Conservation of Coastal Zones in

Training Programme

Audit of emerging environment issues

8-12 June, 2015, iCED, Jaipur

Dr. K. Sivakumar Wildlife Institute of India [email protected]

Size: 150 cm Green turtle Size: 90 cm

Hawksbill turtle Dr.Kartik Shanker Size: 75 -80 cm Olive Ridley turtle  Introduction to coastal zone  Ecological Values  Threats  Development vs  Indian Scenario  Economics of Ecosystem services  Costal Zone Regulation in India  What need to be done? Biodiversity Wealth of India

 The confluence of three major realms - the Indo-Malayan, Eurasian and Afrotropical

 26 recognized endemic centres for flowering plants  30% of the world’s recorded flora  7.31% of the global fauna

 102 National Parks  520 Sanctuaries  6 World Heritage sites  18 Biosphere Reserves Biodiversity profile of India

one of the 17 ‘megabiodiverse’ country in the world  India is also one of the 9 ‘Vavilovian centers of origin and diversity of crop plants’ Biodiversity Hotspots

 India has 4 of the 34 global biodiversity hotspots

 The Himalaya: Western and Eastern Himalaya form part of Himalayan global biodiversity hotspot.

 The : part of Western Ghats-Sri Lanka global biodiversity hotspot.

 North-east: part of Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspot.

 Nicobar Islands: part of the Sundaland global biodiversity hotspot. Endemism in select Plant and Animal Taxa

 In terms of endemism of Vertebrate groups, India’s global ranking is tenth in birds with 69 species, fifth in reptiles with 156 species and seventh in amphibians with 110 species. Flora

Fauna 1949 Angiosperms 4045 Gymnosperms Pteridophytes

3625 Bryophytes 642 Lichens 60 44 568 Fungi Mammals 8 53 Algae Birds 196 Amphibian Fresh Water Crabs 168 Source: BSI, 2013

Source: IUCN Red List, 2013 Highly productive Ecosystem Virus Pelagic organisms Bacteria

Plankton Nekton Zooplankton Phytoplankton

Cephalopods

Cyanobacteria Dinoflagellates Protozoa

Pisces

Molluscs Annelida Sillicoflagellates Coccolithophorids

reptiles Crustaceans Urochordates Ctenophora

Mammals Cnidarians Arthropods BENTHIC ORGANISMS

Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Annelida

Ascideans

Nemerta Sipunculida Pogonophora Phoronida Brachiopoda

Mollusca Bryozoa Holothuria Echinodermata Cephalochordata Arthropoda I. Ensure environmental sustainability for development

II. Assess the status and condition of various ecosystem in countries to ensure the ecological goods and services are continue to be provided by such ecosystems for human well being

III. Identify the drivers of change in various ecosystems

IV. Develop models of development that ensures environmental sustainability and human well being  What is Coastal Zone ?

 Simply saying…the place where water of seas meets the land

 Ecologically speaking…an ecotone where the influence of the tidal backwash of the sea is felt into the landmass including freshwater aquatic system

 In other words…a dynamic zone where moisture, salinity, wind directions and biodiversity are constantly in a state of flux

 Commensurate with the situation mentioned above, the coastal zone is one of the most productive and richest habitat on earth, and hence are an asset of incalculable value to coastal nations and dependent human societies  Home to more than half of the world’s population

 Two third of world’s largest cities are located on the coast

 Two third of the global fish production are from the coastal and marine habitat

 Half of the global tourism earnings are from the coastal zone  Major productive estuaries

 Deltaic mangrove systems

 Coastal lagoons

 Productive salt marshes

 Coral Reef systems

 Productive mudflats

 Seaweed and seagrass beds and

 Sand dunes  Goods (fish, fodder, fuel, oil, minerals etc.) and

 Services (natural protection from storms & tidal waves, ground water and recreation) Terrestrial Human Environment Activities

