Fotonička Karakterizacija Kutikularnih Struktura Odabranih Vrsta Coleoptera I Lepidoptera

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Fotonička Karakterizacija Kutikularnih Struktura Odabranih Vrsta Coleoptera I Lepidoptera UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU BIOLOŠKI FAKULTET Danica Z. Pavlović FOTONIČKA KARAKTERIZACIJA KUTIKULARNIH STRUKTURA ODABRANIH VRSTA COLEOPTERA I LEPIDOPTERA Doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2019. UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF BIOLOGY Danica Z. Pavlović PHOTONIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CUTICULAR STRUCTURES OF SELECTED SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA AND LEPIDOPTERA Doctoral Dissertation Belgrade, 2019 Mentori: Dr Srećko Ćurčić, redovni profesor Institut za zoologiju, Univerzitet u Beogradu - Biološki fakultet Dr Dejan Pantelić, naučni savetnik Centar za fotoniku, Institut za fiziku, Univerzitet u Beogradu Članovi komisije: Dr Srećko Ćurčić, redovni profesor Institut za zoologiju, Univerzitet u Beogradu - Biološki fakultet Dr Dejan Pantelić, naučni savetnik Centar za fotoniku, Institut za fiziku, Univerzitet u Beogradu Dr Dejan V. Stojanović, naučni saradnik Univerzitet u Novom Sadu - Institut za nizijsko šumarstvo i životnu sredinu Datum odbrane doktorske disertacije: _____._____.2019. Zahvalnica Ova doktorska disertacija nastala je uz finansijsku podršku Ministarstva prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije i projekta „Generisanje i karakterizacija funkcionalnih nanofotonskih struktura u biomedicini i informatici“(evidencioni broj III 45016). Iako je potpisuje jedan autor, ona je rezultat timskog rada kolega iz Centra za fotoniku Instituta za fiziku Univerziteta u Beogradu i Instituta za zoologiju Univerziteta u Beogradu - Biološkog fakulteta, ali i naših saradnika iz drugih institucija. Stoga, svojim dragim kolegama iz Vojnotehničkog instituta i Vojne akademije Univerziteta odbrane u Beogradu, Univerziteta u Beogradu - Instituta za biološka israživanja “Siniša Stanković” i Instituta za anatomiju Univerziteta u Beogradu - Medicinskog fakulteta želim da se zahvalim, između ostalog, na divnoj saradnji i želji da učestvuju u jednom ovakvom multidisciplinarnom istraživanju. Posebno se zahvaljujem dr Dejanu Stojanoviću sa Univerziteta u Novom Sadu - Instituta za nizijsko šumarstvo i životnu sredinu na njegovom entuzijazmu i pozitivnoj energiji, insektima koje je za nas sakupio i svim korisnim sugestijama tokom izrade ove disertacije. Ogromnu zahvalnost dugujem prof. dr Srećku Ćurčiću na ukazanoj prilici i želji da mi bude mentor, razumevanju, pomoći i svim savetima na putu do zajedničkog cilja. Svoju matičnu, naučnu kuću, Institut za fiziku Univerziteta u Beogradu, i najbliži krug saradnika, moje fotoničare, ostavila sam za kraj. U ovakvim zahvalnicama se na kraju obično zahvaljuje porodici, a oni su moja porodica. Hvala vam na divnoj radnoj atmosferi, poverenju, savetima i znanju. Privilegija je i zadovoljstvo raditi sa vama. Posebnu, neizrecivu zahvalnost želim da iskažem čoveku koji mi je pružio najveću pomoć, podršku i znanje tokom nekoliko godina rada na ovoj tezi – dr Dejanu Panteliću, svom mentoru i naučnom ocu. Ovaj tekst posvećujem svojoj voljenoj porodici i prijateljima. Autor FOTONIČKA KARAKTERIZACIJA KUTIKULARNIH STRUKTURA ODABRANIH VRSTA COLEOPTERA I LEPIDOPTERA Sažetak Fotonske strukture predstavljaju mikronske i submikronske tvorevine, koje interaguju sa elektromagnetnim zračenjem, produkujući različite optičke efekte. Insekti iz redova Coleoptera i Lepidoptera su na površini svojih tela razvili različite fotonske strukture, koje imaju važnu ulogu u njihovoj biologiji i ekologiji. Ciljevi ove studije usmereni su na morfološku i optičku karakterizaciju kutikularnih fotonskih struktura odabranih vrsta pomenutih redova insekata. Ispitivana su svojstva navedenih struktura u vidljivom i infracrvenom delu spektra elektromagnetnog zračenja. Optičko-morfološka karakterizacija je izvršena koristeći savremene mikroskopske i spektroskopske tehnike, mikrotomografiju i infracrvene kamere. Fizički mehanizmi i način na koji dolazi do produkcije optičkih efekata analizirani su odgovarajućim matematičkim modelima. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, utvrdili smo vezu između morfologije i fizičkih mehanizama koji dovode do nastanka širokopojasnih refleksionih struktura na krilima moljca Diachrysia chrysitis i leptira Issoria lathonia. Ovakvi složeni optički efekti omogućavaju efikasnu zaštitu od predatora kamuflažom kontura tela ili slanjem obmanjujućeg refleksionog signala. Ustanovili smo prisustvo dva različita tipa talasovodnih struktura na krilima moljca Jordanita globulariae i pokrilcima balegara Hoplia argentea. Ova dva tipa morfološki različitih struktura, koristeći slične fizičke mehanizme, produkuju strukturnu, zaštitnu ili upozoravajuću obojenost, kod dve navedene vrste insekata. Fotonske strukture strižibuba Rosalia alpina i Morimus asper funereus obezbeđuju ovim