HARVARD ’S FINEST?

THE CASE FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE HARVARD UNIVERSITY POLICE DEPARTMENT

November 2020 THE CASE FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE HARVARD UNIVERSITY POLICE DEPARTMENT

A report by the Harvard Alliance Against Campus Cops (HAACC)

This report is authored by members of the Harvard Alliance Against Campus Cops, including: Ifea, Anand Chukkab, Iman Mohamed, Lynn Hurb, Xitlalli Alvarez Almendariz, Joan Steffen, Kiryung Kimb, Eric Cohnc, Amanda Chan, Joanna Anyanwud, Nnamdi Jogwe, Alexis Smithb, Mimi Yen Lib, Aisha Oshilaja, George Hutchinsb, Marina Multhaupd.

We received invaluable assistance transcribing HUPD police logs for analysis from many additional individ- uals, including: Courtney Doughertyd, Ash Inglisa, Massiel Torres Ulloae, Julia Beatinib, and Wesley Choub. Thank you also to Sam Matthew (GSD ’18) for designing the report.

This report was made possible in part through funding from the National Lawyers’ Guild.

Harvard Collegea, Harvard Medical Schoolb, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Healthc, Harvard Law Schoold, Department of Romance Languages and Literaturee CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6

LIST OF DEMANDS 8

WHAT WE BELIEVE & WHAT WE DEMAND 13

ALTERNATIVES TO CALLING THE POLICE 47

HISTORY OF HUPD 50

WHAT DOES HUPD DO? 88

FOLLOW THE MONEY 104

ABOLITION AS HEALTHCARE 110

HARVARD’S BLACK BOX 118

THE MORAL CASE FOR ABOLITION 122

APPENDIX: HUPD STORIES 136 found, the University profits from criminal- This is the first time that such EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ization and mass incarceration through its extensive data analysis and historical minimum $3 million of investments in the research has been conducted on HUPD. prison-industrial complex.3 Our research suggests that HUPD is a Harvard Alliance Against Campus death, HUPD officers were photographed department that operates just like all Cops (HAACC) is a coalition of students patrolling a Black Lives Matter vigil in We begin by presenting our demands, police — it doesn’t prevent harm, but and alumni demanding the abolition of Franklin Park. including the abolition of HUPD and rather, it serves to control who belongs the Harvard University Police Depart- the reinvestment of its resources into and who doesn’t within Harvard’s gates. ment (HUPD). Formed in the wake of the communities that Harvard has harmed, as This is why we’re calling on Harvard to brutal murders of George Floyd, Breonna KEY FINDINGS well as proposals to immediately reduce abolish HUPD: so that we can open new Taylor, Tony McDade, Rayshard Brooks, 1. According to the more than 11,000 the University’s reliance on HUPD. Then, possibilities for imagining safety and care and countless others by law enforcement HUPD records that we analyzed, most we provide a comprehensive history of for one another. officers, we believe that HUPD, like every of what HUPD does is take reports the university police department from the vast majority of other police force, has no place in our of thefts, and its origins in the late 19th century to the To be clear, our demand is not to these theft reports remain “open,” or community. We recognize that HUPD does discrimination and profiling that has replace HUPD with the Cambridge Police unsolved. not make our campus nor the Cambridge occurred under Chief Riley’s tenure. We Department. HAACC does not advocate community safer. Rather, we argue, Harvard 2. Often, HUPD is dispatched to also analyze more than 11,000 police logs for policing in any form. We stand in firm University has used HUPD and other local investigate reports of “suspicious spanning a period of five years (from 2015 solidarity with communities decrying the law enforcement agencies to violently target activity,” and our analysis reveals to 2020) and share stories of people who presence of police forces that use threats of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BI- that many of these incidents suggest have been impacted by HUPD. arrest, incarceration, and violence under the POC), queer, poor and unhoused people in that “suspicious” means someone guise of promoting public safety in their an effort to protect property and whiteness. experiencing mental illness, emotional Next, we provide the financial, medical, cities and towns. We demand that Harvard Our research disproves the commonly-held distress, poverty, or houselessness. legal, and moral rationales for abolition that replace its current system of using police belief that HUPD is a “soft” or relatively 3. Of the people that HUPD arrested ultimately inform our demands. In “Follow to protect property and criminalize harmless police force through both historical after being called to investigate the Money,” we place HUPD’s budget in poverty with new systems that are absent and empirical data.1 someone “suspicious,” a significant context with other aspects of the university of police, where social and community proportion (29.3%) of arrested programs prevent harm and protect individuals were experiencing housing that are severely underfunded, and envision Harvard regularly uses HUPD and other people. HAACC seeks a campus whose insecurity, and a plurality (35%) were what could come in its place. In “Abolition local law enforcement agencies to police, safety is cultivated by an open community, arrested for “trespassing” (being on as Healthcare,” we argue that abolition is a surveil, and brutalize students and residents where care for each other is paramount. Harvard property). necessary approach to stop the public health of the greater Boston/Cambridge areas. In 4. Although the details of HUPD’s emergency of violent policing. In “Harvard’s spring 2018, Harvard University Health budget are shrouded in secrecy, we Black Box,” we analyze Harvard’s fight We understand that abolition is a Services, rather than providing aid to a Black estimate that Harvard spends over to ensure that HUPD records are not groundbreaking way of understanding harm student in crisis, called Cambridge Police, subject to public records laws. This lack of and responses to harm. Police and prison 2 $20 million a year on the force. who then physically beat the student. transparency is concerning, and it prompts abolition push us to re-imagine safety, Moreover, through their mutual-aid agree- the question of what it is that HUPD might security, and accountability in ways that are ments with the Boston and Cambridge po- be hiding. Finally, we make the moral originative. On our website (copfreeharvard. lice departments, HUPD has been deployed This report contextualizes these recent case for abolition, arguing that Harvard org), we have compiled often-heard argu- to protests across Boston and Cambridge. In events within a much longer history of pro- has the opportunity to be accountable to ments about abolition and responses to each September 2019, HUPD officers were sent filing, harassment, and violence perpetrated the community it has harmed through of these issues. Above all, we ask that readers to the #NoTechForICE protest at Amazon by the hands of HUPD and in the name of abolishing HUPD and building community- imagine abolition as not just a destructive in Kendall Square. And on June 2nd of the University. It demonstrates Harvard’s led, life-sustaining institutions in its place. program but also as a constructive, commu- this year, mere days after President Bacow complicity in enacting police violence, and nity-centered framework. sent an email lamenting George Floyd’s also touches on the ways in which, as the Harvard Prison Divestment Campaign has

6 7 LIST OF DEMANDS 5. REDISTRIBUTE HUPD’S BUDGET Firstly we reiterate our demand to abolish the Harvard University Police Department in its entirety and replace it with investments in the broader Harvard community that redress Redistribute HUPD’s budget to community members, instead of mechanisms of control, harm and care for people. Below is a list of abolitionist steps toward the abolition of HUPD: surveillance, and violence. The HUPD funds should be redirected to causes and communities that include, but are not limited to:

• Personal protective equipment for all Harvard workers 1. DEFUND HUPD • Improved benefits for contingent faculty • Improved benefits for graduate student workers Cut the department’s budget by 80 to 100%. • Increased student health and mental health services, with an emphasis on counselors of color • Financial and emergency aid • Money to fund Ethnic Studies Department lines 2. END HUPD’S POLICE CONTRACTS • Perpetual donations to non-carceral organizations that support Cambridge’s housing insecure community such as: Spare Change, MAAP, and housing shelters End HUPD’s contracts with Cambridge Police, Boston Police, Massachusetts State Police and end collaboration with ICE, the FBI, FUSION, BRIC, or CIA. HUPD has “mutual aid agreements” with the Boston Police Department, Cambridge Police Department, and possi- 6. OPEN THE GATES bly the Massachusetts State Police. In these agreements, HUPD is able to show up in situa- tions where CPD or BPD have jurisdiction in order to provide further officers or “assistance,” Harvard’s Yard and common spaces should be open to all. Common spaces include libraries, regardless of whether more officers are necessary. Additionally, while no formal “mutual aid” lounges, study halls, and outdoor spaces. agreements exist between HUPD and law enforcement and intelligence agencies such as ICE, the FBI, the CIA, the Boston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC), and Homeland Security Fusion Centers, they have historically collaborated with them. In these contexts, the term “mutual aid” is a falsehood which masks the reality that HUPD often polices racialized, poor, 7. STOP LANDGRABBING and housing insecure people in the greater Boston area while largely shielding affluent and white students from city police. Harvard continues to buy land and extend its reach well past the traditional borders of the Harvard Yard, even using misleading tactics to do so. Cambridge and Boston rent is already unaffordable for so many people, and yet Harvard pays no attention as it gentri- 3. DISARM HUPD fies wider and wider without any regard for the people who are pushed out. For example, Harvard is halfway through building an entirely new campus for science and engineering Although the extent of HUPD’s arsenal is secret, HUPD officers are armed. As such, in Allston as part of its “Institutional Master Plan.” This money shouldn’t be used for shiny HAACC demands that HUPD be stripped of any and all weapons. Weapons include tear new buildings. This money should be spent on the well-being of local residents—student gas, rubber bullets, pepper spray, TASERs, batons, or any other item which can be used to or not, Harvard-affiliated or not. Furthermore, Harvard is an imperial university whose inflict pain or threaten violence. landgrabbing practices extend overseas. Such exploitative, neocolonial practices must stop. Colonialism and gentrification displace and impoverish people, leaving residents without the safety of shelter and stability of housing. This creates the issue of people who suffer from 4. DISCLOSE ALL HUPD RECORDS houselessness, hunger, and lack of health care. Harvard has historically responded to this phenomenon, caused in large part by its own landgrabbing practices, with guns, TASERs, Disclose emails, communications, disciplinary records, databases, budgets and financial doc- and arrests. Not only does such a response not address the root cause of the problem at uments to the public. Subject HUPD to public records requests. End the secrecy. hand, it allows Harvard to elude responsibility and accountability for the mass suffering it has caused.

8 9 REFORM VS ABOLITION

2. DO THIS? 2. DO THIS? REDUCE CHALLENGE THE REDUCE TOOLS/ REDUCE THE SCALE OF REDUCE CHALLENGE THE REDUCE TOOLS/ REDUCE THE SCALE OF FUNDING FOR NOTION THAT TACTICS/ POLICING? FUNDING FOR NOTION THAT TACTICS/ POLICING? POLICE INCREASE TECHNOLOGY POLICE POLICE INCREASE TECHNOLOGY POLICE

1. DOES THIS... POLICE 1. DOES THIS... POLICE SAFETY HAVE AT THEIR SAFETY HAVE AT THEIR DISPOSAL DISPOSAL

Integrating HUPD NO. NO. NO. INCREASES. Defund/Redistribute: YES. YES. YES. YES. with campus security This reform would make it Integrating HUPD and Securitas would Defund HUPD and Redistributing HUPD’s Severely cutting or elimi- Severely cutting or elimi- so that HUPD has assets transfer certain policing activities to budget so that it goes toward nating HUPD’s budget will nating HUPD’s budget will (Securitas) in every area of campus at staff whose presence and reach currently redistribute HUPD’s non-carceral forms of com- prevent the department from require the department to all times. exceeds that of HUPD. budget so that it munity care demonstrates procuring new technologies, drastically scale back its daily goes towards other that the police don’t keep weapons, and trainings. operations and reduce the us safe and well; we keep us size of the force. forms of community safe and well. care.

Community Policing NO. NO. INCREASES. INCREASES. Disarm HUPD YES. YES. YES. YES. Community policing The point of this reform One of the goals of this model Community policing HUPD officers carrying This step would push back reforms often involve hiring is for people to feel more is to develop relationships with often includes additional guns doesn’t make students against the techno-mil- more police officers. comfortable around the community members so that “community engagement” or community members itarization of our police police. they might collaborate in polic- assignments for police more safe; it just puts us at departments. ing functions (for example, by officers. greater risk of violence. calling the police more readily). “The community” becomes a policing asset. Sever HUPD’s YES. YES. YES. YES. “mutual aid” HUPD officers are compen- Severing such “mutual aid” Severing such “mutual aid” Severing such “mutual aid” sated when they “assist” local agreements challenges the idea agreements has the potential agreements can prevent Mental health crisis NO. NO. The point of this reform is NO. NO. agreements and law enforcement agencies. that more contiguous police to prevent cross-depart- HUPD from tapping into intervention training This will likely increase to make people trust that police This could likely lead to HUPD hiring contracts with other Ending “mutual aid” coverage increases safety. mental collaborations in a broader policing network funding available to HUPD. can handle mental health crises in “mental health specialists” or other for HUPD officers law enforcement agreements between HUPD the forms of things such as and prevent its jurisdiction safe ways. They cannot. officers who could end up using force on and other law enforcement trainings. from spreading. people who needed care. agencies. agencies has the potential to reduce salaries and overtime compensation.

Disclose HUPD NEITHER YES. NEITHER NEITHER INCREASES Cultural competency NO. NO. NO. NO. Records INCREASES NOR Records disclosure can help reveal INCREASES NOR NOR DECREASES. how much time HUPD spends training This would likely increase The point of this reform is to make DECREASES. DECREASES. funding. people trust that police will be less responding to frivolous calls or racist on an individual level, while enforcing property rights, rather largely obscuring the structural racism than promoting any meaningful of the police. public safety.

Open the Gates NEITHER YES. YES. YES. INCREASES NOR Opening Harvard’s Yard and HUPD spends much of One of HUPD’s primary jobs is to Better coordination NO. NO. NO. INCREASES. common spaces to all would combat their time arresting or crimi- police who has access to Harvard DECREASES. with Cambridge Increases HUPD’s access By coordinating the CPD and BPD, the notion that we need HUPD nalizing people experiencing campus. This would drastically reduce to police surveillance, the scope of HUPD’s authority is to protect Harvard students from houselessness on Harvard the need for HUPD. and Boston Police technology and tactics from expanded beyond Harvard’s campus outsiders. One of HUPD’s primary grounds. This would remove Departments CPD/BPD. and these external police forces may jobs is to police who has access to that tactic from them. exert greater influence on Harvard’s Harvard’s campus. This step would campus as well. render that job unnecessary.

Stolen Property Potentially. YES. YES. YES. Insurance Challenges the idea that property Investigating theft and Eliminates police as appropriate crimes constitute a “safety” issue by issuing arrest warrants responders to theft. addressing the problem with direct empowers the police to HAACC has modeled this chart from a similar one created by abolitionist organization Critical Resistance to map compensation. intimidate and harass mem- out the difference between meaningful “abolitionist steps” and “reformist reforms” that will only strengthen HUPD’s bers of the community. police power.

See: Critical Resistance, “Reformist Reforms vs. Abolitionist Steps in Policing,” https://static1.squarespace.com/ No Cops for Potentially. YES. NEITHER YES. Eliminates police as Lockouts Reflects the belief that police INCREASES NOR static/59ead8f9692ebee25b72f17f/t/5b65cd58758d46d34254f22c/1533398363539/CR_NoCops_reform_vs_aboli- are not safe for all students. appropriate responders to DECREASES. lockouts. tion_CRside.pdf

10 11 WHAT WE BELIEVE & WHAT WE DEMAND I am receiving threats and getting racial slurs

posted on my Harvard On July 20, 2020, TheBoston Globe’s Edito- paign pointed out in their lawsuit against the office door. While faculty rial Board published a piece calling for the University, “Harvard’s existence was made reining in of campus police forces. The Globe possible by the dispossession of indigenous are racially-profiled and argued that, “Law enforcement officers on lands and the exploitation of Black people.”5 university and college campuses have too The wealth and power of the world’s most harassed by the Harvard much power and less accountability than “renowned” university was acquired by Police, the same police municipal police.” While ultimately falling colonial and imperial projects of extraction. short of calling for the abolition of campus department seems to be police departments, Globe editors closed too busy to investigate their piece by suggesting that, “as schools The wealth and power face budgetary challenges in the coming of the world’s most the hate crimes happening years as a result of COVID-19, and with fewer students to protect on campus for the “renowned” university on their own campus. This foreseeable future, campus police is one cost- was acquired by colonial ly department that warrants rethinking.”4 is Harvard. You have a and imperial projects of University with one side The Boston Globe’s editors join a growing extraction. of its mouth saying that number of journalists and writers who are critically interrogating the role of the Black Lives Matter and police as U.S. cities continue to mobilize This continues to be the case today. In in response to the murders of countless Massachusetts, the homelands of Massachu- we want diversity and persons at the hands of the police. But for sett, Nipmuc, Wampanoag and countless inclusion for all, but on the victims of police violence enacted at the other Native nations and communities, hands of powerful private universities, a Harvard’s gates are a colonial monument to the other side, its own reformist stance is simply not bold enough. the endurance of this violent history. These Police Department racially The Harvard Alliance Against Campus Cops gates also serve the purpose of “protecting” (HAACC) calls for the abolition of the Har- Harvard settler property and “quarantining” profiles and harasses vard University Police Department (HUPD) students from the many communities who and for the reinvestment of its resources call Cambridge and Boston home. This will Black and brown students both within our campus community and not stand. and faculty. beyond Harvard’s gates. In fact, our broader call for abolition re- Professor, 2020 quires that we recognize Harvard’s gates are a part of the policing problem. As members of the Harvard Prison Divestment Cam-

12 13 WHAT IS that they cannot address the often contin- gent and immediate needs of communities. ABOLITION? Second, U.S. institutions have historically served the interests of white, settler and In its broadest definition, abolition is the propertied citizens, sanctioning violence call to remove some system, practice, or against those who do not fit into these institution. Within the West, abolition has categories. As such, reform reinforces the historically focused on those systems, prac- legitimacy of the institution and, in doing tices, and institutions that oppress, harm, or so, ensures its capacity to continue produc- kill communities. For example, the abolition ing white supremacist violence. HUPD POLICE LOG movement of the 19th century called for the removal of slavery on the grounds that it was an institution that sanctioned incalculable 5/18/19 violence against Black people. Abolition is not just the call to remove a 5:06 AM In the century-and-a-half since the calls to abolish slavery, abolitionists have become harmful institution. more forceful about the fact that abolition is It is also the call to EVENT TYPE: not just destructive but also constructive. As Patrisse Cullors argues, abolition is “rooted replace such institutions in providing for and supporting the self-de- with mechanisms that TRESPASSING termination of communities. It’s a society that has no borders, literally. It’s a society engender obligation to that’s based on interdependence and the each-others’ well-being. connection of all living beings. It’s a society Officer dispatched to a report of that is determined to facilitate a life that is an unwanted guest sleeping in the full of respect, a life that is full of honoring Police are one such institution. HAACC is and praising those most impacted by oppres- rooted in an abolitionist theory and practice entryway of the building. Officer 6 sion.” Following Cullors, abolition is not because we believe that a system put in place arrived, located the individual, just the call to remove a harmful institution. to protect white settler property cannot be It is also the call to replace such institutions reformed. There is no procedure that enables and conducted a field interview. with mechanisms that engender obligation policing to be more just or humane towards to each-others’ well-being. BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of The individual was run for wants/ Color) and community members experi- warrants with negative results Importantly, our use of mechanisms is not encing houselessness. In short, we assert synonymous with institutions. Whereas the that HUPD is not broken. To the contrary, but did show positive results for call for an institution often assumes perma- it is operating exactly how it was built to an active trespass warning for nence, mechanisms recognize the necessity operate. When a housing insecure person in of process—of re-examining procedures in the Square is harassed by an officer, when a all Harvard University property. order to ensure that they are in the service of Black student is racially profiled while walk- self-determination and care of all people. ing to their dorm, and when a community The individual was then informed member who is experiencing a mental health that they were being placed under The constant process of abolition should crisis is brutalized, the system is working not be mistaken for gradual reform. To the correctly and efficiently. This is because the arrest for Trespassing. contrary, abolition refuses the viability of police have historically been an institution reforming institutions for at least two rea- in service of legitimizing white settler claims sons. First, the rigidity of institutions means to property.

