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Conservation of Coastal Zones in India

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Conservation of Coastal Zones in India Conservation of Coastal Zones in India Training Programme Audit of emerging environment issues 8-12 June, 2015, iCED, Jaipur Dr. K. Sivakumar Wildlife Institute of India [email protected] Size: 150 cm Green turtle Size: 90 cm Hawksbill turtle Dr.Kartik Shanker Size: 75 -80 cm Olive Ridley turtle Introduction to coastal zone Ecological Values Threats Development vs Biodiversity Indian Scenario Economics of Ecosystem services Costal Zone Regulation in India What need to be done? Biodiversity Wealth of India The confluence of three major realms - the Indo-Malayan, Eurasian and Afrotropical 26 recognized endemic centres for flowering plants 30% of the world’s recorded flora 7.31% of the global fauna 102 National Parks 520 Sanctuaries 6 World Heritage sites 18 Biosphere Reserves Biodiversity profile of India India is one of the 17 ‘megabiodiverse’ country in the world India is also one of the 9 ‘Vavilovian centers of origin and diversity of crop plants’ Biodiversity Hotspots India has 4 of the 34 global biodiversity hotspots The Himalaya: Western and Eastern Himalaya form part of Himalayan global biodiversity hotspot. The Western Ghats: part of Western Ghats-Sri Lanka global biodiversity hotspot. North-east: part of Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspot. Nicobar Islands: part of the Sundaland global biodiversity hotspot. Endemism in select Plant and Animal Taxa In terms of endemism of Vertebrate groups, India’s global ranking is tenth in birds with 69 species, fifth in reptiles with 156 species and seventh in amphibians with 110 species. Flora Fauna 1949 Angiosperms 4045 Gymnosperms Pteridophytes 3625 Bryophytes 642 Lichens 60 44 568 Fungi Mammals 8 53 Algae Birds 196 Amphibian Fresh Water Crabs 168 Source: BSI, 2013 Source: IUCN Red List, 2013 Highly productive Ecosystem Virus Pelagic organisms Bacteria Plankton Nekton Zooplankton Phytoplankton Cephalopods Cyanobacteria Dinoflagellates Protozoa Pisces Molluscs Annelida Sillicoflagellates Coccolithophorids reptiles Crustaceans Urochordates Ctenophora Mammals Cnidarians Arthropods BENTHIC ORGANISMS Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Annelida Ascideans Nemerta Sipunculida Pogonophora Phoronida Brachiopoda Mollusca Bryozoa Holothuria Echinodermata Cephalochordata Arthropoda I. Ensure environmental sustainability for development II. Assess the status and condition of various ecosystem in countries to ensure the ecological goods and services are continue to be provided by such ecosystems for human well being III. Identify the drivers of change in various ecosystems IV. Develop models of development that ensures environmental sustainability and human well being What is Coastal Zone ? Simply saying…the place where water of seas meets the land Ecologically speaking…an ecotone where the influence of the tidal backwash of the sea is felt into the landmass including freshwater aquatic system In other words…a dynamic zone where moisture, salinity, wind directions and biodiversity are constantly in a state of flux Commensurate with the situation mentioned above, the coastal zone is one of the most productive and richest habitat on earth, and hence are an asset of incalculable value to coastal nations and dependent human societies Home to more than half of the world’s population Two third of world’s largest cities are located on the coast Two third of the global fish production are from the coastal and marine habitat Half of the global tourism earnings are from the coastal zone Major productive estuaries Deltaic mangrove systems Coastal lagoons Productive salt marshes Coral Reef systems Productive mudflats Seaweed and seagrass beds and Sand dunes Goods (fish, fodder, fuel, oil, minerals etc.) and Services (natural protection from storms & tidal waves, ground water and recreation) Terrestrial Human Environment Activities Coastal resource system Marine Coastal Zone Environment i. The people who live, use or otherwise are concerned (socially, economically and culturally) with the coastal environment ii. The policy makers and managers whose decisions and actions affect the life style, livelihood and rights of coastal people and the ecological processes of the coastal zone iii. Members of scientific community, both natural and social scientists iv. Environment Auditors i. Beach and sand dunes alteration – can change patterns of sediment transport and alter inshore current system ii. Coastal embankments – can affect the functioning of coastal wetlands through reduced freshwater inflow and through changes in water circulation iii. Developmental activities – decrease the productivity by introducing pollutants, changing water circulation and temperature patterns Contd…… iv. Coastal aquaculture activities – can remove