Coastal resource system Marine Coastal Zone Environment i. The people who live, use or otherwise are concerned (socially, economically and culturally) with the coastal environment ii. The policy makers and managers whose decisions and actions affect the life style, livelihood and rights of coastal people and the ecological processes of the coastal zone iii. Members of scientific community, both natural and social scientists iv. Environment Auditors i. Beach and sand dunes alteration – can change patterns of sediment transport and alter inshore current system ii. Coastal embankments – can affect the functioning of coastal wetlands through reduced freshwater inflow and through changes in water circulation iii. Developmental activities – decrease the productivity by introducing pollutants, changing water circulation and temperature patterns

Contd…… iv. Coastal aquaculture activities – can remove productive mangroves thereby diminishing the buffer system for coastal storms and nursery habitat for juvenile fish v. Ports development and dredging – often accompanies removal of coral reefs, benthos and built up of sediments vi. Activities further uplands such as logging, agricultural practices and animal husbandry practices represents important sources of damage to estuarine and ocean areas through increased flow of sediments, pesticides and other pollutants

AND ALL THESE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT THE TRADITIONAL USE PATTERN AND RIGHTS OF HUMAN SOCIETY IN THIS GEOPHYSICAL ENTITY. i. Conflict among users (direct: fishermen & oil operators and indirect: environmental groups, members of the public & future generations) over the use and non-use of particular coastal and ocean areas ii. Conflict among sectoral government agencies that administer programmes related to coast and ocean i. Competition for ocean or coastal space ii. Adverse effect of one use such as oil development on another use such as fisheries or wildlife values iii. Adverse effects on ecosystems iv. Effects on onshore ecology or even for infrastructure v. Forced changes in livelihood options of coastal communities vi. Impact on traditionally used cultural and heritage infrastructures.  ~ 8000 km coastline inclusive of islands

 500 m inland from hightide line is recognized as the Coastal Zone though the tidal backwash from the sea in the east coast river system ranges upto 200 km.

 12 nautical miles territorial sea

 200 nautical miles EEZ

 200,000 sq.km continental shelf Introduction to coastal and marine environment of India

• 9 maritime states

• 2 islands groups

• 7516 km coastal length

Gujarat West Bengal

Orissa Maharashtra Arabia Sea Andhra Pradesh Bay of Goa Bengal Andaman & Nicobar islands Lakshadweep Tamil islands Nadu

Indian Ocean Coastal and marine environment of Indian mainland

Coastal geomorphology and climate

Rocky shoreline, mudflats, Gentle slope, arid, humid, wide beaches, humid Sand dunes, Steep, narrow Delta Gentle slope, beaches, forming wide beaches, funnel shaped estuaries dry estuaries, high rainfall, Important coastal and marine ecosystems of Indian mainland in the existing Wildlife Protected Area Network

Gulf of Kutch Bhitarkanika Mangrove Coral reef

Malvan Coringa Krishna

Netrani Pulicat

Seaweed Estuaries Point Calimere Gulf of Mannar

Beaches Sand dunes

Seagrass

Sunderbans – largest known population in India, also largest /reports of man-tiger conflict/Worlds only known population of tigers in littoral habitat

ON –SHORE

After hatching Turtles spends baby turtles several years race towards in passive the sea migration

In between breeding seasons adults migrate back to Turtle migrates to adult foraging near shore waters areas until to mature ready to breed again

Migrates to Turtle return to adult foraging original birth areas until site to breed ready to breed OFF –SHORE

The Nasi group of islands after the October 1999 super cyclone (FCC of IRSIC LISS III, Mar. 2000) In 2004, (Mass nesting area 3000 m X 60 m)

Wheeler Island

Coconut Island

Babubali Nasi-II

Nasi-I Source: Prusty et al 2006 In 2009, (Mass nesting area 900 m X 87 m)

Wheeler Island

Extended sandbar at Wheeler Island In 2010, (Mass nesting area 1000 m X 53 m)