14 15 who are property-less. Moreover, the “prop- POLICING, erty-less” in Singh’s formulation have histor- ically been categorized as racialized “others.” PROPERTY, As political theorist Cedric Robinson argues AND WHITE in his seminal text, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition, the SUPREMACY distinctions made between the propertied and the property-less in Western societies, Given the connections between police and from the feudal era to the capitalist era, have white settler conceptions of property, race is historically been predicated on the impulse central to any discussion of abolition. Politi- “to differentiate—to exaggerate regional, cal theorist Nikhil Pal Singh defines “white- subcultural, and dialectical differences into Policing has historically ness” as a distinctive status or standpoint racial ones.”9 within American society that is hierarchical- been an institution invested ly tied to the governance of public life and in protecting white settler the protection of private property rights. “A The maintenance of the conscious assemblage,” he argues, whiteness property—be that land is “designed to extend, fortify, individualize, historical dichotomy be- and equalize the government of public life in tween the white, prop- extracted from Native nations a world dominated by private property hold- ers whose possessions included other human ertied settler and the or enslaved Africans whose beings and lands already inhabited yet racialized, property-less 7 were deemed “chattel.” In unframed by prior claims of ownership.” “other” is often achieved Here, Singh argues that in the early colonial the wake of emancipation, and republican periods, white “property” through policing. was primarily derived from two exploitative policing reconfigured itself processes: settler colonial land grabs that dispossessed millions of acres of land from The maintenance of the historical dichot- to maintain the white Native nations and the transatlantic slave omy between the white, propertied settler settler property order and trade, which rendered enslaved Africans into and the racialized, property-less “other” is “chattel” to be bought and sold. often achieved through policing. “Policing,” to quarantine and control according to Singh, “can be understood as In making plain the centrality of private those preventive mechanisms and institu- racialized populations through property to the status of whiteness, Singh tions for ensuring private property within processes of criminalization. illuminates the antagonistic means through public order, including access to the means which whiteness defines itself against other of violence, their legal narration, and their groups. Whiteness, according to Singh, has use.”10 It is a structure that is integral to the particular vested interests in its “relationship production and maintenance of whiteness as to those who have no property and thus no a status that is distinct and oppositional to calculable interests, and who are therefore the racialized, property-less “other,” and one imagined to harbor a potentially criminal that is dependent upon the criminalization disregard for propertied order.”8 Thus, Singh of BIPOC and working-class communities argues that whiteness maintains the legitima- and the use of violence to suppress these cy of a society predicated upon private prop- communities. erty through the criminalization of those

16 17 Historians Elizabeth Hinton and DeAnza who were their ‘own worst enem[ies].’”14 POLICING IN and apprehend” non-compliant Black and Cook provide countless examples of policing And as historian Simon Balto writes, in Native residents.20 being used to accomplish such aims in their cities such as Chicago, “police and public MASSACHUSETTS article, “The Mass Criminalization of Black policies…[have] specifically channeled AND AT This example underscores the ways in which, Americans: A Historical Overview.” “In vice to, and contained it in, black neigh- as political theorist Robert Nichols argues, addition to regulating the land from Native borhoods—knowing that they couldn’t HARVARD “theft is the mechanism by which property Americans,” Hinton and Cook assert, “po- eliminate it altogether but wanting to keep is generated.”21 White settlers effectively lice powers codified in the US Constitution it out of white neighborhoods” from the late Massachusetts is a crucial site in the forma- pilfered land from Native nations who had and Bill of Rights included the responsibility 19th century onward.15 Read alongside each tion and development of American policing. lived on Massachusetts land since time for suppressing insurrections and invasions other, Hinton and Cook, Muhammad, and According to the City of Boston, the Boston immemorial, utilizing Western constructs from all potential threats, foreign and Balto illuminate the ways that policing has Police Department is the oldest police such as contract law and John Locke’s val- 16 domestic throughout the colonial and ante- been used to criminalize racialized commu- department in the country. Local law orization of private property to obscure the bellum periods, slave patrols, city constables nities and “zone” vice within the places they enforcement agencies have a tenuous and violence inherent in such settler-colonial ac- and state militias function as premodern inhabit while effectively quarantining white violent history of protecting white settler tions. In service of the “protection” of these progenitors of domestic police forces across neighborhoods. property and surveilling and criminalizing stolen lands, they utilized local ordinances the United States. State legislators em- BIPOC communities, and the Harvard Uni- to criminalize the mere presence of Native powered municipal policymakers to form versity Police Department is no exception. peoples who might contest the legitimacy paramilitary units to capture and confine Policing has been used While the Boston Police Department was of a settler-colonial project that was, quite suspected insurgents, disorderly immigrants, only formally established in 1854, as early as literally, dispossessing and killing them. and free and enslaved persons of color prior to criminalize racialized the 1630s, the city had established watch- 17 to the Civil War.”11 Post-emancipation, communities and “zone” men patrols. According to the City of Such surveilling and criminalizing regimes Boston, these early “Watchmen patrolled the Hinton and Cook argue, “The systematic vice within the places have persisted into the present and have criminalization and incarceration of newly streets of Boston at night to protect the pub- often resulted in the destruction of human 18 freed people and their descendants” contin- they inhabit while effec- lic from criminals, wild animals, and fire.” life for other racialized city residents. From 12 Such a statement begs the question: ued, taking new shapes and forms. tively quarantining white the murder of Franklin Lynch, a Black man who was shot to death while seeking According to historian Khalil Gibran neighborhoods. Who were these supposed criminals? A par- treatment at Boston City Hospital in the Muhammad, “Beginning in the late nine- tial answer can be found by paying attention 1970s, to the more contemporary murders teenth century, the statistical rhetoric of to Native histories of the Northeast. As of Burrell “Bo” Ramsey White, Usaamah the ‘Negro criminal’ became a proxy for a In sum, as opposed to protecting people, historian Christine DeLucia notes, Boston Rahim, and Terrence Coleman, local law national discourse on black inferiority. As an policing has historically been an institution is “the city, after all, that only in 2005 for- enforcement agencies such as the Boston ‘objective’ measure, it also became a tool to invested in protecting white settler prop- mally lifted a ban on Native presence dating Police Department have used deadly force to 19 shield white Americans from the charge of erty—be that land extracted from Native from the 1670s.” Here, DeLucia alludes surveil, terrorize, and attempt to eliminate racism when they used black crime statistics nations or enslaved Africans whose were to the fact that in the wake of King Philip’s BIPOC individuals, families, and commu- to support discriminatory public policies deemed “chattel.” In the wake of eman- War, a late 17th century war that Native nities.22 White Bostonians such as Charles and social welfare practices.”13 Muhammad cipation, policing reconfigured itself to nations such as the Wampanoag, Narragan- Stuart have employed the myth of Black argues that the use of “objective” empirical maintain the white settler property order sett, and Wabanaki waged against settlers criminality to obscure their own violences, data such as crime statistics was demo- and to quarantine and control racialized largely in response to land dispossession, the which has resulted in the terrorization and graphically skewed, as, “Progressive era populations through processes of criminal- mere presence of Native people in the city profiling of community members who “fit white social scientists and reformers often ization. Thus, we might conceive of policing of Boston was deemed criminal and subject the profile.”23 And as recent as 2018, groups reified the racial criminalization process by and property as being co-constitutive: the to policing, surveillance, and detainment. such as the American Civil Liberties Union framing white criminals sympathetically as legitimacy of one cannot exist without the And in 1701, Boston instituted a 9 PM of Massachusetts have had to file suit against victims of industrialization…, a ‘great army other. This co-constitutive relationship plays curfew for enslaved Black people and Native the Boston Police Department in order to of unfortunates’ juxtaposed against an army out in specific ways in Massachusetts and at Americans in response to calls to abolish obtain access to their “gang database,” which of self-destructive and pathological blacks Harvard. slavery; almost any white landowner had the utilizes a point-system to disproportionately power under the curfew order to “take up

18 19 target Central American youth and enter interview, the individual was run for wants/ When HUPD showed up them into the system as gang members warrants with positive results for an active before they are ever charged with a formal warrant. The individual was then placed while I was doing a crime.24 In a city that, according to The under arrest for Warrant Service, issued mental health check on Boston Globe, has become the third most a verbal trespass warning for all Harvard “intensely gentrified” city in the nation, such University property, and transported to a student in their room, acts serve to protect the interests of white Cambridge Police Department for booking.” settler capital and property at the expense of the student shut down harm, displacement, and violence wrought This individual dared to take a nap on when they saw police against BIPOC communities.25 Harvard grounds and ended up in jail. And yet, Harvard students regularly cite public officers. They reported Similarly, Harvard police are tasked with le- campus spaces as great places to take a nap gitimizing the university’s claims to land and in between classes.27 Moreover, according that they were scared, capital. This is largely accomplished through to The Crimson, when they fall asleep in the mortified to have their their enforcement of who is “wanted” and same places that persons who are hous- “unwanted” within Harvard’s gates, which is ing-insecure are routinely kicked out of for peers see police officers reflected in the language that HUPD officers sleeping, they do not meet the same level of in their room, and guilty use to describe their duties. For example, censure.28 according to Harvard police logs, HUPD for creating a fuss. The spends most of its time harassing “unwanted only way I was able to guests,” “individual[s] engaged in suspicious This individual dared to activity,” “unknown individuals,” and “indi- take a nap on Harvard agree to get them to go to viduals who were not authorized to be in the area” on Harvard “property.”26 grounds and ended up HUHS was to have officers in jail. And yet, Harvard walk a far distance Who is “unwanted”? Who amongst us has “authorization” to be anywhere? What students regularly cite away from us. If police constitutes “suspicious activity”? In practice, public campus spaces as HUPD shows us which persons and activi- hadn’t been present, ties fit these definitions through their racist great places to take a I think the (otherwise and anti-poor policing. For example, indi- nap in between classes. viduals who are housing-insecure often find straightforward) mental themselves unable to rest in public spaces without HUPD harassment, as in the case of health check would have a July 29, 2020 HUPD log entry: “Officer Additionally, and as our history chapter gone more smoothly, and while on patrol observed an individual in shows, many students of color have had the alleyway attempting to sleep behind the negative interactions with HUPD and other they would have been building. Officer reported that the individu- local law enforcement agencies working more willing to go with al went on their way without incident.” In a in conjunction with the university. For similar event that happened five days prior, example, in 2019, the police were called me to get help. one man’s attempt to sleep culminated in on a group of students of color who were his arrest: installing an art installation for class in front of Houghton Library.29 Despite the fact that “Officer arrived, located the individual, and the class had already obtained permission to conducted a field interview. During the field do so, HUPD was dispatched and students

Tutor, 2020 20 21 were asked to show their Harvard IDs to aforementioned agreements allow HUPD verify that they “belonged” on campus. to “assist” CPD and BPD under certain cir- And in 2018, when a Black undergraduate cumstances. 32 Thus, HUPD has participated student was having a mental health crisis, in the policing of racialized, working-class, the Harvard Police simply passed off the poor, and activist communities beyond the situation to the Cambridge Police, who University’s traditional jurisdiction, as in proceeded to brutally beat the young man to the cases of HUPD’s presence at a 2019 An- the horror of many witnesses.30 ti-ICE demonstration in Kendall Square or a 2020 Black Lives Matter vigil in Franklin The aforementioned examples gesture to a Park. Such actions illuminate the ways in HUPD POLICE LOG disturbing fact: HUPD polices “belonging” which HUPD participates in a much larger at Harvard and “authorizes” who can be on local law enforcement project that seeks to campus grounds using subjective, arbitrary, police, surveil, and criminalize community 2/8/2019 and alarming assumptions that are rooted members. 10:05 AM in racism and classism. Those who have the “Harvard look” tend not to be subjected to the same scrutiny. For example, according “Officer arrived, to HUPD police logs, tourists seem to have EVENT TYPE: “authorization” to tour the campus. Family located the individual, members of students seem to have “authori- and conducted a field zation” to be present on Harvard property, interview. During the field SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY as long as they “look” like they belong. And random white people who have the interview, the individual “look” of a monied, elite Harvard affiliate was run for wants/ Officer dispatched on the tend to have this so-called “authorization.” This includes monied elites such as Jeffrey warrants with positive report of an individual Epstein, who, according to The New York results for an active possibly drinking an Times, was permitted to visit Harvard “more than 40 times after he was convicted of sex warrant. The individual alcoholic beverage. 31 charges involving a minor in 2008.” But was then placed under Officers arrived and spoke this privilege is not extended to those who arrest for Warrant actually constitute Harvard and Cambridge’s with the individual and greater community—be that students of Service, issued a verbal color, poor and houseless community mem- trespass warning for discovered that he was bers, or community members living with drinking giner ale, not an mental illness. all Harvard University property, and transported alcoholic beverage. Lastly, the Harvard University Police Department extends its reign of anti-poor to Cambridge Police and racist policing by actively supporting Department for booking.” the Boston and Cambridge Police Depart- ments through the“mutual aid agreements” that it has with these two agencies. HUPD Thus, we call for the abolition of an institu- officers are deputized to make arrests in both tion that has never—and was never meant Middlesex and Suffolk counties, and the to—ensure the safety and wellbeing of all.

22 23 ABOLITIONIST police violence.35 Rather, such trainings are little more than rhetorical shields for the STEPS police, who can always point to their implic- it-bias training as evidence of anti-racism in- Harvard’s decision to enforce the borders of stead of actually engaging with anti-racism. its private property will never alleviate the Similarly, body cameras for police officers suffering of community members. Policing give the police more money and more tools does not address the social problems which for surveillance and possibilities of facial give rise to situations of fear. In fact, HUPD recognition tracking while doing nothing to actively perpetuates violence and suffering. decrease police violence.36 “When our political activism isn’t Moreover, racial violence and profiling at the hands of campus police will never stop rooted in a theory about transforming on and around our school grounds until HUPD polices “belong- the world, it becomes narrow; when HUPD is gone. In order to create a safe en- vironment, rather than the illusion of safety, ing” at Harvard and it is focused only on individual actors Harvard must invest in alternatives to polic- “authorizes” who can be ing that alleviate the root causes of harm and instead of larger systemic problems, other social issues. Such alternatives must on campus grounds using center community, not the protection of subjective, arbitrary, and it becomes shortsighted. We do have private property. alarming assumptions to deal with the current crisis in the

While HAACC’s ultimate demand is for the that are rooted in racism short term. That’s important. We have complete abolition of the Harvard Univer- and classism. Those who sity Police Department, our recognition to have solutions for people’s real- that abolition is a process means that we have the “Harvard look” life problems, and we have to allow acknowledge that HUPD’s dismantling will tend not to be subjected not happen overnight. However, we cate- people to decide what those solutions gorically reject police reforms such as those to the same scrutiny. suggested by DeRay McKesson’s “8 Can’t are. We also have to create a vision Wait” agenda.33 As Olivia Murray writes In contrast, an “abolitionist step” is not pre- that’s much bigger than the one we in The Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties mised on the false hope that throwing more Law Review, “many police departments have money at police forces will make such forces have right now.” already implemented several of the proposed less racist and less violent. As abolitionist policies” and yet, police brutality persists. group, Critical Resistance, notes, abolitionist In fact, the largest police departments in the steps work to “chip away and reduce [the Patrisse Cullors, interview in Policing the Planet. country already have half or more of these police state’s] overall impact” while also policies in place…”34 making “positive and pro-active invest- ments...in community health and well-be- Indeed, such reforms fail to materially ing.”37 Such reforms include decreasing the change the police’s relationship with the size of the police force, withholding pensions community and oftentimes, they expand from police who have engaged in excessive the resources that the police have at their force, capping overtime pay, defunding and disposal. For example, a reform such as im- disarming the police, and reinvesting in plementing diversity or sensitivity training community care such as housing, food, and increases police budgets, but there is no healthcare. evidence that such trainings actually decrease

24 25 DEMANDS

We reiterate our demand to abolish the Harvard University Police Department in its entirety and replace it with investments in the broader Harvard community that redress harm and care for people.

While abolitionist steps such as disarmament, greater transparency, and decreasing the number of officers are steps in the right direction, they are only effective when they are put in service of the ultimate goal of disbanding campus police. Even where the police are not armed with guns, violence and racial profiling will continue. For example, American Univer- sity police dragged a Black student during a “wellness check,” and a white student called the police on a Black Yale graduate student for taking a nap in a dorm’s common area in 2018. 254 And as mentioned above, at Harvard, students of color have been profiled while display- ing an art exhibition for class, and a Black undergraduate was passed off by HUPD to the Cambridge Police Department, who subsequently brutalized him. All these acts of brutality and intimidation were accomplished without the use of guns.