taksonima kamuflažu unutar preferentnog tipa staništa, ali i održanje temperaturne ravnoteže radijativnom razmenom toplote sa okolinom. Prirodne fotonske strukture predstavljaju nepresušni izvor inspiracija za različite tehnološke primene. Naveli smo nekoliko mogućih biomimetičkih i drugih primena konkretno ispitivanih fotonskih struktura insekata. Ključne reči: biofotonika, insekti, morfologija, strukturna obojenost, iridescencija, rasejanje, kamuflaža, aposemija, termoregulacija, biomimetika Naučna oblast: Biologija Uža naučna oblast: Entomologija, Biofotonika PHOTONIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CUTICULAR STRUCTURES OF SELECTED SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA AND LEPIDOPTERA Abstract Photonic structures represent micron and submicron architectures, which interact with electromagnetic radiation, producing different optical effects. Insects of the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera developed diverse photonic structures on their bodies that play an important role in their biology and ecology. The aims of this study are focused on the morphological and optical characterization of cuticular photonic structures of the selected species of the abovementioned insect orders. Features of the structures are examined in the visible and the infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectra. Optical-morphological characterization was performed using modern microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, microtomography and infrared cameras. Physical mechanisms and the way in which optical effects are produced were analyzed by appropriate mathematical models. Based on the obtained results, we have established a relation between morphology and physical mechanisms that lead to the formation of broadband reflective structures on the wings of the moth Diachrysia chrysitis and the butterfly Issoria lathonia. Such complex optical effects provide effective protection against predators, hiding oneself by breaking up the body contours or sending a misleading signal with disruptive coloration. We have found two different types of optical waveguide structures on the wings of the moth Jordanita globulariae and elytra of the dung beetle Hoplia argentea. These two morphologically different structures, using similar physical mechanisms, produce structural, protective or warning coloration of the two abovementioned insect species. Photonic structures of the longhorn beetles Rosalia alpina and Morimus asper funereus provide camouflage within preferred habitat types, but also enable radiative heat exchange and temperature balance maintenance. Natural photonic structures represent an inexhaustible source of inspiration for different technological applications. We have presented several possible biomimetic and other applications of the here analyzed photonic structures of insects. Key words: biophotonics, insects, morphology, structural coloration, iridescence, scattering, camouflage, aposematism, thermoregulation, biomimetics Scientific field: Biology Scientific subfield: Entomology, Biophotonics SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Elektromagnetno zračenje i optički spektar ...................................................... 3 1.1.1 Priroda elektromagnetnog zračenja ................................................................ 3 1.1.2 Priroda percepcije optičkih talasa ................................................................... 6 1.2 Nastanak obojenosti u životinjskom svetu .......................................................... 8 1.3 Fizička osnova nastanka strukturne obojenosti ............................................... 10 1.3.1 Interferencija na tankim filmovima ................................................................ 10 1.3.2 Difrakcija svetlosti na periodičnim strukturama tipa rešetke ........................ 12 1.3.3 Selektivno rasejanje na česticama različitih dimenzija.................................. 14 1.4 Uloga obojenosti kod životinja ........................................................................... 16 1.4.1 Uloga obojenosti kod insekata ....................................................................... 18 1.5 Fotonske strukture u živom svetu, sa posebnim osvrtom na insekte ............. 19 1.6 Svetlosni talasovodi ............................................................................................. 22 1.7 Osnovne odlike redova Coleoptera i Lepidoptera ........................................... 23 1.8 Kutikula i kutikularne tvorevine kod Coleoptera i Lepidoptera ................... 24 1.9 Biomimetika i bioinspiracija .............................................................................. 31 2. CILJEVI RADA ....................................................................................................... 32 3. MATERIJAL I METODE ....................................................................................... 33 3.1 Prikupljanje, konzerviranje
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