Wheeler Island

Extended sandbar at Wheeler Island

Determining critical habitat requirements of globally migratory marine species for locating developmental projects IRS 1D LISS III IMAGE OF CHILIKA LAGOON

Old Mouth

New Mouth

BAY OF BENGAL

Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh  Long-lived slow breeding  Warm water habitats accessible to human impact  Taste good!  Valuable by-products

Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh Lifespan 73 Years Age at first reproduction 7-17 Years Calving Interval 2.5-6 Years

Adult survivorship >95%

Maximum rate of ~5 increase %

Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh Dugong Sustainable human-  Survival of adults population size caused critical and must be mortality per more than 95% to year 100 0 maintain population  Low sustainable 1000 <13 human mortality

10000 <130

Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh Gulf of Kachch MNP

ANDAMANS • GUJARAT–GULF OF • GUJARATKUTCH–GULF OF KUTCH • – GULF OF • TAMILMANNAR NADU – GULFAND OF PALK MANNAR BAY •ANDANDAMAN PALK BAY & NICOBAR Gulf of Mannar MNP Great Nicobar BR • ANDAMAN & NICOBAR

Bet Dwarka

Jodia Dugong Population Decline - Perceived Causes

Gill net Low reproductive 4% rate 2%

Trawlers 9% Boat Traffic Don’t Know 9% 33%

Hunting 14% Tsunami 29%

# respondents = 313

Coral reefs: Rain forests of the sea

Coral Reef Restoration

• to support natural recruitment process.

• to restore / increase reef cover, particularly in the degraded area - coastal protection & livelihood through fishery production.

• to conserve and enhance threatened / endangered coral species. Kappaphycus alvarezii

Andamans Nicobars

Sumatra Leatherback Marine Turtle – the largest breeding congregation in

Southern Nicobar Islands Dr.KartikShanker

Pankaj Saksheria Pankaj

 The Great Andamanese  The Onge  The Jarawa  The Sentineli  Nicobarese

 Shompens ©S.P.Vijayakumar

The Lakshadweep Atolls

Lakshadweep Latitude: 8°N to 12°30’N Archipelago Longitude: 71°E to 74°E Land area: 32 sq km Territorial waters: 20000 sq km Lagoon area: 4200 sq km Island Total no. of islands: 36 (inhabited – 10, uninhabited – 14) Lagoon

Reefs

Coastal and Marine Biodiversity hotspots

N

Kadalundi Thaikadapuram Dharmadom Kolavipalem

Kerala

Mangalavanam Vembanad Lake Mangroves Cover: 8 km2 Species: 14 Ayiramthengu Fringing and riverine Ashtamudi Lake Turtle nesting beaches

Backwaters and Lakes Map not to scale

Coastal and Marine Biodiversity hotspots

N

Maharashtra

Mumbai

Mangroves Cover: 116 km2 Species: 12 Fringing and riverine

Achra Corals 2 Cover: km Malvan Species: Platform reef

Protected Area Map not to scale

Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun

© Mangrove Cell, MH Coastal and Marine Biodiversity hotspots

N

Kori creek Gujarat

Mundra Gulf of Kuchchh Mangroves Jamnagar Cover: 960 km2 Species: 8 Bhavnagar Fringing and riverine Bharuch

Corals Porbandar Cover: 148 km2 Species: 56 Platform reef Diu Turtle nesting Gulf of Kambhat beaches

Protected Area Map not to scale Kori Creek Mangroves

 One of the highest population density (50 per Km2 in Kuchchh, Gujarat to 1000 per Km2 in West Bengal with an average of around 600 per Km2 all along the coast