HAACC believes that another world is possible, and that, in the words of Patrisse Cullors, we “have to create a vision that’s much bigger than the one we have right now.”255

26 27

Photo from HAACC DEFUND THE 1POLICE Cut the department’s budget by 80 to 100%

28 29 END HUPD CONTRACTS

2With Cambridge Police, Boston Police, Massachusetts State Police and end collaboration with ICE, the FBI, FUSION, BRIC, or CIA.

HUPD has “mutual aid agreements” with the Boston Police Department, Cambridge Police Department, and possibly the Massachusetts State Police.256 In these agreements, HUPD is able to show up in situations where CPD or BPD have jurisdiction in order to provide fur- ther officers or “assistance,” regardless of whether more officers are necessary. Additionally, while no formal “mutual aid” agreements exists between HUPD and law enforcement and intelligence agencies such as ICE, the FBI, the CIA, the Boston Regional Intelligence Center (BRIC), and Homeland Security Fusion Centers, they have historically collaborated with them.257 In these contexts, the term “mutual aid” is a falsehood which masks the reality that HUPD often polices racialized, poor, and housing insecure people in the greater Boston area while largely shielding affluent and white students from city police.

30 31

HUPD Police log HARVARD REVEL ENDS IN WILD STREET RIOT: EIGHT STUDENTS ARRESTED AS ... Daily Boston Globe (1928-1960); Apr 22, 1932; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Boston Globe pg. 1

DISARM THE POLICE

3Although the extent of HUPD’s arsenal is secret, HUPD officers are armed. As such, HAACC demands that HUPD be stripped of any and all weapons.

Weapons include tear gas, rubber bullets, pepper spray, TASERs, batons, or any other item which can be used to inflict pain or threaten violence.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

32 33

Boston Globe HUPD POLICE LOG

10/10/2016 DISCLOSE 1:55 am HUPD EVENT TYPE: RECORDS ASSIST CAMBRIDGE POLICE Officer dispatched to a 4Disclose emails, communications, disciplinary report of an individual records, databases, budget and financial in the area sleeping information to the public; subject HUPD to public records requests. End the secrecy. in their motor vehicle. Officer arrived and report individual is an Uber driver and was taking a quick nap.

34 35 REDISTRIBUTE HUPD’S BUDGET

5Redistribute HUPD’s Budget to community members, instead of mechanisms of control, surveillance, and violence. The HUPD funds should be redirected to causes and communities that include, but are not limited to:

• Personal protective equipment for all Harvard workers • Improved benefits for contingent faculty • Improved benefits for graduate student workers • Increased student health and mental health services, with an emphasis on counselors of color • Financial and emergency aid • Money to establish and fund an Ethnic Studies Department • Perpetual donations to non-carceral organizations that support Cambridge’s housing insecure community such as: Spare Change, MAAP, and housing shelters

36 37

HUPD Website OPEN THE GATES

6Harvard’s Yard and common spaces should be open to the all. Common spaces include libraries, lounges, study halls, and outdoor space.

38 39

HUPD Police log Cambridge Problem Centers Upon Taxes: Harvard's Vast, Exempt Holdings ... Barry, John Daily Boston Globe (1928-1960); Oct 23, 1938; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Boston Globe pg. B1

STOP LAND- GRABBING

7Harvard continues to buy land and extend its reach well past the traditional borders of the Harvard Yard, even using misleading tactics to do so.

Cambridge and Boston rent is already unaffordable for so many people, and yet Harvard pays no attention as it gentrifies wider and wider without any regard for the people who are pushed out.258 For example, Harvard is halfway through building an entirely new campus for science and engineering in Allston as part of its “Institutional Master Plan.”259 This money shouldn’t be used for shiny new buildings. This money should be spent on the well-being of local residents—student or not, Harvard-affiliated or not. Furthermore, Harvard is an impe- rial university whose landgrabbing practices extend overseas.260 Such exploitative, neocolonial practices must stop. Colonialism and gentrification displace and impoverish people, leaving residents without the safety of shelter and stability of housing. This creates the issue of people who suffer from houselessness, hunger, and lack of health care. Harvard has historically responded to this phenomenon, caused in large part by its own landgrabbing practices, with guns, TASERs, and arrests. Not only does such a response not address the root cause of the problem at hand, it allows Harvard to elude responsibility and accountability for the mass suffering it has caused.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

40 41

Boston Globe CIVILIAN RESPONSE Student-Run EMS There is no reason for the police to be involved in a medical crisis. Tufts University has a 24/7 student-run EMS that responds to crises, and Harvard should have one too. President Bacow is the former president of Tufts, so he knows how such a program works as an alter- We present these possibilities and ideas for Harvard to research and consider. This is not our 263 ten-step plan for how to create a police-free campus, a policy paper, or an instruction manual native to the police. Harvard does have an EMS system, but it’s only for events, not crises. because abolition is a process. Rather, this is a list of ideas, a beginning list or a starting step, Let’s open up the EMS service for more general use in the community. for how to address the immediate issues for which HUPD is usually called. The onus is on the university to redistribute HUPD’s presumably enormous budget and investigate and imple- ment efficient, safe, non-violent, non-carceral, cost-effective alternatives. Stolen Property Insurance

Sexual Assault Non-Mandatory Reporting Hotline While HUPD has an extremely low success rate in recovering stolen property, many people call HUPD anyway to report theft for insurance purposes or to simply create a record. There Beyond Survival, a Canadian group, has a good model for this: “Our 24-hour crisis line is no reason for the people making insurance reports of stolen property to be armed with provides immediate assistance, information and emotional support. The crisis information guns and TASERs. and referral line is available to anyone affected by sexual abuse, whether it’s recent or in the past. In addition, services are also available to family members and friends of survivors. Our advocates are carefully screened and fully trained. They are here to assist survivors, families and the community with accurate information, confidential crisis intervention, and No Cops for Lockouts advocacy through medical and legal procedures.”261 While Harvard’s Office of Sexual Assault There is no need to call HUPD for lockouts, where Harvard students have accidentally Prevention and Response (OSAPR) does have a 24/7 hotline, this hotline is subject to the locked themselves out of their dorms. The Resident Tutors or another position on campus Jeanne Clery Act and thus cannot be trusted by students/assault victims. Further, it is a could easily arrive to let students back into their own dorms. There should be no penalization fundamental conflict of interest to confide in an institution which failed to protect you in of lockouts. the first place and thus may be exposed to legal liability from the assault victim. As such, Harvard students need a place to confide and seek resources which is not under Harvard control. Safety Walk and Escort Services In-house Therapy Sometimes people do not want to walk somewhere alone but do not necessarily have Georgetown University has a model where chaplains live inside the dorms and are on call to someone to call. HUPD currently manages and trains volunteers for an escort service, but respond to student crises. Harvard could implement a similar model.262 this program is not aligned with the values of police abolition and community investment. HUPD should not be managing an anti-violence safety service, and such a service should employ salaried workers, not volunteers. Further, this escort service is pitifully advertised to the student body. Black and brown students especially may not want to call HUPD in fear Discrete interviewers that HUPD may cause harm even when the student was asking for help with safety.

Victims of violence, especially victims of sexual assault, are sometimes hesitant to call the police because they, themselves, do not want to be penalized for drugs, drinking, or other potentially illegal activities. Victims especially do not want to call attention to themselves or Frequent Town Halls with the Harvard even violate social norms or boundaries by calling the police to a party. As such, there could Corporation and Board of Overseers easily be a team of a variety of non-violent discrete intervenors who simply show up to an in- cident, find the person asking for help, and bring them to safety. This would happen without One of the issues with the police state is that the state is the only arbiter of justice and ac- any punishment of anyone and would be discrete, plainclothes, and focused on the wellbeing countability. Rather, the voices of the people and the victims of violence should be centered of the victim, not in apprehending or punishing any alleged perpetrator. in the project of accountability. Town Halls are an important step in initiating that vision.

42 43 Police abolition at Harvard doesn’t just mean dismantling the police department. It is also a project HUPD POLICE LOG of entirely reimagining Harvard. Abolitionist geographer and organizer 30/01/2017 Ruth Wilson Gilmore teaches us: 7:41 PM “Abolition is about presence, not absence. It’s about building life- EVENT TYPE: affirming institutions.” Harvard, in its current state, is the opposite of a life- SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY affirming institution: it has engaged in practices that harm, surveil, and Officer dispatched to take terrorize, and continues to do so a report of a suspicious to this day. HAACC presents these flyer in the garage area. demands as starting steps to creating Officer arrived and report the world we want to live in, not as flyer was just advertising reform of the current system. We a band. are not interested in crafting reform. Rather, we are invested in practices of community care, solidarity, and tending to sites of struggle in this and the next world.

44 45 ALTERNATIVES TO CALLING THE POLICE

The Dean Of Students We hope that this list of alternative resources When choosing between similar resources, at Harvard Law was will serve as a practical step to immediately we sought to include those with fewer con- reduce our reliance on police and to alleviate nections to police and prisons, with greater trying to force me to the harm caused by calling police into ability to accommodate increased demand, take medical leave communities as first-responders to social with anti-oppressive values, and with the problems. However, researching alternatives trust of the communities they serve. We also because she refused my to the police reminds us that abolition is an chose not to include shelter resources for on-going process of creation and transfor- people experiencing homelessness because accommodations request. mation. For this section to be complete, new we realized that individuals in this com- I was trying to process organizations will need to be made and old munity have greater familiarity with these ones remade. The list below includes orga- resources than we could provide in this flyer. what was happening and nizations that see themselves as independent We also found that shelter services were of policing and others that, while not the often ill-suited to a crisis response flyer be- didn’t respond to her police themselves, remain entangled with cause of waitlists and referral requirements. email for 2 days (over the carceral and police state. While these re- However, we recommend the Hildebrand sources are alternatives to calling the police, Family Self-Help Center and the Somerville a weekend). I ended up there is no guarantee these organizations will Homeless Coalition to anyone looking getting a “wellness check” not call 911 if they deem necessary. to learn more or support existing shelter services in Cambridge. call from HUPD. As a part of that “wellness check” We sought to include We also encourage individuals and commu- nities to build their own capacity to prevent they were required to those with fewer con- harm and respond to crisis. Throughout this connect me with the Dean nections to police and year, we will host a series of skill-building prisons, with greater workshops around first aid, de-escalation, of Students. DOS literally mediation, bystander intervention, and ability to accommodate other practical knowledge for responding to used the police to bully increased demand, with a crisis. We encourage readers to identi- fy those skills that they rely on others to me into talking with her. anti-oppressive values, provide. How can you or someone in your and with the trust of the community organize for crisis preparedness? Student, 2020 What can you do now to prevent future communities they serve. harm?

46 47 ALTERNATIVES TO CALLING THE POLICE SURVIVORS OF PRACTICING VIOLENCE: SAFETY BEYOND POLICING: STEPS BEFORE MENTAL HEALTH & Boston Area Rape Crisis Center (BARCC): 24/7 crisis hotline & long-term services 800-841-8371 or chat 1 Know your neighborhood. Introduce yourself to MAKING A CALL: SUBSTANCE USE: online barcc.org/help/services/hotline your neighbors, learn their names, make a list of their phone numbers, say hello when you walk Safelink: 24/7 hotline for domestic violence counseling, 1. Is this merely an inconvenience? Can I Mental Health Emergency Crisis Intervention: on- by. Check in with vulnerable neighbors. emergency housing, and more services 877-785-2020 put up with this and be OK? site psych evals for most insured/MassHealth clients: 800-981-4357 2 Learn bystander intervention, de-escalation, and Transition House: 24/7 hotline for support, safety plan- street harassment responses. ihollaback.org National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 800-273-8255 or ning, and connection to resources 617-661-7203 3 Take a local First Aid and CPR course.​ suicidepreventionlifeline.org/chat/ 2. No, I need to respond. Can I handle this chat online cambridgeareaems.com/events/ on my own? Can I talk it out with the Substance Use Helpline: call for substance use treat- CAMBRIDGE 4 Pods and pod-mapping: who are the people you other person? ment, detox, & recovery services: 800-327-5050 can call on if you’ve been harmed, caused harm, HEALTH ALLIANCE: or witnessed harm? bit.ly/PodsResource CASPAR FirstStep Outreach Team: on-site rapid response overdose prevention and help for homeless Victim crisis intervention and response: 617-591-6033 3. No, I need backup. Is there a friend or people in crisis. Based out of 240 Albany St. shelter: 617-592-6895 Victim resources and safety planning: 617-665-2992 PLANTING neighbor I could call to help me? Access-Needle Exchange: free Narcan & clean needles - Center for Homicide Bereavement: crisis intervention THE SEEDS OF 617-599-0246 - 359 Green St. and counseling for homicide survivors 617-591-6123 ABOLITION: 4. No, I need more backup. Can we use Join or support local organizing efforts: mediation to talk it through or is there a VIOLENCE REPORT HATE hotline I can call? CRIMES: 1 The Black Response on Twitter PREVENTION: (@Black_Response) Emerge: group therapy and anger management for Council on American-Islamic Relations of MA 2 Community For Us By Us www.facebook. people who want to change their abusive behavior cairma.org com/CommunityFUBU/ 5. No. If I call the police, do I under- 617-547-9879 or email [email protected] 3 Building Up People Not Prisons Coalition Mass Transgender Political Coalition stand someone may be killed, injured, 4 SURJ Boston Parents Helping Parents: free stress management ho- masstpc.org or abused? 5 City Life/Vida Urbana tline and parental support groups 1-800-632-8188 6 Driving Families Forward Sign the HAACC Crisis Call Pledge at bit.ly/ MATERIAL AID: HAACCpledge. OTHER HEALTH: Disclaimer: While these resources are alternatives to calling Material Aid and Advocacy Program: links to support LEARN FROM the police, there is no guarantee these orgs will not call 911 if Poison Control Expert Hotline: 800-222-1222 services and resources for COVID times and beyond they deem necessary. www.maapma.org/covid19resources ELSEWHERE: Cambridge EMS: Non-emergency medical needs THEFT & PROPERTY including free home visit or for answers to medical ques- Cambridge Mutual Aid Network: uplifts neighbors Cure Violence, working in 10 US cities, is a public tions (for Cambridge residents only) 608-423-3511 through remote connection, grocery shopping and health anti-violence program proven to reduce shootings RECOVERY: delivery, and other forms of solidarity. and killings. They use trained street violence interrupters Bridge Over Troubled Waters: mobile medical van for https://www.cambridgemutualaid.info/ and outreach staff, public education campaigns, and Nationally, police “solve” fewer than 1 in 5 prop- emergency & preventative health care for youth ages community mobilization to counter violence. erty crimes like theft. In most cases, property is not 14-24 experiencing homelessness 617-423-9575 Greater Boston Marxists Care Packages: distributes free recovered. If you have renters’ insurance, check your care packages to the public (@GBmarxists) Learn more about transformative justice at deductible (below that, insurance pays nothing) and TransformHarm.org & creative-interventions.org/ process for reimbursement. tools/

48 49 HISTORY OF HUPD HUPD TIMELINE POLICE CHIEF EVENTS Anti Nazi Protests The Harvard University Police Department specific events, but did not create a perma- Matthew Toohy is a private police force that has existed for nent “Yard Police” force until the 1890s. By more than a century. Despite HUPD’s cen- 1913, the Yard Police employed six officers tral claim — that armed police officers make who worked out of the basement of Thayer 1962 Harvard’s campus “safe” — a review of the Hall.38 department’s history shows that HUPD has Robert Tonis a long history of making Harvard unsafe for racialized students, Cambridge residents, In the 1920s, the Yard Police made local Occupy Harvard Hall and leftist student activists. Harvard police news by issuing citations and towing cars for officers have routinely subjected Black, David L Gorski 1975 parking violations. “The Harvard police have Crime Task Force Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) been decorating the automobiles of business William A Lee 1977 to invasive and unwarranted scrutiny, men and students with tags even when the (acting chief) 1978 Take Back the Night harassed unhoused people, and reacted to cars are parked on the public highway,” Saul L Chafin anti-racist protests with force. At the same reported The Boston Globe.39 It was not clear time, HUPD has excused violent behavior whether Harvard had the legal authority to by white students, provided security details do so: Jack W Morse for dictators and war criminals, and ignored (interim director) 1983 sexist and racist demonstrations that create hostile environments for women, BGLTQ+ “The city clerk of Cambridge knows of no Anti Apartheid students, and students of color. A chrono- Paul E Johnson logical history of the Harvard University ordinance giving a right of tagging other Campus Escort Program Police Department, organized by the tenure than to the regular police force. Capt Mi- HBS Harassment of its various police chiefs, shows a police chael J. Brennan of the Brattle-sq Station de- Community Policing Era department that uses safety as a cover for its clares that he does not know whether or not the Harvard police have the right [to tag] . criminalization of Harvard’s marginalized 1995 community members and neighbors. . . The police of Harvard have full constable powers. Does that power include tagging?” 40

BEFORE 1962 The extent of the “constable powers” 40 incidents of sexual bestowed on Harvard police was unclear to Bud Riley assault on campus the general public in the 1920s and remains I Too Am Harvard Harvard University’s private police depart- opaque to this day. ment has its origins in the late nineteenth century. Before then, Harvard relied on the College tutors, the Corporation, and One thing is certain: the Harvard “Yard public law enforcement officials to discipline Police” were more concerned with writing students and police Harvard Yard. Harvard parking tickets than with keeping open would occasionally hire police as security for displays of white supremacy out of Harvard 2020 Student Brutalized by Police on Mass Ave 50 51 so that Shugrue and Burke could be arrested ROBERT TONIS by Cambridge police.42

