see also Der Schlesier); as a source of Scholtis, August, 10n25, 11n28, 223, 224, collective identity, 10–11 224nn120–121 Silesian Museum in Görlitz, 275n35 Schütz, Klaus (West Berlin mayor), 93, 159 Simsdorf [Szymanów], 208 Schweidnitz [Świdnica]: expellee memories Social Democratic Party (SPD), 9, 42, of, 112; expellee travel to, 209; 67n9, 109, 159, 165, 232, 237, 238n15, Protestant Friedenskirche in, 39, 112; 243–244, 244n42, 257, 258 under Nazism, 50 Spätaussiedler, 30, 98, 132, 239, 261n98 Siemianowski, Maria (widow of the last Der Spiegel (magazine), 223n116, 238, mayor of Bunzlau), 182 240, 244–245, 254–255, 259 Silesia: 1945 destruction of, 53–57, Springer, Karl (expellee from Bunzlau), 96–101, 115; as a bridge, 33, 70; as a 26n72, 161–162, 161n1, 167 bulwark, 33, 46, 53, 166; competing Stalinism, 21, 25, 83–84, 114, myths about national origins, 36–39; 190, 199

302 Index

Stehle, Hansjakob (West German von Braun, Joachim Freiherr (Ostforscher), journalist), 236, 236n8 73, 166n16, 237n11 Stein, Walter (last German mayor of von Braun, Magnus Freiherr (East Prussian Parchwitz), 2, 198n44, 227 lawyer and politician), 25, 25n70, 102, Steller, Walther (expellee schoolteacher), 69 102n13, 103n18 Stettin [Szczecin], 1n2, 55, 85, 99 von Buttlar, Maria (expellee writer), Stickler, Mathias, 8n20, 28–29, 65n4, 135–137 81n57 von Moltke, Helmuth James Graf von, 50 Strauß, Franz-Josef (CDU/CSU party von Richthofen, Bolko Freiherr chairman), 245, 250 (Ostforscher): attacks on Polish or Sudeten Germans, 10, 29, 60–61, 79, 81, moderate scholars, 114, 115n52, 87, 97, 135, 168 116n58; development of his outlook, surrogate Heimat spaces, 18–19, 31, 95, 115–116; as founder of AKON, 116; 162–164, 168–169, 171, 178, 182–184, insistence on Heimkehr, 91, 241; 250–252 writings as historian, 70, 115–116

Thum, Gregor, 35n4, 55n66, 70n26 Waage, Ursula (East German expellee Trentschin, Treaty of, 39 writer), 268–269 Tübingen Memorandum of 1961, 236, Wahlstatt, Battle of, 37 236n7 Waldenburg [Wałbrzych], 209–210 Warsaw Treaty of 1970, 4, 27, 32, 63, 92, Umsiedler, 28, 52n60, 119n68; interaction 93, 156, 159, 189, 232–235, 238, 240, with West German expellees, 28, 147, 243–262 153, 181, 191, 251, 268–269 Wassermann, Charles (Canadian journalist), 223, 223n116, 224, Verband Heimatvertriebener Deutscher 224n119, 224n121 Studenten (VHDS), 88–89 Weber, G. (editor of the Liegnitz Heimat Vereinigung der Schlesier, Bavarian, 67 periodical), 152–156, 225–226, 229 Vertreibung, 1, 2n3, 52–57, 96–98; Wiechmann, Karl (editor of the Bunzlau debates about statistics, 1n1, 52–53, Heimat periodical), 121, 153, 226, 53n61, 104n20, 238n18; definition of, 227–229 2n3; Japanese interest in, 272–273; the Wohlau [Wołów], 170, 194, 196 “orderly transfer” phase, 52, 54, 57, Wolff, Larry, 188 241, 271; resettlement and distribution World War I, 2, 23, 36, 39, 41, 43, in West Germany, 58–62, 96–98, 73n37, 221 109–111; scholarly debates concerning, World War II, 1, 30, 33, 34, 36, 46, 52, 6–12; in schoolbooks and pedagogy, 116, 156, 227n129, 234n5, 237, 239, 68–70, 84–90, 189–190, 265–266, 275; 271, 272. See also Holocaust; Nazism, the “wild flight” phase,52 , 57, 96 legacies of Vilnius, 24, 55 Volksgemeinschaft, 46, 59, 73–74, Die Zeit (magazine), 15, 100–101, 103, 90, 107, 260 255–256, 257n82 Volksliste, 51, 56 Zobten Mountain, 36, 36n6 Volz, Wilhelm (interwar Ostforscher), Zwiener, Paul (an editor of Guda Obend, 46–47 Ihr lieba Leute), 15, 16n42, 94