 Marine Fisheries in India- Socio- economic Profile  Marine fishermen population - 3 million  Marine fishermen households - 0.50 million  No of active fishermen - 1.025 million  Ratio of active fishermen to total - 1:3  Average no. of sea-going fishermen per village – 282  Average no. of fishermen population per village - 825  Fish landing centres - 2251 Marine fishing villages - 3638 Partnership-based initiative that promotes investment in coastal Member countries ecosystems for sustainable  India, development.  Indonesia,  Maldives, From: 2006 post-tsunami response  Pakistan To: 2010 Coastal community resilience  Seychelles,  Sri Lanka,  Thailand,  Viet Nam

Outreach countries  Bangladesh,  ,  Myanmar,  Timor Leste • A demonstration that integrates raising of mangrove plantation with fish, prawn and or crab culture in abandoned prawn – shrimp ponds • Is eco-friendly – no artificial feed, no energy use • A ecological solution to abandoned shrimp ponds– enabling better landuse practice • Can enhance adaptive capacity of local community to sea level rise

Feb 2006 April 2009 Fishing…..

Catch ….. -contd … Contd...  Illegal trade

(a)

(b)

(a) Highly polluted areas of Mumbai city (Mahim Bay). Some water birds are also seen.

(b) Accumulation of tar balls noticed along one of the beaches of Mumbai in 1974. The problem was really acute in the mid- seventies. Sea surface temperature (SST) of the north Indian Ocean derived from the Satellite NOAA- AVHRR. The Colour code is at 1o C interval. Red depicts high temperature (32o C) and blue low (23o C). Orange and yellow are towards higher range and green towards lower range. Natural calamities and its impact

Indira Point before and after tsunami 2004 Beach alteration Shore perpendicular structures: -groynes -harbour walls Shore parallel structures: -sea walls Detached structures: -breakwaters

These strategies should only be considered where it is decided that interventions are an urgent priority.  Identifies areas for protection.  Legal framework of the Protected Area.  Access to funding.  Inclusion of threatened as flagship species within the area to protect.  Official presence within the areas.  Attracts civil support (NGO, community, university)  Mostly too small  Often dependent on the  Many are multiple use. enthusiasm and energy of short  Not usually implemented. term champions.  Creation of a paper park.  Lack of succession planning for  Enforcement is lax. managers and scientists  Massive tourism.  Ephemeral funding  Lack of continuous funding.  Lack of alternative livelihoods  Based on inadequate  May not resolve hunting knowledge of marine problems biodiversity  Top-down imposition of rules  Capacity deficit of park staff and regulations.  Mismatch between geopolitical and ecological scales • This was measured after establishing ‘no take’ zones in Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Goal 2.1: Promote equity and benefit sharing Goal 4.3: Assess and monitor ecosystem status and trends  Indiscriminate and uncontrolled over fishing and fisheries related impacts

 Coastal and marine developmental projects and chronic impacts

 Stochastic natural events such as cyclone, earthquake, tsunami, global warming And related demographic and landuse patterns Formulation of Species Action Plans…

 A planning framework for protected area management . Multi-sector . Public process . Considers ecosystem health and services  Economics  Ecology  Governance  Social/Cultural Parameters  Import of alien invasive mechanized trawl fishing bringing conflict with artisanal fisherfolks

 Aquaculture development along the coast for export earnings at the cost of subsistence livelihoods

 Captive ports and industrial development all along the coastline creating dead non productive zones along the sea coast

 Extraction of ground water in coastal zone for industry at the cost of right to clean water of local community and air pollution infringing on the rights to clean air Economics and Conservation of Coastal Ecosystems

. Coastlines – ecological as well as economic hotspots

. Major direct and indirect drivers to degradation of natural resources have economic underpinnings

. Lopsided decision making as ecosystem services not integrated into developmental planning

. Sustainable economic development linked to sustenance of ecosystem services How muchCoastal do these ecosystems ecosystem – Economic questions services contribute to the local, regional and national economy ? Are the investments made commensurate to the benefits ?

Is it okay to permit alternate use eg. aquaculture, which have identified monetary benefits and costs streams ? How do these compare with coastal ecosystem services ?