The Harvard University Police Department, Harvard police escalated their intimida- as we know it now, began to form in the tion and control of students in the 1950s, 1960s. In 1962, the transformation into focusing their attention on students that a fully-fledged police force was solidified the University perceived to be political rad- when the University hired Robert Tonis, a icals, especially communists. In 1950, The former FBI agent of 27 years, as the Director Boston Globe reported, “Harvard University of HUPD.46 Under Tonis’ direction, the officials, with Yard police barricading the Harvard police busied themselves quelling stairway to the third floor of the Phillips student riots and disturbances, mirroring the Brooks House, banned a meeting of the actions of police departments nationwide left-wing John Reed Society last night. Some during this era of great political upheaval. 25 persons were barred from the meeting place.”43 According to The Globe, Harvard police were sworn in by the Cambridge City Constable, By the 1950s, Harvard police carried guns and “Harvard policemen receive training and had the power to arrest students and in the use of arms and can make arrests of non-students alike. During this period, the nuisance makers other than students. They director of the Harvard University Police work on three eight-hour shifts.”47 Howev- Department, Matthew Toohy, characterized er, despite Harvard police’s acquisition of Boston Public Library his job as “the control of rambunctious 44 “new responsibilities and a new efficiency,” students,” which included suppressing HARVARD BOYS HURL BOTTLES, PUSH CARS: SPECIAL COLLEGE POLICE FINALLY DISPERSE CROWD Daily Boston Globe (1928-1960); May 9, 1930; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Boston Globe student protesters, but notably excluded pg. 21 Yard. In the early 1920s, Harvard students In the early 1920s, Har- doing anything to address the wave of male formed a short-lived chapter of the Ku Klux students who broke into Radcliffe dorms on Klan. The members were allowed to walk vard students formed a “panty raids.” In an interview with The Bos- on Harvard Yard in their white robes and short-lived chapter of the ton Globe on his retirement in 1962, Toohy hoods in the middle of the day, even posing reminisced, “I never took that too seriously for photographs on the John Harvard stat- Ku Klux Klan. The mem- . . . They seemed to be having a lot of fun ue. Whatever campus “safety” meant in the bers were allowed to and that is all right with us, as long as they 1920s, it did not extend to keeping the Klan walk on Harvard Yard don’t fall into the clutches of the Cambridge out of Harvard Yard. 41 police.”45 Toohy’s statement makes it clear in their white robes and that HUPD was invested in protecting male hoods in the middle of students and enabling their entitlement, all the while aiding in the suppression of radical However, Harvard police did silence leftist the day, even posing for speech and dissent on campus. At the 1934 speech. Commencement festivities, Harvard and photographs on the John Cambridge police worked together to arrest Harvard statue. two anti-Nazi protesters, Sheila Shugrue and Nora Burke, in front of Sever Hall. The and interrupting speeches with shouts of, two women protested the presence of a Nazi “To hell with Hitler!” and “Down with the official and Harvard alumnus, Ernst Hanf- Nazis!” The Harvard police dug up the pole staengl, by chaining themselves to a pole Boston Globe

52 53

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rampage At Harvard Newsday (1940-1991); Apr 19, 1972; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Newsday pg. 4 The Crimson noted that the full extent of HUPD officers always carry pistols and Newsday their power was ambiguous, and that “they are skilled in using them. Tonis explained have no illusions about how powerful or that officers carry guns because “there have professional they are. ‘We’re not a police been instances where a gun gives an officer department,’ Tonis is quick to point out. confidence.”50 ‘Our interest is physical security.’”48 Despite Tonis’ insistence that the Harvard police were not a department, the Harvard police The next year,Director Tonis called for were certainly behaving like a fully-fledged adding more men onto his 63-man force, police department. For example, “In June, where each officer was getting paid about 1966, the force took its greatest step in the $10,000 a year, which is about $72,000 direction of full police status. Several years in today’s dollars. This was in response to ago, a campus policeman at Tufts made reports of theft, strange men in dormitory an arrest on the Tufts campus, a right later rooms, an instance where someone stabbed a challenged by the arrested man’s lawyer. sophomore at Radcliffe.51

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. They arrived with helmets, gas masks, metal Tonis’s Force and shields and rifles. Just before 5am, over 400 Student Activism police charged University Hall, breaking They arrived with hel- its door down with a battering ram, and mets, gas masks, metal Following the US’ entrance into the began violently removing students. Students shields and rifles. Just Vietnam War, Harvard was filled with were beaten, clubbed, maced, and thrown anti-war rallies and strikes. On April 8, or kicked down the steps. According to The before 5am, over 400 1969, Harvard’s chapter of the Students for Crimson, “Between 250 and 300 people police charged University a Democratic Society (SDS) pinned a list of were arrested in the raid, and nearly 75 demands, including abolishing the ROTC, students were injured.”54 Hall, breaking its door Harvard Archives stopping Harvard’s physical expansion, and down with a battering Court action led to a Massachusetts state implementing Black Studies, to the door ram, and began violent- law which provided university police ‘with of President Pusey’s home.52 The next day, Among those assaulted by police included a the same power to make arrests as regular around 70 students occupied University student who was pushed by several officers ly removing students. police officers for any criminal offense Hall, evicting deans and administrators for out of his wheelchair and onto the cement, Students were beaten, committed in or upon lands owned, used, 18 hours. According to Pusey, “It became and a girl who was thrown against a wooden or occupied’ by the university. The Harvard clear in the course of the evening that the clubbed, maced, and University Police were the first in the state only possible alternative [to calling in police] thrown or kicked down sworn in under the new statute.”49 was to take no action at all,” and so he responded to the occupation by calling in the steps. According to Cambridge Police and Massachusetts State The Crimson, “Between Police, who were advised to remove their In 1968, about six-years into Director 53 250 and 300 people Tonis’ regime, HUPD shot a 19-year-old. A badges. HUPD officer alleged that he had witnessed were arrested in the raid, the young man stealing a motorcycle. Tonis and nearly 75 students emphasized to the press that this was the were injured.” first instance in which HUPD fired a gun under his leadership. He also said that Harvard Archives

54 55 and then strike participants—of which, 16 Clashes between police and left-wing college were expelled, 20 suspended and 99 placed students were common in this era, and they on warning.61 reflected a longstanding practice in which police forces safeguarded right-wing speech, but suppressed leftist speech. Harvard police Harvard’s violent and punitive response, arrested anti-Nazi protesters in 1934, bar- their “only possible alternative” to capitu- ricaded the entrance to a meeting of a left- lating to student demands, set the tone for wing society in 1950, and now they were the university’s support of policing and mil- arresting protesters for putting up posters itancy in the following years. In the Spring and engaging in physical altercations with of 1971, Students for a Just Peace, a group made of members from the conservative Harvard police arrested groups Young Americans for Freedom and anti-Nazi protestors in Young Republicans, organized a pro-war counter-teach-in in order “to combat the 1934, barricaded the ... ‘force-fed’ antiwar feeling at Harvard.”62 entrance to a meeting Around 500 students disrupted the teach-in, which was guarded by 20 University Police of a left-wing society officers. in 1950, and now they were arresting protestors for putting up Associated Press The event shut down after Tonis told the moderator that the police were trying to posters and engaging in keep out a crowd of another 150 stu- divider and told by a trooper, “If you don’t sentenced to nine months in jail. Twenty-six physical altercations with dent-disruptors from flooding in. The stay there I’ll break your fuckin head.”55 As Harvard students were expelled.”58 protesters—who chanted, sang, clapped, protestors. the brutality ensued, Chief Tonis apologized booed, passed out flyers, and “threw a vari- to students in the crowd, maintaining that ety of objects, including wads of paper and the University Police did not want to be protesters. In October 1969, Harvard police The call by administration to bring in fruit rinds, at the stage in their successful involved in the intervention. “But,” he later law enforcement exacerbated an already followed a group of students putting up attempt to turn the teach-in into an antiwar posters for an anti-war march sponsored by told The Crimson, “[administration is] way polarized faculty, as “although most viewed 63 56 demonstration” —were threatened with over our heads now.” the University Hall take-over as inappropri- SDS and were present as Cambridge Police disciplinary action from the University and arrested the students on charges of “idle and ate, many were even more horrified by the any applicable criminal charges. Students for sudden police action.”59 As for students, “the disorderly conduct, disturbing the peace, a Just Peace recorded the faces of demon- and defacing private property.”65 While some students were sent to the issue that ‘radicalized’ them, was the deci- strators on a video camera to assist in the hospital, arrested students were transported sion to call in the police to clear University school’s identification efforts. Meanwhile, 60 in paddy wagons and buses to courts in Hall.” the pro-war speakers—one of whom made Cambridge. As an alumnus recounts, “Sev- sure to yell “Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil!” (a Nazi The next year,Paul Sedgwick, an MIT stu- eral people were even charged with assault victory salute) into the microphone before dent, was convicted of assaulting a Harvard and battery. In the coming days, most of the Students went on an eight-day strike leaving—were helped out of the building police officer, despite Sedgwick’s charge that charges were dropped, but a number of pro- following the brutality, and in response, the by the University police officers and were he was victimized by the officer and state- testers were tried and convicted”—174 were Harvard Corporation instituted a university ushered to the studio of WGBH radio, so ments of witnesses denying that he struck 57 66 found guilty for trespassing —“and ordered Committee on Rights and Responsibilities they could talk for an hour.64 the officer. Then, in February 1972,two to pay fines. Two of the occupiers were specifically to discipline sit-in participants, SDS members were arrested and charged

56 57 with assault and battery following an alterca- During the summer following this incident, tion with Boston Police at a protest for Irish according to a Crimson reporter, “that civilians who were killed by British troops. indefinable and elusive group of people that Ira Helfand, one of the students arrested, made Cambridge The Place to Be for three was suspended from Harvard two days summers suddenly vanished.” The article before his graduation the previous year for continues: being part of a group that allegedly harassed Sargent Kennedy (at the time secretary to 67 the Corporation) at an SDS rally. The rally “About the only thing that remained the called attention to Harvard’s lack of action same in Cambridge this year was the police, after two small children died in a marsh who ‘kept ‘em moving’ in the Square owned by Harvard in Jamaica Plain. About on weekend nights, who made sure they a month after the demonstration, Harvard maintained high visibility at all times, and 68 agreed to fill in the pond. who one weekday early in the summer arrested 30 freaks on charges of drunkenness Relationship in a late-night sweep through the Square. After that episode, which was passed off as with Cambridge ‘routine’ by police officials, those few street Residents and CPD people who remained in the area decided that it was time to pack the old backpacks The Harvard police aided the Cambridge and find a new city in which to spend the Police multiple times. In April of 1970, summer. ‘I want to enjoy what little freedom there was a demonstration in Harvard I’ve got left,’ said Reggie Young, one of the Square, organized by an unknown group ‘drunks’ arrested by the police. ‘I can’t take Harvard University, Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America 70 and disavowed by local radicals. The Cam- this kind of bullshit.’ He left town.” bridge Police arrived in a horde, tear-gassing The trend of the University and its police with members of the surrounding River- the protesters. According to one person being more concerned about protecting side community, a predominantly Black involved in the demonstration “‘They came The University’s previous efforts to break Harvard property than the safety of those neighborhood whose Planning Team had from out of nowhere.’” The truth, however, up gatherings of “hippies, motorcyclists, who were vulnerable in the Cambridge com- for two years asked for Harvard to turn 888 is that the horde came from Harvard Yard. teeny-boppers and other assorted Har- munity continued during this time. In the Memorial Drive into affordable housing.72 The Cambridge officers were stationed in vard Square types,” included enacting a spring of 1971, a collective of women from They thenfinalized three demands of the the Cambridge Fire Station just outside the HUPD-enforced 8pm curfew on Forbes the Cambridge area—including members of university: Yard, awaiting a signal. When that signal Plaza (an outside area where the Smith Bread and Roses, Gay Women’s Liberation, came, they moved through the Yard, aided Campus Center now stands). In regard to the Old Mole Women’s Caucus, work- by a University policeman who unlocked complaints made about people gathering ing-class women from Radcliffe College, “That Harvard build low-income housing on a gate and let them out and into Harvard at the plaza—for destroying shrubbery, and unhoused women—gathered inside the this, the Treeland Site, in accordance with Square. Tonis explained this collaboration urinating, playing music, stealing from local building at 888 Memorial Drive and suc- the demands of the Riverside Community. to The Crimson: “the Cambridge Police sandwich shops, and trying to sleep there— cessfully built a Liberated Women’s Center That Harvard provide a women’s center to ‘felt it was a necessary tactical movement to Tonis said, “I fully realize that these people there for ten days. serve the needs of women of the Boston prevent injury to the men.’”69 have to go somewhere, but I feel they should area. That Harvard give us full use of this behave themselves—not make a sewer of the building, with full facilities (heat, plumbing, place.”71 The space hosted dancing, singing, painting, electricity, etc.), until it is necessary to tear karate classes, childcare, shelter, and safe it down in order to break ground for the socialization for lesbians. The Center spoke Riverside low-income housing.”73

58 59 fooled me. The police are glad. Everybody of crime and harm during the Tonis era. is glad.’ After the women left the building, From then to the present day, the power and a handful of Harvard policemen gathered jurisdiction of each department have blurred around the locked door until a Cambridge with the other, showing that there should be plainclothesman broke into the building no distinction drawn between university po- with a crowbar. One Cambridge police lice and city police departments, rather, both work together as a force of violence within HUPD worked with CPD and beyond the walls of the university. to protect property, terrorize marginalized groups, and fail to ad- dress the root causes of crime and harm during the Tonis era. From then to the present day, the power and jurisdiction of Schlesinger Library each department have blurred with the other. However, given that the building was Har- Where were you? Hope to see you in the vard-owned and used for design workshops near future. Keep up the good work. Yours and classes at the time, the University in struggle, (signed) Jane Does 1, 2, 3, 4, called for the eviction of the women. In the and 5. The signatures refer to Harvard’s detective, afraid the door was sabotaged, meantime, Harvard turned off the power ‘Jane Do[e]’ injunction obtained last Tues- warned a Harvard patrolman, ‘Be careful and heat in the building, making it freezing day, a temporary court order directing the when you open the door. I wouldn’t put 75 cold for the remainder of the takeover, and women to vacate the building immediately. anything past those bastards.’” Schlesinger Library “sent in an electrician to padlock the switch box controlling the electricity,” which the 74 women removed with a saw. [...] Had there been a bust, Tonis said, ‘They Afterward, instead of working for the needs would have gone in and broken in as they of the Riverside community or addressing New Security had to and arrested them all, charged them any other demands, the University turned The women ultimately left in a march on with trespass, destruction of property, and 888 Memorial Drive into housing for Measures their tenth day because they were informed also interrupting a class, which is a special graduate students and did not assist in the of a police bust scheduled for that afternoon. state law.’ He added that - despite rumors founding of the new Cambridge Women’s Following a 1973 wave of armed robberies They lefta letter tacked on the door, which that the MDC would be called in - ‘it would Center, which was built in Central Square in campus residential areas, the University The Crimson included in its reporting: have been the Cambridge police with our months later. police implemented the Security Student assistance on the outside.’ Patrol, a group of students patrolling respective routes from 12am-8am in search “Dear Cambridge Police. Harvard Cops, These examples are only some of the many of criminal behavior and fires to report to cases in which HUPD worked with CPD police officers. Despiteundergraduates’ and [Metropolitan District Commission]: ‘I thought they were going to stay until the 76 We waited and waited but you never came. police took them out,’ Tonis said. ‘They to protect property, terrorize marginalized feeling that the Patrol was useless, Tonis’ groups, and fail to address the root causes force championed its growth as it jumped

60 61 from 14 students to 114 within a year.77 A “Cambridge is the sort of urban community majority of student guards were recruited where opulent dormitories full of expensive through the financial aid departments of stereo equipment gleam only blocks away the College, Law School, Graduate School from extreme poverty and oppression. But and Divinity School and were offered a little causes were not an issue when the crime more than $3 per hour, which Harvard Law wave came late last fall. Its appearance was School student and Patrol supervisor Sandy a fact of life, so the rhetoric was that of fear Meier said enriched the guards who were on and paranoia.”81 financial aid.78

Additionally, Harvard piloted a variety of Beyond its justification as a profitable other security measures in 1973 that remain opportunity for poorer students, Police today, including putting fish eye peepholes Sergeant George Hall found that the Patrol’s in dorm doors, locking entryways and “unskilled tasks”—finding broken locks and fire exits, locking and unlocking buildings, “Cambridge is the sort and reporting building damage and “serious crimes”—were effective in “taking non-po- of urban community lice functions away from the police. And where opulent dormi- when [student guards are] off duty, they’re just as suspicious as ever. Police go home tories full of expensive after work; the student guards are always stereo equipment gleam United Press International. around.” Additionally, Meier stated that “Before the patrol began there was a two-to- only blocks away from areas could be surveilled on closed circuit robbed and assaulted to press charges after one ratio between crimes in dormitories and extreme poverty and televisions—a move protested by a group police capture suspects. Since a large number in administrative areas. Now it’s one-to-two. oppression. But causes called PANIC (People Against National of the suspects are teenagers, most people are We’ve driven crime into the fringe areas.”79 Identity Cards).82 reluctant to ‘get them into trouble.’ were not an issue when the crime wave came late Another example given in support of the last fall. Its appearance And because the recurring belief of the Uni- However, Hall says that many of these utility of the Patrol was that one of the versity police and administration was that ‘youngsters’ are not just good kids off on a student guards caught a Cambridge youth was a fact of life, so the these preventative measures were to keep one time fling. ‘We’re dealing with some who was stealing stereo equipment, which rhetoric was that of fear “traffic from ‘off the streets’”83 from entering pretty hardened juvenile delinquents, a lot of led to the youth’s arrest.80 Evidently then, Harvard—in other words, ‘protecting’ them carrying knives and guns. They’re not HUPD measured the Patrol’s success in how and paranoia.” Harvard from the rest of Cambridge—the naive youngsters and we’re not going to help much easier it made their job, how heavily it police force was irritated when Harvard them by letting them off easy.’ Even in cases made students paranoid of each other, where community members did not seek punitivity where adults were involved, many victims it “drove” crime to, and how it assisted main doors to Houses, using the electronic for Cambridge folks: decided not to press charges.”84 in locking up Cambridge youth—none card-swipe system to get into buildings, and of which equate to reducing harm. One locking five of eight of the gates around the student reflected: Yard at night. This was part of a $2.2 mil- lion automation plan that also called for a “Another problem which [Stephen S. J.] Thus, while Hall saw Cambridge youth as network of electric computer cables snaking Hall and other University crime fighters inherently criminal beyond repair, a “fact through the underground steam tunnels, so bring up is the failure of many of those of life,” and simultaneously championed

62 63 Transition During the 1974 academ- ic year, Harvard spent On the eve of Robert Tonis’ retirement as Chief of Police, Cambridge residents were over $1,000,000 on se- dissatisfied with policing. As the city crime curity, only for its losses rate rose, CPD spent the summer of 1974 brutalizing citizens and “engaging in ‘racist from theft to grow 46% activities,’”85 and the University Police grew in value from the previ- in equipment, membership, and funding; ous year. yet were generally deemed insufficient.86 For example, during the 1974 academic year, Harvard spent over $1,000,000 on security, only for its losses from theft to grow 46% in value from the previous year.87 Additionally, in the fall of 1974, the University police were called “dangerously slow” to respond to a woman being assaulted at the Carpenter Center88 and faced criticism after failing to notify the Kirkland House community of an attempted rape there.89 As one Crimson writer put it:

Google Earth “Tonis’s successor will inherit cruisers, a professional staff, the security patrol, and new communications system and everything Hall saw Cambridge The approach of disappearing people perceived as threats is incompatible with a else Tonis has added to the Harvard Uni- youth as inherently vision of transformative justice and aboli- versity Police. But despite all the equipment and manpower, the new police chief will also criminal beyond tion: one in which no one is considered as disposable or unredeemable. It is unsur- inherit the task of figuring just what it will repair, a “fact of life,” take to reduce, or at least level off, Harvard’s prising that Hall criticized the decision of 90 and simultaneously Harvard community members to make sure whopping crime rate.” that those teenagers were not imprisoned. championed the integrity When members of the Cambridge women’s and vulnerability of collective called on Harvard to provide The solution to this inherited task, according Harvard youth. affordable housing—a proposal that actually to one reporter, was the next “tough” police addresses houselessness, rather than crimi- chief, David Gorski, “planning a training nalizing it—this proposition was ignored in period during which cops will be schooled in the integrity and vulnerability of Harvard favor of further investments in policing and criminal law, in ‘stop and frisk’ procedures, youth, he predictably viewed the sole role 91 criminalization. and in arrest tactics.” of HUPD as protecting its [elite, white, wealthy, male] students by removing from society anybody who threatened those stu- dents or their property.