productive mangroves thereby diminishing the buffer system for coastal storms and nursery habitat for juvenile fish v. Ports development and dredging – often accompanies removal of coral reefs, benthos and built up of sediments vi. Activities further uplands such as logging, agricultural practices and animal husbandry practices represents important sources of damage to estuarine and ocean areas through increased flow of sediments, pesticides and other pollutants AND ALL THESE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACT THE TRADITIONAL USE PATTERN AND RIGHTS OF HUMAN SOCIETY IN THIS GEOPHYSICAL ENTITY. i. Conflict among users (direct: fishermen & oil operators and indirect: environmental groups, members of the public & future generations) over the use and non-use of particular coastal and ocean areas ii. Conflict among sectoral government agencies that administer programmes related to coast and ocean i. Competition for ocean or coastal space ii. Adverse effect of one use such as oil development on another use such as fisheries or wildlife values iii. Adverse effects on ecosystems iv. Effects on onshore ecology or even for infrastructure v. Forced changes in livelihood options of coastal communities vi. Impact on traditionally used cultural and heritage infrastructures. ~ 8000 km coastline inclusive of islands 500 m inland from hightide line is recognized as the Coastal Zone though the tidal backwash from the sea in the east coast river system ranges upto 200 km. 12 nautical miles territorial sea 200 nautical miles EEZ 200,000 sq.km continental shelf Introduction to coastal and marine environment of India • 9 maritime states • 2 islands groups • 7516 km coastal length Gujarat West Bengal Orissa Maharashtra Arabia Sea Andhra Pradesh Bay of Goa Bengal Andaman & Nicobar islands Lakshadweep Tamil islands Nadu Indian Ocean Coastal and marine environment of Indian mainland Coastal geomorphology and climate Rocky shoreline, mudflats, Gentle slope, arid, humid, wide beaches, humid Sand dunes, Steep, narrow Delta Gentle slope, beaches, forming wide beaches, funnel shaped estuaries dry estuaries, high rainfall, Important coastal and marine ecosystems of Indian mainland in the existing Wildlife Protected Area Network Gulf of Kutch Sundarbans Bhitarkanika Mangrove Coral reef Malvan Coringa Krishna Netrani Pulicat Seaweed Estuaries Point Calimere Gulf of Mannar Beaches Sand dunes Seagrass Sunderbans – largest known population in India, also largest /reports of man-tiger conflict/Worlds only known population of tigers in littoral habitat ON –SHORE After hatching Turtles spends baby turtles several years race towards in passive the sea migration In between breeding seasons adults migrate back to Turtle migrates to adult foraging near shore waters areas until to mature ready to breed again Migrates to Turtle return to adult foraging original birth areas until site to breed ready to breed OFF –SHORE The Nasi group of islands after the October 1999 super cyclone (FCC of IRSIC LISS III, Mar. 2000) In 2004, (Mass nesting area 3000 m X 60 m) Wheeler Island Coconut Island Babubali Nasi-II Nasi-I Source: Prusty et al 2006 In 2009, (Mass nesting area 900 m X 87 m) Wheeler Island Extended sandbar at Wheeler Island In 2010, (Mass nesting area 1000 m X 53 m) Wheeler Island Extended sandbar at Wheeler Island Determining critical habitat requirements of globally migratory marine species for locating developmental projects IRS 1D LISS III IMAGE OF CHILIKA LAGOON Old Mouth New Mouth BAY OF BENGAL Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh Long-lived slow breeding Warm water habitats accessible to human impact Taste good! Valuable by-products Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh Lifespan 73 Years Age at first reproduction 7-17 Years Calving Interval 2.5-6 Years Adult survivorship >95% Maximum rate of ~5 increase % Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh Dugong Sustainable human- Survival of adults population size caused critical and must be mortality per more than 95% to year 100 0 maintain population Low sustainable 1000 <13 human mortality 10000 <130 Courtesy: Dr. Helene Marsh Gulf of Kachch MNP ANDAMANS • GUJARAT–GULF OF • GUJARATKUTCH–GULF OF KUTCH • TAMIL NADU – GULF OF • TAMILMANNAR NADU – GULFAND OF PALK MANNAR BAY •ANDANDAMAN PALK BAY & NICOBAR Gulf of Mannar MNP Great Nicobar BR • ANDAMAN & NICOBAR Bet Dwarka Jodia Dugong Population Decline - Perceived Causes Gill net Low reproductive 4% rate 2% Trawlers 9% Boat Traffic Don’t Know 9% 33% Hunting 14% Tsunami 29% # respondents = 313 Coral reefs: Rain forests of the sea Coral Reef Restoration • to support natural recruitment process. • to restore / increase reef cover, particularly in the degraded area - coastal protection & livelihood through fishery production. • to conserve and enhance threatened / endangered coral species.
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