What would be the overall economic impact of a developmental activity, say upstream hydrological regulation ? 3.178 ± 0.005 148.66 ± 0.262 Million metric ton Metric ton Carbon / ha Carbon ( Overall)

24 Euro for 1 ton of Carbon or equivalent GHG

254,208.60 ± 448.02 Rupees / ha EstablishingHow can economics economic contribute consequences ? of loss of (2) ecosystem services

Hurricane Protection Function, Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Orissa

average opportunity cost of saving a life by retaining mangroves was 11.7 million rupees per life saved.

Courtesy: Ritesh Kumar • Damage at Medilla 213,825 USD; • Damage at Medagama 33,603 USD; • Damage avoided due to mangroves in Medagama village: 180,222 USD; • Value of protection provided by one hectare of mangroves: 9,011 USD. .

Source: Ranasinghe and Kallesoe, 2006, IUCN In Hambantota − Nearly 50 people died; − Property damage was USD1.4 m;

Source: Unpublished report: Lelwala S, and Rizvi, A, 2009, IUCN  The conservation design of the notification is similar to the CRZ notification, but varies in the degree of regulation of activities. The CZM notification attempts to delineate areas as CZM I, II, III and IV zones and establish different ways of managing activities here  The Setback Lines in the coastal management zones categorised as CMZ – I, II and III will be based on vulnerability of the coast to natural and manmade hazards. This procedure is followed in many countries where the coast has been mapped for vulnerability to coastal hazards.  Coastal Management Zone - I (CMZ -I) shall consist of areas designated as Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA), an indicative list is given in Appendix –II. 1. Mangroves 2. Coral reefs 3. Sand Beaches and Sand Dunes 4. Mudflats 5. Marine wildlife protected areas under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 6. Coastal freshwater bodies such as creeks, lakes etc 7. Salt Marshes 8. Turtle nesting grounds 9. Horse shoe crabs habitats 10. Sea grass beds 11. Sea weed beds 12. Nesting grounds of birds  Coastal Management Zone - II (CMZ - II) shall consist of areas, other than CMZ - I and coastal waters, identified as “Areas of Particular Concern (APC)” such as economically important areas, high population density areas, and culturally and, or strategically.

 In the administrative boundaries of areas of the Coastal Municipalities or Corporation and coastal Panchayat with population density of more than 400 persons per sq. km, activities shall be regulated based on an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan approved by the Central Government. The activities proposed on the seaward side of the setback line in the above administrative boundaries shall be regulated to ensure that no further development takes place other than foreshore requiring facilities and basic infrastructure. 1. Coastal Municipalities/Corporations (the entire notified area) 2. Coastal Panchayats with population density more than 400 persons per sq km (the entire notified area) as per the latest Census of India. 3. Ports and Harbours 4. Notified Tourism Areas 5. Mining sites 6. Notified Industrial Estates 7. Foreshore facilities for Special Economic Zones 8. Heritage areas 9. Notified Archaeological sites under the Protected Monuments Act. 10. Defence areas/installations 11. Power Plants 12. *Green field airports and expansion and modernization of existing airports  Coastal Management Zone -III (CMZ - III) shall consist of all other open areas including coastal waters and tidal influenced inland water bodies, that is, all areas excluding those classified as CMZ - I, II and IV.   The activities that may be permitted or prohibited on the seaward side of the setback line and agencies responsible are given in Appendix-VI. The existing dwelling units and other infrastructure existing on the seaward side of the setback line shall not be disturbed/relocated. No activities relating to fishing by traditional communities shall be disturbed.  (a) Coastal Management Zone -IV (CMZ - IV) shall consist of island territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep, and other offshore islands.

 In respect of the islands in coastal backwaters areas which are not included in CMZ - I or CMZ - II, such areas may be included in CMZ - IV at the option of the Local Authority; otherwise they would be included in CMZ - III.