64 65 DAVID GORSKI the leader of the Task Force, entered all the times and locations of “crimes” into a central computer, which would then tell Murphy when to schedule patrols.95 Apart The Harvard Corporation appointed a spe- from modernization, another goal of the cial committee to find a successor to Chief Task Force was to “reduce response time” Tonis. In November of 1974 the committee by having officers patrolling the campus 92 presented its choice, David Gorski. Gorski constantly. started as a cop with the Minneapolis Police Department, then became chief of the police department in Golden Valley, a small, wealthy white suburb of Minneapolis.93 In The Task Force was developed at a time Gorski’s short reign as Chief, he tried to in Cambridge when “violent crime” was reform and modernize the department, was thought to be on the rise and more policing met with fierce union resistance, and was was thought to be a way to prevent it. Mur- quickly forced out. phy, the Task Force Coordinator, lamented that when he joined HUPD in 1964, there were very few violent incidents but 30 years Crime Task Force in later in 1976, as the policing of Harvard HUPD 1975 and Cambridge increased, so did the levels Gorski’s first attempt to “modernize” the of violent crime.96 The FBI listed Cambridge Harvard Police was to create a “Task Force” among the top ten U.S. cities with the grab his roommate and tell him to take the Cambridge resident teenagers “commit 102 made up of five patrolmen, a sergeant, and highest overall per capita crime rate. The drunk student home to Mather House or over half of Harvard’s crimes.” Another 98 Lieutenant Larry Murphy wearing gray Task Force was Chief Gorski’s response. The wherever he’s going.” population that Murphy was convinced was berets.94 This Task Force was a big step idea was to calculate Harvard’s share of the committing the crimes on campus was Har- towards creating the HUPD that we know crime rate and track the impact of policing vard employees, who he said were responsi- 103 today, complete with computerized surveil- through computerized modernizations.97 The Crimson reported that undergraduates ble for most of the larcenies committed. lance and harassing patrols. The Task Force “comprised only a small percentage of the Murphy appeared pleased with the new Task Force; he told The Crimson: “A lot of patrolled Harvard property every night in Discrimination arrests made by the Harvard Police,” and re- plain clothes and unmarked cars. Murphy, counted a recent incident where HUPD offi- people think we just hand defendants over Against Cambridge cers merely confiscated a student’s marijuana to the Cambridge Police, it’s not true. We’re 104 “I can arrest a youth Residents plants.99 Gorski himself confirmed that the a real police department.” “nice-guy era” of simply warning non-stu- from Cambridge for 100 The criminalization of Cambridge commu- dent trespassers were over. Instead, Gorski trespassing, I’ve done nity members was exacerbated by the Task said, HUPD was going to start arresting When Gorski first took power as Chief, he it before and I think it’s Force. Murphy, whom Gorski chose to them. Gorski also confirmed that except for emphasized the importance of “community when narcotics are being sold where HUPD policing” and praised the Student Security good. When a student is lead the Task Force, was quoted explaining how he policed students versus community has “no choice” but to take action, HUPD’s Patrol as a “very effective supplement” to drunk, I’ll just grab his members differently: stance towards students’ drug use on campus HUPD. However, the Student Security was “pretty relaxed.”101 Patrol group hit a snag when its student roommate and tell him to administrators were caught in a financial take the drunk student scandal. In February of 1975 three student “I can arrest a youth from Cambridge for Even though Task Force Coordinator Mur- patrol members blew the whistle on the home to Mather House or trespassing, I’ve done it before and I think operation to Harvard faculty.105 The Crimson it’s good. When a student is drunk, I’ll just phy boasted about criminalizing Cambridge wherever he’s going.” residents unfairly, he also “guessed” that investigated and reported that first year

66 67 law student Samford L. Maier Jr. had been officers would feed the computer all police to be scientific cops just like on T.V.... paying himself for shifts he did not work, logs and daily police activities and the no way,” a HUPD officer toldTh h e Crim- paying himself while he was on vacation, computer would produce statistical evidence son, speaking about Gorski’s re-vamping and hiring his friends against University about where police were most needed and efforts.118 The union asserted that Gorski’s protocols.106 Most would call this behavior when. This move was in line withGorski’s changes were so drastic that they lowered “embezzling” but Harvard officials puz- reform agenda of “security consciousness,” morale in the force.119 While the University zlingly described it as “improper,” “careless “crime deterrence,” and reliance on modern loved Gorski’s new approach to policing, the and casual,” but not deserving of criminal technology. “Thinking about crime is a lot union resisted it at every step. Months after charges. Gorski did his own investigation like going for a physical or buying life insur- the union forced Gorski out, Gorski’s legacy and decided to take “no punitive discipline” ance,” Gorski said.112 still haunted the union, with negotiations against Maier,107 while regularly overseeing stalling for months over disagreements the arrest of Cambridge teenagers for tres- The union accused Gor- about what to do with Gorski’s policies.120 passing. As an adult, Maier went on to lead This may have been the first time that the Citibank, develop a reputation as a “corpo- ski’s refusal to hire more union demanded a say in not just economic rate fixer” in South America’s finance sector, officers and reorganiza- HUPD 1973 conditions of the officers (pay raises, bene- and oversaw the failure of South Canterbury fits, etc.) but also over thepolicing tactics Finance Bank which ended up receiving a tion of HUPD as a secret and policies used.121 Eventually the union 108, 109 $1.7 billion taxpayer-funded bailout. plan by the University commentary on the state of affairs here if the and acting-Chief Lee reached an agreement “to rid itself of unioniza- University had to hire more security person- which included promises of more officers Gorski’s nel while cutting back on faculty,” Gorski and a salary increase but which mostly kept tion in the police force.” told Thh e Crimson.114 The Crimsonreported Gorski’s policies and mission in place. Modernization that Gorski and Letteri were also at odds over the future of HUPD in general: Gor- Another change Gorski implemented was ski’s emphasis on modernizing and moving Even though Gorski was forced out, his the funding structure of HUPD. Up until Conflict with the in a “technically-oriented direction” did not transformation of the Harvard University Gorski’s tenure, each college and gradu- speak to Letteri’s old school investment in Police Department from “a refuge for portly ate school “bought” a specific amount of Police Union the police union as the driving force behind janitors”122 into a “professional crime fight- policing from HUPD to patrol its individual HUPD.115 Because of these disagreements, ing organization,”123 had taken hold. campus.110 Gorski, convinced that his new Gorski’s ideas about reforming and modern- contract negotiations stalled. The union computer system would tell him where to izing the Harvard Police came to a head, and accused Gorski’s refusal to hire more officers put officers, did not want to be limited by eventually their undoing, when it came time and reorganization of HUPD as a secret plan the funding structure. In June of 1975 the to negotiate a new union contract with the by the University “to rid itself of union- Corporation approved Gorski’s change, Harvard Patrolmen’s Association. Negotia- ization in the police force.”116 The union’s HUPD officers could be deployed wherev- tions first stalled around the issue of hiring distrust and dislike of Gorski grew intense er, whenever, without regard for funding more cops. Lawrence Letteri, president of and was shared by HUPD officers, who felt limitations.111 the union, said that he wanted HUPD to resentful that they were being forced to do hire twelve more cops, citing a 17% increase much more under Gorski’s new high-tech in “crime” as the impetus. Gorski disagreed, police force without a raise. Following the new funding system and the arguing that instead of hiring more cops the implementation of the Task Force, Gorski force should focus on crime prevention ac- tivities and internal reforms, such as reallo- unveiled a new computer and software In March of 1977 Gorski resigned.117 The cating people according to need, rearranging system called the Management Informa- dispute between Gorski and the police shifts, and delegating shifts based on ability tion System. The idea was to centralize union proved impenetrable. “They tell us rather than seniority.113 “It would be a sad the information needed to police: HUPD we’re professionals now, that we’re supposed

68 69 Meanwhile, more watchmen and student physical security measures such as a better security guards were hired as the police escort service or a hotline, the University is force remained at 41 officers, which further continuing its policy of shifting responsibil- threatened the ego of officers who felt their ity for safety on to students and denying its duties were being stripped from them.127 To responsibility to protect us.”133 be clear, this was following a summer where the biggest “crime” complaint in Cambridge was “loud parties and groups of kids on The fallacy of mere awareness being the solu- 128 street corners, and peeping toms.” tion to harm became clearer that fall, when an undergraduate woman was raped in the Student-Led and middle of the night outside Hilles Library in the Radcliffe Quadrangle. Nobody from Institutional the university police department’s growing Responses to Harm

As the department fixated on their declining The permanent solution is sense of authority and legitimacy, and as to alter the power struc- Grant, Spencer. Photograph. 1978 students theorized that the department was ture and attitudes that not accurately reporting crimes,129 other lead to violence against SAUL CHAFIN Chafin’s Trans- University members imagined new methods of safety. In the Spring of 1980, women at women. formation of the Radcliffe formed theStudents Organized Force for Security (SOS), an organization seeking In 1978, Saul L. Chafin was appointed to “to work with the University to establish lead the police department, filling a thirteen prevention programs oriented more towards body of watchmen or student guards was month vacancy after Gorski resigned. He In September 1979, Chafin was openly the protection of people than of proper- around to help, because no security guards came to the force from University of Mas- pushing toward permanent professionaliza- ty.”130 Theirinitial set of demands called on had been assigned to the Quad nor its co-ed sachusetts (UMass) Amherst, and according tion; the department’s budget was over $2 the University to better protect its students, housing that was then geographically part of to the president of the UMass student million—in part spent on new emergency to establish a rape hotline, and to establish the Radcliffe College campus. Meanwhile, 134 government at the time, “Chafin, who is equipment, better radios, and new police an office for crime-related problems among each River House had its own watchman. cruisers—and they took on “a more admin- 131 TheMather House Master remarked that “it [B]lack, has been particularly effective in 125 students. handling several racial incidents on campus istrative and computer oriented style,” was ‘ludicrous’ for the University to employ recently.” 124 including the use of software that kept track six guards to make people walk their bikes of crime reports and their locations. A Crim- through the Yard while the Quad Houses son reporter wrote: “Many of the officers are Meanwhile, the Freshman Dean’s Office lacked their own permanent guards.”135 understandably wary about the shift to the partnered with Chafin to institute apro - Chafin joined HUPD during a period of more professional image, and nostalgically gram wherein trained sophomores were to rock-bottom morale—or in other words, refer to the days when they could fight crime teach first-years about security problems at the force’s frustration at its inability to quell without relying on computer printouts.”126 Harvard and make them “more aware that Cambridge’s crime rate and their subsequent there is a crime problem in Cambridge.”132 internalized pressure to fix the police’s While students involved in security, includ- “image.” ing those in the SOS, found this program important, one added that the program should not just be about awareness, and “[b]y not choosing a policy of improving

70 71 Court issues assault complaint against Harvard's police chief Brine, Dexter Later that semester, the president of SOS, right to equal access to education and the Boston Globe (1960-1988); Apr 3, 1981; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Boston Globe for the security of the Arboretum according Elisabeth Einaudi, and Boston Area Rape university’s responsibility to guarantee that pg. 21 to a lease, neither Harvard nor HUPD felt Crisis Center worker, Peggy Mason, wrote right. any inclination to assist in security measures an op-ed for The Crimson contextualizing there aside from the university donating a “Take Back the Night” women’s march $2,000 toward the community’s $50,000 138 planned for that weekend: … When the woman who has been raped goal for funding patrols. tries to reintegrate herself into society, she encounters enormous obstacles ... the wom- “Late-night studying, early-morning jobs, an is made to bear society’s guilt. It is her While HUPD left it to local women from odd-houred athletic workouts and rehearsals fault that she was sleeping in her bed when a Jamaica Plain, a neighborhood six miles characterize student life at Harvard/Rad- man broke in or that she walked home from south of Cambridge, to band together and cliffe. For a woman to limit her participation the library alone. offer self-defense classes to each other at the because of the threat of rape or assault is Arboretum that summer, Chafin invested to restrict her education. This is why the in a new radio system in September that University must become involved. We will … We laud the efforts of the police depart- provided “unprecedented communication march on Saturday to assert each student’s ment; however, women are still being raped, with other nearby police departments” and assaulted and harassed. The University can allowed HUPD to “monitor and broadcast do more, both on a direct and indirect to all police agencies in the metropolitan “Late-night studying, 139 level. It can provide floodlights and extend area bounded by Rte 128.” Among those early-morning jobs, patrol hours. It can also encourage women areas bound by 128 is indeed Jamaica odd-houred athletic themselves to take basic steps to overcome Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction Bostonprohibited without permission.Globe Plain—HUPD decided to monitor, among the threat of violence and recover their many areas outside of campus, a community workouts and rehearsals independence—by providing free and easily Who Gets whose rapes and brutalizations they had just decided were not their problem. characterize student life accessible self-defense courses. The present Protection? at Harvard/Radcliffe. self-defense course given by Arthur Fitzhugh of HUPD offers a glimmer of hope. How- For a woman to limit her ever, it is not regularly given and depends Thus, despite a decade of reforms, increased In October of 1982, a student in Canaday spending, professionalization, escorts, patrol- participation because on the student’s ability to rent necessary Hall, a freshman dormitory, was robbed equipment, secure a room and guarantee men, and student training of “awareness,” by an armed assailant, and four days later a of the threat of rape attendance of twenty people. HUPD and the University proved unsub- first-year was followed home from the Sci- or assault is to restrict stantial in protecting its women. They did ence Center by a man who was making lewd not adequately shift blame off victims nor gestures to her then tried to block her from her education. This is remove the pressure women faced to orga- getting into her entryway—only fleeing The above suggestions are only temporary nize against harm they received. And in the why the University must solutions. The permanent solution is to alter when she started screaming. Upon receiving years to follow, there was a gruesome trend several complaints from Canaday students, become involved. We the power structure and attitudes that lead of HUPD arbitrarily staying out of harm to violence against women.”136 including the two aforementioned, HUPD will march on Saturday against women. Captain Jack W. Morse responded, “We to assert each student’s don’t see where Canaday is a problem,” and that “problems ‘could have been anywhere.’” right to equal access The SOS again took matters into its own In 1982, over the course of two months, He continued, “We try to define where to education and the hands the next year as it pioneered a “Safety five women were attacked inHarvard’s the problems are and put the patrolmen in Numbers” campaign that encouraged Arnold Arboretum: three were raped (one at there.”140 university’s responsibility students to walk home in groups, and it knifepoint), one was assaulted, and one was to guarantee that right.” distributed pins that indicated the people stabbed. Because the city was responsible wearing them were available to walk class- mates home safely.137

72 73 This begs the questions: If a first-year being PAUL JOHNSON Moreover, Black and brown students on robbed at gunpoint was not their problem campus were often left reeling from frequent area, if a first-year being followed home and harassment at the hands of HUPD and the harassed late at night was not their problem lack of meaningful change afterwards. For area, if a woman being raped at Radcliffe After Chafin left the force to become head example, in 1989, Cambridge Police, with was not their problem area, then what was? of police at Northwestern University, Paul Harvard Police present, ordered Andre What did they consider problems? E. Johnson was appointed to lead HUPD Williams and Craig Cochrane, two Black in November 1983. Johnson, HUPD’s students, off of a Harvard shuttle and second Black police chief, came to Harvard searched their belongings.145 Police said from the Boston Police Department, where Unsurprisingly, a 1984 Crimson article they mistook the pair for a white suspect he had worked for 25 years, from 1957 to in a nearby convenience store robbery and reports: “A special meeting of the University 1982.142 security council earlier this month in the defended the officers’ behavior asproper “ 146 wake of two juveniles being charged for rap- and professional.” After CPD absolved the Thus, even as Chafin urged for the profes- officers, thestudents filed a complaint with ing a freshman in her dorm room resulted in sionalization of the force and the increased no major changes in security policy, police During Johnson’s 12-year tenure as Har- Johnson and Cambridge’s Police Review and presence of student security guards, he 147 department sources said yesterday. vard’s police chief, HUPD officers repeated- Advisory Board. Even though the students repeatedly failed Harvard students and ly targeted students of color and Cambridge clearly did not match the description of neighbors during a surge of harassment and residents. Students and residents filed many the suspect, and the students were detained “A special meeting of sexual violence. Apparently, these issues reports about this racist discrimination, but and searched without probable cause, the the University security were a lesser priority than material accumu- the University failed to treat the allegations board unanimously decided to dismiss the lation of the force, and therefore they were seriously. Instead, Johnson continually case, recommending that the “police force council earlier this month portrayed as the responsibility of students, insisted that the officers were just doing their institute racial sensitivity workshops for its in the wake of two juve- and primarily marginalized groups, to solve. jobs or blamed the problem on a few “bad officers.”148 Chafin’s tenure as chief demonstrated the apples.”143 niles being charged for inefficacy of giving more money to the raping a freshman in her institution that has never truly desired to protect its most vulnerable people. More- Racist Then, in 1991,an officer stopped a student dorm room resulted in no at the Business School and asked for his over, HUPD’s failures starkly contrasted the Discrimination major changes in security inspiring, creative solutions that neglected student ID. The student, who said he had within Harvard’s been stopped by campus police on two policy, police department communities built as responses to harm they faced and out of care for each other. Gates and Beyond other occasions since September, said that sources said yesterday.” the University’s policy requiring students to surrender their IDs to police officers on One incident from Johnson’s first year on request is being “applied disproportionately the job involved HUPD’s arrest of eight to Black male students at Harvard, reflecting Black Cambridge youths in 1984. The their personal prejudices in performing their The meeting, which was called by Dean young people’s parents filed complaints of Students Archie C. Epps III to discuss duty.” The student also said that when he re- against HUPD for holding their children fused to show his ID, the officer pushed him the January 7 incident[, c]oncluded that at the police department without allowing so-called acquaintance rape—the type of against the wall and put a finger in his face. them to call home, as well as arresting them These are just a few examples of the racism r[a]pe alleged by the freshman—can best on unreasonable grounds and harassing be guarded against by increased awareness that community members experienced from 149 141 them during booking. Johnson’s response HUPD. among students[,] the sources said.” was simply to deny that there were any dis- criminatory policing practices at play.144