 All activities shall conform to the approved Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans, which shall be determined in each case by the concerned State or Union territory Coastal Zone Management Authority. While, preparing the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans it shall be ensured that no developments are permitted in the corals, mangroves, breeding and spawning of endangered species other than those minimum essential activities required for local communities.  Unprecedented pressure on the coast for industrial and urban development.

 Coast is threatened by related devastation such as cyclonic storms and sea surges.

 Sea level rise

 The coastal communities are in a greater danger from coastal development as well as loss of livelihood from conservation efforts as well.

Seagrass and climate change

• Additions or removal of • Increasing seawater CO2 sediment levels – Storms, flooding, soil • Decreasing pH (ocean erosion, dredging acidification) • Eutrophication • Coastal development – Excess nutrients barriers – Algal growth • Light reduction – Turbidity or increased water depth • Temperature increase

Björk M., Short F., Mcleod, E. and Beer, S. (2008). Managing Seagrasses for Resilience to Climate Change. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 56pp. DRR, CCA and resilience of coastal ecosystems

• Coastal ecosystems are carbon sinks. Global carbon burial in mangroves is estimated to be 18,400,000 tonnes/year • At least 430 million tonnes of carbon is stored in the upper 50cm of salt marshes worldwide. • Sea grass meadows between 27-40 million tonnes of carbon/year • Destruction of mangroves, and salt marshes enhances impacts of cyclones, storm surges, floods, coastal erosion and reduced carbon burial. • Destruction of coral reefs likewise enhances impacts of extreme weather events Approaches to dealing with climate change

• Two ways of addressing: mitigation and adaptation • Mitigation: reducing emissions of GHGs-carbon clean energy like wind, water, solar and atomic sources • Balancing emissions against carbon absorption and carbon trading • Risk management and reduction: early warning systems, promotion of adaptive management strategies; development of financial instruments like insurance • Promotion of ecosystem management practices such as conserving and managing coastal ecosystems Current status: DRR and CCA • LAWS: At least 6 (i) Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (ii) Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 (iii) EPA 1986-protection and improvement of environment, prevention of hazards to human life and health, other living creatures, plants and property (iv) Wetland Conservation and Management Rules 2010-conservation of coastal and marine wetlands with emphasis on Ramsar sites (v) Biological Diversity Act 2002 (vi) Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011 • POLICIES: (i) National 2006 (ii) Marine Fishing Policy 2004- sustainable development consistent with protection of coastal and marine ecosystems, biodiversity, safeguards against pollution and over exploitation Major challenges for

16% of world’s population; 14% of world’s livestock population on about 2% of world’s land area. All marine mammals ( MARINEDolphins, Whales, MAMMALS Porpoises and Dugong ) are under Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

Photos: Anoop. A Use •Occasional local consumption of Dolphin meat and as bait to catch sharks. •Dugong meat is consumed occasionally MARINE TURTLES All five species of marine turtles recorded in India are listed under Schedule I.

Use •Occasional local consumption of meat • Carapace for Becko trade ELASMOBRANCHS Among Elasmobranchs, 9 species are under schedule I

Use • Meat for consumption • Jaws as curios • Fins for export • skulls and cartilages for medicines HOLOTHURIANS All Holothurians (Sea cucumbers) are under schedule I

Use • No local use • Bêche-de-mer also called Trepang, boiled, dried, and smoked flesh of sea cucumbers used to make soups. MARINE FISHES Among fishes, only Sea horses and Epinephelus lanceolatus (Giant Grouper) comes under Schedule I

Courtesy. internet Use • Dried sea horse for Ornamental purpose and ingredient in TCM •Giant grouper for consumption

You can make difference if you could …

 Always refer the Legal policies documents related to coastal and marine biodiversity/Environment,

 Refer permits or licenses conditions of the project

 Refer Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan of the Project

 Emphasize the importance of assessment on ‘Payment of Ecosystem services

 Refer Scientific publications with impact factors