74 75 Several similar incidents over the next few Perhaps as an attempt to pacify students years demonstrated that HUPD did not lambasting HUPD for its anti-Blackness and brutality against protesters HUPD announced a new security plan in February Anti-apartheid activists 1992. The plan followed a community-po- on campus also alleged licing model with the hopes of making the that HUPD tapped their department “more accessible to the commu- nity.” Police officers would have a designat- phones... they used their ed house or dorm, allowing students and dorm phones to discuss officers to become familiar with one anoth- er.153 Two months after the announcement, plans for a fictitious the Black Students Association distributed raid on a University a flyer called“On the Harvard Plantation” condemning the hostile environment on office scheduled at a campus created in part by harassment Black specific time. HUPD students experienced from HUPD.154 Stu- officers showed up at the dents seemed generally skeptical of HUPD’s Harvard Business School sincerity when it came to responding to the location at the appointed complaints of BIPOC — Andre Williams Student Complaints and admonished 11 others. No HUPD officers were punished.150 time. was quoted in an article saying that Johnson and HUPD’s seemed like “‘he was just trying to appease [him]’” in conversations following the police Response reform its tactics. In 1987, Harvard’s South officers harassing him on the shuttle bus. Africa Solidarity Committee asked Harvard HUPD officers also deployed force against to investigate HUPD’s “excessive use of Harvard students protesting against South force” against students protesting a speech African apartheid. One notable incident The HBS student, The experiences of white students during by another South African government this time stood in stark contrast to the con- in 1985 led twenty students to file for- who said he had official, but without success.151 Anti-apart- mal complaints of police brutality against stant harassment students of color faced. For been stopped by heid activists on campus also alleged that example, in November of 1990, The Crimson HUPD. When anti-apartheid activists gath- HUPD tapped their phones. Students ered outside an event attended by a South campus police on reported the arrest of Bernard Mansavage, Anthony Ball and John Ross told The Boston a white first-year student, for assault and African government official, Harvard police two other occasions Globe that they suspected that Harvard was responded by “enter[ing] panic mode and battery and attempting to evade arrest. He since September, said listening to private conversations related to was placed into custody, but his case was stag[ing] a military-style break through the their organizing. University officials denied protestors and assorted students heading to ultimately dismissed with the condition that the University’s the charges, so Ball and Ross decided to lay that he pay court costs and apologize to and from lunch.” In a letter to The Crimson, a false trail. They used their dorm phones students alleged that HUPD officers charged policy “applied the officers involved. The incident was not to discuss plans for a fictitious raid on a placed on his permanent record — Johnson them, “pushing aside, grabbing, elbowing, disproportionately to University office scheduled at a specific time. choking, and trampling protestors.” At least explained that, “‘He’s not a bad kid, there Black male students at HUPD officers showed up at the location was just some alcohol involved.”155 two students were injured and twenty filed at the appointed time, fueling the students’ complaints with the University’s Committee Harvard, reflecting their suspicions that HUPD was indeed monitor- on Rights and Responsibilities, a faculty personal prejudices in ing their telephones.152 committee originally formed in 1969 to dis- In contrast, Inati Ntshanga, a Black student, cipline student protestors. The Committee performing their duty.” was treated as a suspect while working for ultimately placed 10 students on probation the Harvard University Campus Escort

76 77 Program (HUCEP). In the course of his a Black guard who argued that he was sian guard, who disclosed information to The FRANCIS D. RILEY duties, Ntshanga was dispatched to take disciplined more severely for falling asleep at Crimson under the requirement of anonym- five students to McCurdy Track. Once they his post than a white guard who was guilty ity due to concerns over his immigration arrived at the track, the students, “took off of the same thing; and a Black guard who status, was eventually fired by Johnson after their clothes and ran relays around the track alleged incidents of racial harassment at the complaining that “he was harassed by his When Riley left his position as Lieutenant while drinking beer.” Ntshanga then left to supervisors and assaulted by a colleague.”162 Colonel and Commander of the Division of Investigations and Intelligence for the respond to another request, and a short time The Black Students Asso- Such incidents of retaliation necessitated later HUPD officers arrived at the track. a University security guard union steward Massachusetts State Police to become the Ntshanga was told to return, and when he ciation distributed a flyer to publicly condemn the “management of HUPD police chief, he entered an embat- got there, officers told him to, “‘put [his] called “On the Harvard the Harvard Police Department to date” tled campus. A 1995 Crimson article asserts hands where [they] could see them,’” and because “his bosses engaged in a ‘pattern of that, “One of the most significant issues questioned him, all while joking around Plantation” condemning retaliation’ against guards who accused their facing Riley in his new post is the question with the five white students.156 the hostile environment supervisors of discriminatory practices.”163 of improving how police officers handle racially sensitive issues,” a reference to the on campus created in well-documented instances of racial profiling part by harassment Black that occurred under the Johnson adminis- Throughout the time that Johnson was While Harvard officials tration.164 chief, officers failed to extend the grace students experienced and understanding that they had for white may have hoped that students to Black students, despite Johnson’s from HUPD. hiring a Black police chief Consequently, Riley argued that his tenure insistence that there couldn’t be racism would insulate HUPD on his force since he was Black.157 Instead, hands of two supervisors. A year earlier, a as HUPD police chief would be marked by officers treated Black students as unwelcome Black graduate student who worked as a from charges of racist two things: the diversification of HUPD’s guests, which not only made students feel dispatcher for the University’ escort service discrimination, HUPD police force and investment into community that they did not belong, but was also taken alleged to TheCrimson that her supervisor policing models that would foster better as license on the part of officers to brutalize was verbally abusive to her “in an incident officers continued to pro- relationships between the force and the 159 these students. she termed ‘definitely racial.’” These file and harass students broader Harvard community. Reporting complaints reinforced student complaints of from The Crimson that documents Riley’s racist discrimination by HUPD. “The fact of color and community first year as Chiefcelebrates his success Discrimination that this is coming from the guards inside members under John- in implementing such initiatives, arguing within the the department proves our point,” said Za- that, “Gone are the public complaints of heer Ali ‘94, president of the Black Students son’s leadership. racism against HUPD officers.”165 Such Department Association.160 reports allege that racism disappeared from While Harvard officials may have hoped that Harvard’s campus within the short span of Moreover, in the early 1990s, complaints of hiring a Black police chief would insulate a year due to Riley’s “no toleration for racial racial profiling and sexual harassment were Such complaints were almost always out- HUPD from charges of racist discrimina- insensitivity” policy, new “multicultural and leveled by Harvard’s own security guards. rightly denied by guard supervisors, spokes- tion, HUPD officers continued to profile ethnic sensitivity” training programs, efforts Security guards were not HUPD officers, persons for HUPD and the University, or and harass students of color and commu- to recruit “women and minorities in order to but they were employees over whom John- by Chief Johnson himself. The complainants nity members under Johnson’s leadership. diversify the department’s patrol unit,” and son had disciplinary and firing power. In were also subject to retaliation. For example, Johnson routinely dismissed complaints and his frequent meetings with student leaders Thhe Crimson 166 1993, reported that six present a guard who charged that her supervisor “‘is- failed to hold officers accountable for their and attendance at College meetings. and former security guards alleged that, “su- sued a sexist command’ and referred to her actions. Throughout his time at HUPD, pervisors mistreated them because they are 158 as a ‘girl’” argued that the same supervisor the department contributed to an unsafe minorities.” The complainants included retaliated against her by “put[ting] down environment for Black and brown students, The Crimson’s early reporting on Riley an Asian-American guard who claimed that that I was late when I wasn’t.”161 And a Rus- Cambridge residents, and employees. characterizes his tenure as Chief as ushering she was sexually harassed by a supervisor;

78 79 HUPD into an era of post-racist account- [HUPD spokesperson Steven G.] Catalano ability, and yet, history proves otherwise. said will ensure that those detained will not Under Riley’s leadership, the well-funded be able to leave.”169 and infrastructurally-upgraded department continues to be plagued by allegations of racial profiling and harassment—from offi- Calls for HUPD cers, students, and members of the broader Transparency community. Meanwhile, the University’s ad- ministration has allowed HUPD to remain Not long after HUPD’s office upgrades, unaccountable to the community it allegedly sustained calls for HUPD transparency came protects and serves by fighting against public to a head. In 2003, The Harvard Crimson, access to police records in court. Finally, represented by the American Civil Liberties the sustained high rate of sexual assault on Union of Massachusetts (ACLU-M), filed a campus suggests that HUPD’s presence lawsuit against Harvard University in order is not an active deterrent of violent crime to access more detailed HUPD crime reports and that other models of community care and records, rather than the abbreviated and violence prevention are better uses of police log that HUPD makes available to the 167 University resources. public. Despite Riley’s emphasis on com- munity policing, which would ostensibly include increased transparency between the Upgrades to upon request.”171 The case was dismissed by Crimson article, “Harvard likes to keep its department and the student body, Crim- Middlesex Superior Court Justice Nancy secrets.” Paley contextualizes the University’s Infrastructure son President Amit R. Paley (’04) alleged Staffier in March 2004, appealed, andulti - refusal to release HUPD records and reports that for three years the University denied mately struck down by the Supreme Judicial within a much longer timeline of institu- In 2002, the University substantially invest- requests to release incident reports “about Court in 2006 on the grounds that HUPD tional opacity, including the suppression of ed in HUPD infrastructure by moving the matters ranging from racial profiling to is a private police force.172 information surrounding the University’s force’s headquarters from 29 Garden Street sexual assault.”170 1920 Secret Court which expelled students to their current location on 1033 Massachu- setts Ave; the 29 Garden Street location was and faculty who were “gay or associating Harvard’s refusal to create avenues of with gays” and then-College Dean Harry to be extensively remodeled in order to serve These refusals, according toThe Crimson, accountability and transparency between the Lewis’s attempt in 2002 to stealthily alter as a HUPD sub-station. While Thhe Crimson were justified under the pretenses of Har- community and HUPD is alarming for a the College’s sexual assault policy so that article documenting this change does not vard not being subject to public records laws provide the dollars-and-cents breakdown of number of reasons. As Paley notes in a 2004 “some form of ‘corroborating evidence’” was because of its status as a private university, required before investigations of “peer to this infrastructural improvement, the bill while spokespeople from the University was probably quite steep, as, “The new loca- “It’s ironic that the same peer assaults” were initiated by the Univer- alleged that the release of more detailed 173 tion’s technological amenities include a palm sity. Such institutional opacity was espe- information could potentially violate the Harvard administrators cially concerning and hypocritical to Paley print scanner that allows one detective to privacy rights of students whose names and gain access to stored evidence…[and] more and lawyers who believe given the University’s condemnation of the identifying information were included in Patriot Act: Paley writes, “It’s ironic that the hidden cameras than were used in the old the records. However, representatives for in accountability and building.”168 Other building amenities noted same Harvard administrators and lawyers The Crimson argued “that because HUPD openness in government who believe in accountability and openness in the article include parking facilities, lock- officers are special state police officers- dep er rooms, a gym, more office space, “twelve reject those principles in government reject those principles when utized in Middlesex and Suffolk counties, it comes to the University.”174 brand new leather chairs…in the chief’s they should be subject to the public records when it comes to the Uni- new conference room,” and “a temporary law, which stipulates that records produced holding cell with a built-in bathroom, which by agents of public institutions be available versity.”

80 81 Violence on the number, had the potential to decentral- Such statistics indicate the obvious—that Racial Profiling ize police responses, even as the proposed sexual violence at Harvard is a serious Campus iteration of SafetyWalk would have routed problem that needs to be reckoned with. While the safety of all community members calls for escorts through HUPD dispatchers. And yet, Riley has been on the record as is claimed to be of utmost importance, it Even as writers for the publication often cel- Such proposals indicate that even the upper minimizing the problem and shifting the is notable that calls in the name of public ebrated Riley’s leadership in his first decade echelons of University administration envi- onus of responsibility onto survivors. For safety on Harvard’s campus have correlated as HUPD Chief, Crimson articles from the sioned safety as exceeding the bounds of the example, in a 2016 Crimson article, Riley is with increased instances of racial profil- early 2000s allude to the ways in which the Harvard University Police Department. quoted as saying, “Although reported crime ing. One such instance occurred in 2007, presence of HUPD was not an active deter- at Harvard is low (and about 93% of it is three years after Harvard’s “dark winter” of rent to crime. For example, a 2004 article property crime), it is important for students, assaults prompted HUPD to increase patrols characterizes the 2003-2004 school year as Despite the increase of faculty, staff, and visitors to remember we of routes that students frequent. That year, “a dark winter. Ten assaults in less than four are located in an urban setting and must HUPD patrols in the wake Cabot House residents called the University months have left the Harvard community contend with many of the crime and safety of the 2004 assaults, sex- police on a group of students from the Black shaken.” In response to this wave of assaults, issues that exist in the city.”180 some of which notably had been perpetrated ual violence and other Men’s Forum (BMF) and the Association of Black Harvard Women (ABHW) who by a University employee, “HUPD increased forms of interpersonal the presence of police officers on foot, riding had convened on the Quad for the annual harm have continued to This statement is minimizing, as it suggests “BMF-ABHW Challenge.” bicycles and in cars across campus, targeting that HUPD’s chief of police regards sexual areas where the assaults have occurred and persist at Harvard. violence as a relatively small problem at the routes students frequent. Chief Riley Harvard. Furthermore, Riley’s assertion that According to a Crimson article, members of said these focused patrols, originally intro- community members must remember that were met by the police, questioned about duced as a response to the assaults, are now Moreover, it is worth noting that despite “we are located in an urban setting” suggests 175 whether they had obtained permission to here to stay.” the increase of HUPD patrols in the wake that students should regard the city (and by hold the event on the Quad, and admon- of the 2004 assaults, sexual violence and extension, its racialized, working class, and/ ished to “keep the noise down” as they other forms of interpersonal harm have or residents experiencing houselessness) as “played games of dodgeball and capture-the- However, as reported by The Crimson, continued to persist at Harvard. Citing innately dangerous and that the majority flag.’”181Although the students had received the safety committee that the University “Forty instances of forced sexual contact of sexual violence is perpetrated by those the appropriate permissions to hold their convened in response to this wave of assaults on or near campus [that] were reported to who do not officially belong to Harvard’s event on the Quad, they were still met with proposed a number of solutions that did not the Harvard University Police Department community. Both of these intimations are a degree of censure by HUPD, who instruct- center the police. These included installing and other local law enforcement in 2013,” untrue, and carry damning racist and classist ed them to keep their volume levels down in 24 hour universal keycard access for students The Crimson declared that Harvard had the undertones. Finally, read in conjunction a common and outdoor space. to their dorms (at this time, keycard access highest number of sex offenses in the entire with the self-defense classes that HUPD was shut off at 2:30 AM); pressuring the Ivy League in a 2014 article.177 In 2015, The offers for Harvard affiliates, Riley’s admon- City of Cambridge to install more lighting Crimson reported that, “Reported Campus ishment that Harvard community members in key areas such as Cambridge Com- Rapes Nearly Double[d] from 2013 to must be mindful of living in a city where Impacted students condemned the profiling mon; and the centralization of University 2014,” that a 2014 campus-wide survey crime occurs places the responsibility of and strongly criticized community members’ communications regarding assaults so that revealed that “31 percent of surveyed senior violence prevention on community members use of HUPD as the enforcer of racialized students were made aware of incidents in women at Harvard College reported being themselves. Thus, the chief’s own statements assumptions of belonging and unbelonging. a more timely manner.176 Other proposals, victims of some kind of sexual misconduct,” on the record suggest that he regards sexual Paraphrased in Thhe Crimson, then-presi- such as the revamping of SafetyWalk, a and that the overwhelming majority of violence as neither a statistically significant dent of the Black Men’s Forum, Bryan C. “volunteer-run walking escort service” that women who had been raped “did not file a problem on campus nor a problem that Barnhill, argued that “the call to HUPD had been allowed to go defunct by the Uni- formal report.”178 And in 2016, The Crimson HUPD officers are particularly effective at was ‘disturbing’ because of the ‘assumption 182 versity despite the fact that the University’s reported that the number of campus rapes preventing. that we didn’t belong there.’” Moreover, blue light phones still prominently featured had increased yet again.179 Barnhill asserted that the affected students

82 83 “want to show that subtle forms of racism for Houghton Library called HUPD on greater Harvard, Cambridge, and Boston Furthermore, as The Crimson states, HUPD exist, such as seeing a group of black people several students of color who had received community members in the name of “pub- officers routinely seek toevict persons on Harvard property and assuming they permission to hang an art installation for lic safety.” experiencing houselessness from University don’t belong there…’”183 Among the ideas their class, “SPANSH 126: Performing spaces available to the public for infractions proposed by Barnhill was a “campaign called Latinidad,” in front of the library. According such as sleeping, even as students guilty of ‘I am Harvard,’ aimed at ‘eliminating the In 2018, a Black undergraduate expe- the same “offense” are not responded to notion that Harvard isn’t a place for minori- in the same way.191 HUPD’s antagonism “The call to HUPD was riencing a potentially narcotics-related ties, women, and other sorts of people that mental health crisis was brutalized by toward people experiencing houselessness, 184 defy your standard Harvard profile.’” ‘disturbing’ because of Cambridge Police (CPD) officers after his and particularly Black community members experiencing houselessness, has culminated the ‘assumption that we in violence. For example, a 2020 Crimson In 2014, Black students at Harvard didn’t belong there.” In 2018, a Black under- article reports that HUPD Officer Anthony launched a creative campaign that bore Moreover, Barnhill as- graduate experiencing T. Carvello has “received criticism for his striking similarity to the campaign proposed use of force” in three separate recent arrests by Barnhill. Called “I, Too, Am Harvard,” serted that the affected a potentially narcot- of Black men experiencing houselessness at 192 the campaign raised objection to the fact students “want to show ics-related mental health the Smith Campus Center. It bears noting that this particular officer is “one of the that, “Our voices often go unheard on this that subtle forms of rac- crisis was brutalized by campus, our experiences are devalued, our department’s defensive tactics instructors, a presence is questioned…”185 The “I, Too, ism exist, such as seeing Cambridge Police (CPD) position in which he teaches HUPD officers 193 Am Harvard” campaign included a series a group of black people officers after his friends best practices for de-escalating situations.” of photos of Black students holding signs. While some signs featured declarative asser- on Harvard property and called Harvard University tions and quotes from scholars and activists, assuming they don’t be- Health Services (HUHS) others directly quoted the various racist remarks said to Black students at Harvard. long there…’” seeking medical care for Among the latter were “You’re dressed him. like you might shoot me right now—such a thug,” and “are you all so fast because to The Crimson, the students were asked to you spend so much time running from prove their Harvard affiliation by showing friends called Harvard University Health the cops?”186 Signs such as these highlight their student IDs, and during the interac- Services (HUHS) seeking medical care the fact that the myth of Black criminal- tion, the students’ professor “expressed the for him.189HUHS transferred the call to ity continues to underscore many Black view that the ethnic identity of the students HUPD, who then transferred the call to 188 students’ experience on campus, creating an was a factor in the police being called.” CPD, even though, as The Crimson notes, unsafe environment and opening the door to This instance exemplifies how HUPD is “Harvard College has an ‘Amnesty Policy” increased surveillance and policing. weaponized to make many students of color outlined in the student handbook that states feel fundamentally unwelcome on their own that, if a student seeks medical help for an campus. intoxicated friend, neither the student nor Unfortunately, HUPD and the Universi- the friend will ‘face disciplinary action from 190 ty act in ways that do in fact criminalize the College.’ As many undergraduates racialized community members. Despite Moreover, when the police are called on and graduates noted, the transferral of this Riley’s assertion that HUPD is “committed BIPOC community members, there is call over to not one but two different police to providing a safe, secure, and welcoming always the potential for violence to be meted departments seemed to be the ultimate environment for everyone,” the actions and out. Under Riley’s watch, HUPD and its disciplinary action in this instance. protocols of his officers prove otherwise.187 local law enforcement partner agencies have For example, in 2019, the building manager committed such acts of violence against

84 85 DURING THE minority officers and its policing behind the backdrop of a national movement against SEARCH FOR police brutality.”197 The wording of this A NEW CHIEF, statement is eerily similar to The Crimson’s write-up of the institutional corruption and WE CALL FOR malfeasance that Riley was meant to root ABOLITION out when he initially accepted the position of chief of HUPD. Despite Riley’s claim that he would usher HUPD into an era of diversity and commu- Not much has changed in twenty-five years, nity-accountable policing, the same issues and it is for this reason that campus activists that plagued the department before his and members of the broader community arrival continue to persist. Internally, the have condemned HUPD as an irredeemable department continues to be characterized as and unreformable institution. In a recent “Instead of funding police that harass a racist, sexist, and homophobic “Old Boys’ open letter, the Harvard Prison Divestment Network,” as evidenced by a 2020 investi- Campaign and the Harvard Ethnic Studies students in the midst of mental health gative piece by The Crimson that prompted Coalition called for the abolition of HUPD the University to initiate a review of the and extended an invitation to Harvard ad- crises, Harvard must invest in mental department.194 Within Harvard’s campus ministration to partner in restructuring the health care and crisis response that pri- and its immediate surrounding areas, key institution along anti-carceral lines, writing: swaths of the population are made to feel oritizes care, not punishment. Instead unsafe and unwelcome by HUPD, and this “Instead of funding police that harass unwelcome has tipped into outright police students in the midst of mental health crises, of paying police to harass homeless brutality on multiple occasions. And within Harvard must invest in mental health care people in Harvard Square, Harvard the broader Boston/Cambridge community, and crisis response that prioritizes care, not HUPD has been condemned for its policing punishment. Instead of paying police to must invest in housing security for our and surveillance of protesters at both a 2019 harass homeless people in Harvard Square, Anti-ICE protest in front of Amazon’s Ken- Harvard must invest in housing security for most vulnerable neighbors in Cam- dall Square offices and a 2020 Black Lives our most vulnerable neighbors in Cam- Matter vigil at Boston’s Franklin Park—two bridge, particularly given the expanse of bridge, particularly given the expanse neighborhoods at a significant distance from Harvard’s real estate holdings.”198 of Harvard’s real estate holdings.” Harvard’s campuses.195 And after HAACC’s direct action on In partial response to these mounting July 28, 2020, we released the following scandals, in June of 2020, Riley announced statement on Medium: “HAACC joins the Excerpt from “Black Lives Matter: Abolish HUPD” that he would be stepping down as police voices of campus police abolition groups chief after a quarter-century of acting in across the country, demanding that uni- this role.196 Harvard University has already versities abandon the misguided practice of begun convening a search committee to find handing over the responsibility of student his replacement, and according to The Crim- safety to armed cops who are then deputized son, “The person who the search committee to terrorize local communities.”199 Such taps to succeed Riley will be tasked with calls attest to the fact that there is a growing leading a university police department that population of community members who has weathered criticisms for its treatment of believe that another world is possible—one without HUPD.

86 87 Police Logs WHAT DOES HUPD DO?

Federal and state laws require HUPD to lishes the last 60 days of logs online in PDF maintain and to disclose data on campus form—though they acknowledge that the crime. Federally, the Jeanne Clery Disclo- online logs are “not the official logs”—and sure of Campus Security Policy and Campus these online versions are removed from the Crime Statistics Act200 requires this among HUPD website after 60 days. Additionally, all colleges and universities with federal in our experience, the online logs are subject financial aid programs. In Massachusetts, to publishing delays. Section 98F of the Massachusetts Gener- al Laws, Chapter 41201 requires colleges and universities with officers to keep and We analyzed 11,654 maintain daily records of all crimes reported. logs from over five years tacted HUPD about procuring more logs. Needless to say, this risked exposing the two The Massachusetts law also stipulates that Although HUPD acknowledged that they members of our team who took these pho- these records be kept “in a form that can be (January 1, 2015 through have, in the past, sent members of the public tographs to COVID-19. Once the pictures easily understood”203 and that they include August 16, 2020) of Microsoft Excel versions of the logs that cov- were taken, we assembled a transcription “all responses to valid complaints received, HUPD activity. er specific periods of time and/or incidents team to transfer the data into Microsoft crimes reported, the names, addresses of of interest, HUPD refused to send our team Excel for further analysis alongside the data persons arrested and the charges against such Excel versions of the logs, and they required downloaded from online. persons arrested.” Finally, the Massachu- In an attempt to understand the activities of that we collect this information in-person setts law requires that these daily logs be HUPD, we analyzed 11,654 logs from over (in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic) provided to the public without charge and at five years (January 1, 2015 through August by taking pictures of the official printed-out reasonable times. There are a few exceptions 16, 2020) of HUPD activity. Initially, we logs kept at HUPD headquarters. about what logs must be maintained in this sought to analyze the logs available online way, including records about handicapped (which were in PDF form)—but the or incapacitated individuals; records about deletion of the online logs after 60 days and The HUPD officer coordinating our data domestic violence, rape, or sexual assault; the difficulty of analyzing the PDFs with collection subjected our in-person visits records concerning the arrest of a person for traditional data analysis programs rendered to last-minute delays after a member of assault, battery, or violation of a protective this approach difficult. Nevertheless, we his household was potentially exposed to order where the victim is a family member; were able to obtain and analyze some data COVID-19. In light of this, we asked, again, and records about the arrest of an individual through a combination of downloading re- for virtual copies of the logs and/or for under 18. cent logs from the HUPD website and older another officer to accompany us instead. The logs from web archives. coordinating officer refused these requests. After a week of delays, the coordinating In accordance with these laws, HUPD main- officer was able to accompany us to HUPD tains daily written crime logs available to the However, the vast majority of logs for this headquarters to take photographs of the logs public. Two official logs are maintained at time period could not be found online. As (which, it turned out, appeared identical HUPD stations. Additionally, HUPD pub- a result, several of this report’s authors con- in form to the PDF copies housed online).

88 89

INCIDENT LOCATIONS IN HUPD POLICE LOGS 2015 - 2016 Massachusetts Ave Massachusetts ... However, HUPD officers do occasionally

Concord Ave leave campus to assist SOMERVILLE Cambridge and Boston 100 CAMBRIDGESIDE PL 07/11/2016 Police and as part of Officers dispatched to assist CPD with crowd control. Officers arrived their own investigations. and report crowd of approximately HARVARD YARD 1000 being unruly and refusing to leave the area. Additional police departments were notified and arrived on scene and eventually the crowd CAMBRIDGE dispersed. 6741 Incidents

BUSINESS SCHOOL Massachusetts Ave

BOSTON ALLSTON 960 Incidents

Charles River

HUPD activities are LONGWOOD MEDICAL CAMPUS overwhelmingly 597 Incidents 39 DALTON ST 11/12/2015 Officer dispatched to take a report focused around of a stolen wallet valued at $30.00, a license, an HUID card, credit/debit Harvard’s campuses cards, and $150.00 in U.S. currency. in Cambridge, Allston and Longwood...

90 91 INCIDENT CLASSIFICATIONS IN HUPD POLICE LOGS 2015 - 2020 ANALYSIS OF THE port of an individual repeatedly ringing the doorbell in the building. Officers arrived and HUPD PUBLIC reported that the individual was a resident NUMBER OF INCIDENTS POLICE LOGS who had been locked out and that all was 0 1000 2000 well,” and “Officers dispatched to a report Theft Report 2321 of an individual in the building who may Suspicious Activity 2208 Unwanted Guest 1224 not have authorization to be there. Officers Assist Cambridge Police 919 Incidents recorded in the HUPD logs are Noise Complaint 778 arrived and report individual was allowed 374 classified by type. The majority of records Trespass Warning to be in the building.”). In some of these Motor Vehicle Accident 352 fall into one of the following categories: Vandalism 325 cases, the individual whose “authorization” Field Interview 244 theft report, suspicious activity, unwanted Annoying Calls/Texts/Emails 217 was questioned turned out to be a student Disturbance 198 guest, assist Cambridge police, and noise Assist State Police 183 (e.g., “Officer dispatched to a report of an Property Damage 181 complaint. Other incident types include Demonstration 169 individual in the area who may not have 150 motor vehicle accident, trespass warning, Suspicious Mail/Package/Bag authorization to be there. Officer arrived Assist Boston Police 147 vandalism, annoying calls/texts/emails, and Remove Group 146 and report individual was a student and was Threat(s) 134 fire. A full list of the incident types that Assault Report 119 allowed to stay in the area.”). Loud Party 117 appear in the data we collected appears in Fire 113 Lost Property 107 Figure 1, along with the frequency of each Harassment 94 Skateboard/Bike Complaint 67 incident type in our data. Trespassing 66 This latter category, in particular, begs ques- Suspicious Odor/Smoke 58 Suspicious Call/Text/Mail/Social Media tions of bias. Who is deemed “suspicious” Hazardous Condition when inhabiting their own study spaces Assist CPD - Theft Report We hone in on several of these incident Fraud or entering their own apartment building? Domestic Disturbance types. The “suspicious activity” type (2,208 209 A Service What are the ramifications of someone Assist out of 11,654 logs) is a broad category that Other PD patrolling their classmates and neighbors by Warrant Arrest includes reports of suspicious individuals, Annoying Call(s) - Scam calling HUPD instead of being in com- Rape objects, noises, letters, phone calls, and other munity with and recognizing these people? Assist BPD - Theft Report notable experiences that prompt calls to Bomb Threat What students have their “authorization” Indecent Assault HUPD. In order to better understand the Assist Transport Police questioned by police forces? Certainly, Trespass Letter nature of these incidents, we conducted an Motor Vehicle Theft this evokes national incidents of racism Marassment Protection Order exploratory qualitative analysis of the inci- Assist Other Agency succinctly summarized as “existing while Assist Somerville Police dent descriptions (longer text that accompa- Black,” wherein non-Black people call police Motor Vehicle Complaint nies each log and includes a description of Chemical Spill on Black people for engaging in mundane Assist TPD - Theft Report the reported incident). In many cases, the Sudden Death behaviors, such as “sleeping in university Robbery Report description itself was uninformative (e.g., Peeping and Spying Figure 1 common rooms...moving into apartments, Drug Law Violation “Officers dispatched to a report of suspicious Open and Gross leaving apartments…[or] sitting in their Information Security Breach activity.”), reflected an unnecessary dispatch cars”—behaviors that, as shown in the data, Indecent Exposure HUPD classifies reported incidents of services (e.g., “Officers dispatched to a Assist Citizen by “type,” and here we summarize the have elicited calls to HUPD.202 Of course, Arson report of a motor vehicle idle in the area. Annoying and Accosting incident types across all years of HUPD the lack of demographic data within HUPD Weapons Violation log data we collected for this report Officers arrived and report individual was Receive/Possess Stolen Prop reports prevents such analyses for HUPD Assist Other Harvard Dept (January 2015 through August 2020). an Uber driver just waiting for a pickup.”), 209 A Violation specifically. Nevertheless, the connections Witness Intimidation The most frequent types, by far, are or reflected a misinterpretation by the caller are clear and thus worth raising, particularly Wiretapping/Secret Recording “theft report,” “suspicious activity,” and (e.g., “Officers dispatched to a report of past Protective Custody “unwanted guest.” when such incidents elsewhere have been Papers Served suspicious activity. Officers arrived and -re Missing Person linked to physical and psychological harms Lewd and Lascivious port just young kids trying to fix a chain on 203 HPO Violation for Black people. Found/Recovered Property their bicycle.” “Officers dispatched to a -re INCIDENT TYPE Disorderly Conduct Assist MSP - Theft Report Assist HUHS

92 93 Within the “suspicious activity” category, sleeping (e.g., “Officer dispatched to a report as well, are incidents that suggest mental of an unwanted guest sleeping on the patio illness or emotional distress (e.g., “Officers area. Officer arrived, located individual and dispatched to a report of an individual sent them on their way.”) or simply spend- screaming and throwing clothes in the ing time on Harvard University property area. Officers arrived and report individual (e.g., “Officer dispatched to a report of an gone on arrival”) or poverty (e.g., “Officers unwanted guest in the lobby of the building. dispatched to a report of two individuals Officer arrived and report individual gone searching through recycling bins behind on arrival.”). Typically, the “unwanted the building. Officers arrived and reported guests” are either gone by the time HUPD individuals gone on arrival”). arrives or are asked to leave. A related inci- dent type, “trespass warning,” occurs when HUPD Cooperation in the Time of COVID HUPD delivers an official trespass warning In these kinds of cases, the data suggest to the “unwanted guest.” It is unclear (based that the individuals are typically “gone on on the data at hand) what exactly warrants a arrival.” Otherwise, reports indicate that trespass warning over and above simply be- officers respond by sending the individuals ing asked to leave, although at times the logs “on their way” or issuing a “verbal trespass describe “suspicious” behavior. However, warning” for Harvard property. Thus, even the choice to escalate to a “trespass warning” in these discrete interactions, we see HUPD can have dangerous consequences. prioritizing the protection of property over the needs of community members. As abolitionists, we care to imagine a world At times (e.g., when an individual had prior where, instead, non-carceral responders trespass warnings), HUPD escalated the assess these individuals’ needs and connect trespass warnings to criminal “trespassing” them with food, shelter, money, or mental (66 out of 11,654 logs), which, in some health services. cases, resulted in an arrest. We found several instances where the arrested individual was experiencing houselessness: where Within the “suspicious ac- the individual’s address listed alongside tivity” category, as well, the arrest was “homeless” or a shelter. In one particularly egregious circumstance, are incidents that suggest HUPD sought a criminal complaint against mental illness or emotion- a 61-year-old person who was houseless, al distress. but only after first calling an ambulance to transport them to a medical facility. In another, HUPD, upon finding evidence of a Other common and related incident cate- break-in, arrested a 29-year-old person who gories are “unwanted guest” (1,224 out of was found asleep in a basement, and only 11,654 logs) and “trespass warning” (374 after the arrest did HUPD search them and out of 11,654 logs). Incidents classified as find a knife and marijuana (HUPD’s choice “unwanted guest” involve an individual to note these things, despite the absence deemed “unwanted” on Harvard Univer- of charges for a weapon or marijuana, begs sity property. These individuals could be the question of post hoc justification for

94 95

Eric Cohn Email. RADCLIFFE QUADRANGLE Many incidents are 133 incidents located in Harvard SOMERVILLE LAW SCHOOL SCIENCE CENTER Yard and surrounding 164 incidents 214 incidents MOUNT AUBURN SMITH CAMPUS CENTER publicHOSPITAL spaces. 412 incidents HARVARD YARD 793 incidents

River Charles

HARVARD ATHLETICS COMPLEX 184 incidents

RIVER HOUSES 701 incidents

RIVER HOUSES 701 incidents

River Charles PEABODY TERRACE 235 incidents

Other incidents occur AKRON HOUSE 55 incidents HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL around student 102 incidents housing. WESTERN AVENUE 171 incidents

96 97 TYPES OF ADDRESSES LISTED ALONGSIDE ARREST RECORDS IN HUPD their actions). This fits within HUPD’s police,” “assist state police,” “assist Boston LOGS 2015 - 2020 history of violent interactions with people police,” “assist other PD,” “assist CPD theft who are experiencing houselessness204. In report,” “assist BPD theft report,” “assist this way, HUPD criminalizes houselessness transit police,” “assist Somerville police,” and poverty, not unlike police departments “assist other agency,” or “assist police”). RESIDENTIAL (65.5%) across the United States. Taken together, The incident descriptions associated with the “unwanted guest,” “trespass warning,” these logs indicate that they reflect typical and “trespassing” incident types indicate HUPD activities: investigating complaints, Figure 2 that many of HUPD’s activities involve the ambiguous noises or packages, “suspicious violent protection of Harvard University activity,” disputes or arguments, thefts, and This figure summarizes addresses listed with arrest records. When an arrest property at the expense of the health, safety, the like. Logs classified as assisting other occurs, the arrested individual’s address UNKNOWN (3.4%) and wellbeing of members of the surround- police departments also included taking is listed per Massachusetts state law. ing community. reports of sexual assaults, towing vehicles, A significant proportion of arrested JUVENILE (1.7%) investigating motor injuries, assisting other individuals were either experiencing police departments in making arrests, break- houselessness (had “homeless” listed as their address) or listed a shelter as their We found numerous records where HUPD ing up parties, and investigating reports of address. HOMELESS (12.1%) was involved in handling situations that individuals with weapons. One record also would be more appropriately handled by indicates that HUPD assisted the Boston School Police in tracking a stolen phone, other Harvard staff. For example, it is un- SHELTER (17.2%) clear why HUPD would attend to a possible potentially contributing to the school-to- chemical spill (e.g., “Officer dispatched to a prison pipeline. Another indicates that report of a possible chemical spill. Officers HUPD assisted in monitoring a “demon- stration”—activity which received criticism arrived and spoke to two individuals who We also investigated what kinds of incidents recently when it was revealed that HUPD Analyses of state there was an unknown substance found resulted in arrests. As described earlier, officers were present patrolling George Floyd on the floor when they entered the lab. At Recorded Arrests non-Harvard affiliates’ presence on Harvard protests in Boston.205 this time, an individual from [Environ- property can result in arrest, and this is mental Health and Safety] was notified and the most frequent incident type for arrests stated the unknown substance was most HUPD’s police logs also record arrests. In (“trespassing”). A high proportion of arrests likely water.”), when instead Environmen- We found numerous our data, there were 116 arrests, representing were also for thefts, assaults, and “warrant tal Health and Safety could be dispatched records where HUPD 1.0% of all records. Along with the arrest arrest” (when HUPD encounters or ques- directly. We also found numerous noise or was involved in handling record, HUPD records the address of tions someone and then discovers there is odor complaints in the data, where the com- the individual(s) placed under arrest per an active warrant for their arrest). Figure 3 plaints were levied against residence halls situations that would be Massachusetts state law. In cases where the presents a breakdown of the incident types (e.g., in Straus Hall, “Officer dispatched more appropriately han- individual was experiencing houselessness, present in HUPD arrest records. to a report of loud noise coming from the HUPD listed “homeless.” We found that common room. Officer arrived and report dled by other Harvard the majority of those arrested supplied room quiet.”). Surely, residential staff would staff. residential addresses, but a vast number Taken together, the high proportion of be better equipped to handle these inquiries. were also listed as “homeless” or provided people experiencing houselessness whom the address of a shelter. Figure 2 presents a HUPD has arrested, along with the high Overall, these records indicate that HUPD breakdown of these residence types (in cases proportion of arrests for trespassing, suggest regularly assists public law enforcement, an Many HUPD logs (1,391 out of 11,654 where the arrested individual was under the that some of HUPD’s more violent actions institution with a known history of violence, logs) indicate that the incident involved age of 18, no address was listed). are against people experiencing houseless- racism, and harm, particularly in Boston and assisting another police or municipal depart- ness. ments (e.g., incident types “assist Cambridge the surrounding areas.

98 99 INCIDENTS IN THE HUPD POLICE LOGS CLASSIFIED AS ARRESTS 2015 - 2020

% OF ARREST RECORDS 0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Trespassing 35% Warrant Arrest 23% Theft Report 18% Assault Report 6% Drug Law Violation 4% Though HUPD may technically abide Vandalism 3% Indecent Assault 2% by federal and state disclosure laws, Witness Intimiation 1% the quality of the logs (e.g., numerous, Weapons Violation 1% Figure 3 Robbery Report 1% ambiguous descriptions of “suspicious Receive/Possess Stolen Prop 1% Peeping and Spying 1% This figure summarizes the incident activity”) and the conditions of their Indecent Exposure 1% classifications across log records that Disturbance 1% HUPD indicates involved an arrest. The official maintenance (e.g. not readily Disorderly Conduct 1% most common incident type resulting in 1% arrest is “trespassing.” INCIDENT TYPE Assist Cambridge Police available and requiring time-intensive, in-person retrieval) shatter this illusion Additional HUPD CONCLUSION of transparency. The data we were Activities able to collect did tell a story: one in Though HUPD may technically abide by which HUPD continually prioritized federal and state disclosure laws, the quality Of course, the logs—which document of the logs (e.g., numerous, ambiguous the protection of property over health complaints—do not capture all of HUPD’s descriptions of “suspicious activity”) and the activities. HUPD can also be hired to and humanity and were involved in conditions of their official maintenance (e.g. provide “crowd control and security” at not readily available and requiring time-in- University events.206 This involves paying a numerous needless, questionable, tensive, in-person retrieval) shatter this patrol officer $63/hr for a minimum of four illusion of transparency. The data we were and even violent interactions with hours (including administrative work) or a able to collect did tell a story: one in which party detail $75.30/hr, with higher rates for HUPD continually prioritized the protec- members of the community. holidays and overtime. Notably, HUPD’s tion of property over health and humanity website states that Harvard-only events with and were involved in numerous needless, more than 100 people or any event with questionable, and even violent interactions alcohol and more than 100 people may with members of the community. require hiring a HUPD detail. We question which members of the Harvard community (whose “safety” the police details allegedly “protect”207) are actually prioritized when HUPD is dispatched to monitor campus events.

100 101 SAILING CENTER

SOMERVILLE 06/18/2015

HARVARD YARD Officers dispatched to take a report of property damage done to the building caused by the recent storms. FMO and CFD was notified and arrived on scene and took over scene.

BUSINESS SCHOOL

HARVARD BRIDGE 06/08/2016 Officer dispatched to a report of two possible individuals in the water with one of them struggling to swim. Officer arrived and report no individuals in the water.

77 AVENUE LOUIS PASTEUR 184 incidents

VANDERBILT HALL 57 incidents

SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY 30 incidents

1 LOUIS PRANG 03/28/2015 Officers dispatched to check the area for a suspect that was in connection with a past robbery. Officers arrived, checked area and report negative results. GOLDENSON BUILDING 59 incidents 1 SCHROEDER PLZ 04/02/2015 Officers dispatched to assist BPD with monitoring a parade.

102 103 FOLLOW THE MONEY

“People asked in oth- services, which amounts to $14.4 million in 2020 dollars.209 At the time, its personnel er ways, but were al- included a total of 80 sworn officers and 19 HUPD POLICE LOG ways told ‘No, how do civilian personnel. Today its force appears to be about the same size according to the staff you pay for it?’ So they 210 and officers listed on its website, suggest- 9/26/15 found the line item.” ing HUPD’s current budget is likely at least around $15 million. 2:56 AM

- Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez A comparison of HUPD with other similar EVENT TYPE: police forces suggests this number is in the right ballpark. For example, Yale Police Department (YPD), also a private police PROPERTY DAMAGE Uncovering HUPD’s finances and opera- force, enjoyed an operating budget of $10.3 tions is essential to fully understanding what million in 2007 “drawn almost entirely from is at stake in abolishing HUPD and reinvest- Yale University funds,” and the headquarters Officer dispatched to a ing in the communities. Knowing HUPD’s of YPD were assessed at over 5.6 million.211 budget, how it is spent, and how HUPD Assuming Harvard’s ratio of police budget report of vandalism to a operates makes it possible to truly envision to student and faculty population is similar fence. Officer arrived and a more peaceful, community-oriented and to Yale’s police budget ratio and that the egalitarian system for responding to Har- budgets have not increased since 2011, report no vandalism done vard’s “policing needs.” However HUPD, a HUPD would have a budget of $21.74 private police force, is not required to release million.212 Of course, this is likely a conser- to fence, it was just old its budgetary information to the public. To vative estimate because it does not account and rotted. repeat for emphasis: HUPD’s financial in- for HUPD’s likely budget increases over the formation is not publicly available. Its police years. By contrast, the City of Cambridge officers have arresting power, guns, and keys sustains a population of almost 119,000 to all the Harvard dorms, but its budget and people and spent $64 million on its police internal files are a black box inaccessible to force in FY20. If Harvard’s ratio of police the public.208 budget to population is similar to Cam- bridge’s, HUPD’s budget would be $19.28 million.213 Despite HUPD and Harvard’s refusal to make this information public, it is possible to estimate HUPD’s budget. For 2011– Beyond these overall budget numbers, 2012 HUPD reported an operating budget there are specific budget items the public of $12,560,585 for its police and security can deduce about HUPD’s operations.

104 105 HUPD ESTIMATED SALARIES things other than Harvard’s private police Finally, comprehension of HUPD’s budget force. Students, faculty, and staff persistently will advance the current movement for 0 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 175,000 200,000 run into so-called budget constraints from defunding the police. Since HUPD was Harvard when seeking funding, even for formalized in the 1930s, public discourse 35% Starting Salary the most basic expenditures such as wages. around and understanding of the police has 2 years Experience For example, prior to unionizing, many changed. The nation is rising up. People

Acting Sergeant students at Harvard were paid as low as are resisting the racist, classist, and sexist $12 per hour for their work.218 During the systems that police forces embody. Now, in Shift Supervisor pandemic, law students were advised to the midst of the uprisings, and a perma- Chief of Police rent their own office space if they couldn’t nently changed political landscape, it is time study at home. Harvard seriously considered to seriously reevaluate the HUPD budget furloughing maintenance workers in the and defund Harvard’s police force. In these According to the 2017 HUPD union con- million dollars.217 The additional costs of the middle of a global pandemic and recession. defunding conversations, it is helpful to tract, a HUPD officer’s starting pay in 2019 department’s uniforms, guns, batons, pepper Other campus initiatives are severely under- present numbers, calculations, charts, graph- was $28.33 an hour, which amounts to a spray, TASERs, and other equipment add funded compared to HUPD. The Phillips ics, and persuasive reasoning to show why yearly salary of about $54,393.60.214 This up quickly. Brooks House Association, for instance, is a a decrease in HUPD funding and reinvest- number would be higher for officers with student-run, community-based non-profit ment in more affordable, cost-efficient, and experience or technical training. After two at Harvard that manages over 80 programs effective alternatives is necessary. years on the force, the yearly pay increases Why are HUPD expenditures so important? with 1500 volunteers, but had expenditures 215 to $76,742.40. An officer who becomes Because fifteen to twenty million dollars is of just over $2 million as of a few years 219 an Acting Sergeant receives this regular a lot of money — and it could be funding ago. Thus, even cutting HUPD’s budget Harvard should not be deploying its police rate plus 20% for the period worked, or in half would open up an estimated $7.5 to officers against Black and brown and poor about $92,000. These are almost certainly $10 million for positive programming such people in the area in the name of “public underestimations as they don’t account for The Phillips Brooks as this. safety.” When Harvard looks to budget overtime. Further, assuming pay rates hav- House Association is a changes in the face of this current economic en’t decreased since HUPD’s reporting in crisis, we must ensure that HUPD’s budget 2011, its Chief of Police could be paid over student-run, communi- Transparency around HUPD’s budget and is on the chopping block. Cutting funding $200,000 per year, while a shift supervisor operations is also important because HUPD from HUPD, or abolition altogether, could 216 ty-based non-profit at could be paid over $90,000. doesn’t just operate on campus - they police pave the way for Harvard instituting com- Harvard that manages far beyond the buildings and borders of munity care alternatives––such as health and over 80 programs with the University. HUPD in fact boasts that mental health services, housing services, and These salary assessments don’t even begin 1500 volunteers. It had “HUPD officers are sworn special State sexual assault recovery resources. to account for all the vehicles, supplies, and Police officers with deputy sheriff powers” other equipment - including weaponry - expenditures of just over which grants them “the authority to respond ESTIMATED HUPD that Harvard students’ tuition dollars and to any crime on campus and any ‘breach $2 million as of a few $20 MILLION BUDGET the endowment returns pay for. HUPD of the peace’ on city streets in Cambridge, authorized the use of sidearm automatic years ago. Thus, even Somerville, and Boston.”220 Just as the weapons, collapsible batons, and chemical cutting HUPD’s budget in public has a right to inspect and demand spray as of 2011, and it’s possible the list of changes to Cambridge’s police budget, as its authorized weapons has grown since then. half would open up an citizens have been doing221, the same com- At the time of reporting, HUPD also had estimated $7.5 to $10 munity members are policed by HUPD and PHILLIPS BROOKS a patrol fleet of 25 cars, vans, trucks, SUVs should have equal rights to its data. million for positive pro- HOUSE ASSOCIATION and motorcycles, as well as 20 bicycles. Even $2 with conservative estimates, the original gramming such as this. MILLION OPERATION COSTS value of HUPD’s fleet would be over half a

106 107 HUPD POLICE LOG

9/15/15 When Harvard looks to budget 3:02 AM changes in the face of this current economic crisis, we must ensure that EVENT TYPE: HUPD’s budget is on the chopping block. Cutting funding from HUPD, or SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY abolition altogether, could pave the way for Harvard instituting community Officer dispatched to a report of a restroom care alternatives­—such as health door being locked for and mental health services, housing a substantial amount services, and sexual assault recovery of time. Officer arrived resources. and report door was not locked it was just stuck.

108 109 ABOLITION AS HEALTHCARE

Medicine is built upon investigating, inno- The hyper-surveillance of Black, Indige- I once sat on a bench vating, and implementing ways to relieve nous, and Latinx communities leads to their suffering. As medical students, we were disproportionate representation in police outside the Cambridge drawn to the profession for its purported violence statistics. For example, in 2019 commitment to indiscriminately serving our alone, approximately 1000 people had their Public Library after community through careful diagnosis and lives taken by law enforcement officers.225 getting off a bar shift at treatment of root causes of suffering. And Black individuals made up nearly one-quar- yet, our University repeatedly excludes one ter of those individuals; despite making up 2am to enjoy a meal I deadly offender with lifelong health effects only 13% of the general population. Black wasn’t able to eat during for countless Americans from discussions individuals are 3.5 times more likely than in our classrooms and hospitals. One in white individuals to be killed by police and work. Why did HUPD 1000 Black men will die from it in their less likely to be armed when killed.226 The lifetime.222 There is no vaccine or medication threatening existence of police causes harm- feel the need to park for it, but we have known its name for a ful chronic stress among people of color. their car next to me and long time: police brutality. roll their windows down One in 1000 Black men A PUBLIC HEALTH to watch me do this? will die from it in their EMERGENCY Obviously they take issue lifetime. There is no vac- The annual number of murders by police cine or medication for it, with unhoused community officers rivals the number of deaths resulting members, which I’m not, from other major public health threats but we have known its such as measles, mumps, pneumonia, and name for a long time: but their hyper vigilance influenza in young people.223 In 2013 alone, police brutality. of the activities of injuries suffered from police violence led to a conservative estimate of more than 100,000 unhoused folks caused emergency room visits.224 Alarmed by these Experiencing or witnessing police brutality statistics, scholars from Harvard T.H. Chan is associated with adverse physiological them to treat me the same School of Public Health called for data on responses that increase risks for conditions way police killings to be considered a “notifi- such as diabetes, stroke, ulcers, cogni- able condition,” which means it would be tive impairment, autoimmune disorders, required by law to report to governmental accelerated aging and death.227 Exposure to public health agencies for careful and public police killings of unarmed Black men also LOCAL RESIDENT 2020 monitoring. In other words, police killings harms the mental health of Black Americans are a public health issue. in the general population.228

110 111 For people of color who live with mental nia—a disorder characterized by delusions illness, there is an additional heightened and hallucinations. On October 30, 2016, risk of being a victim of police interactions his mother called 911 in an attempt to inter- and violence. This exacerbates psychological vene in the crisis—a decision that, tragically, distress and is associated with increased proved fatal.233 suicidal ideation, attempts and psychotic experiences.229 Yet, the police force at large Two days prior to the call, Terrence’s has become a proxy for frontline mental mother, Hope Coleman noticed that her son health workers despite receiving little to no became withdrawn, uncommunicative, and training in this area. In Cambridge, only unwilling to come inside from the cold. Af- one third of officers have received a mere ter talking with Terrence’s therapist, Hope 40 hours of training in mental health.230 called 911 to ask for medical assistance, According to a 2015 study conducted by and specified that she did not need or want the Treatment Advocacy Center, people police officers to respond, warning that suffering from untreated mental illness comprise at least 25% of all fatal interactions “I regret calling for There is a clear need for de- with law enforcement.231 As Christopher White of Mental Health Foundation writes, help...It’s on my escalation tactics by trained police intervention can escalate the situation conscience. I should’ve mental health professionals and exacerbate the distress for the individ- never called, but my son ual with mental illness.232 Common police in these moments; not further responses to mental health crises include needed help. I didn’t … yelling, using excessive force, and aiming a want to kill him.” arrests, exhibitions of force, gun, which may trigger victims to react in fight or flight response. There is a clear need and least of all, shootings. for de-escalation tactics by trained mental Terrence would not react well to seeing the These interventions have the health professionals in these moments; not police. By the time EMTs arrived, Terrence further arrests, exhibitions of force, and least was inside his bedroom, and calmly refused consequences of increasing the of all, shootings. These interventions have to be taken to a hospital. Terrence then tried the consequence of increasing the criminal- to leave the apartment and was stopped by criminalization of mental illness. ization of mental illness. A prime example of a police officer in the foyer of the building. these tragic results occurred not too long ago When EMTs and Terrence started arguing, in the Boston community. hearing raised voices, multiple police officers barged in, tackled Hope and shot Terrence DIAGNOSING A multiple times with a gun. Hope denies that her son showed violent behavior or has any BROKEN SYSTEM history of engaging in violent behavior.

Terrence Coleman, a young Black man “I regret calling for help...It’s on my residing in Boston, was only 31 years old conscience. I should’ve never called, but when his life was cut short by the Boston my son needed help. I didn’t … want to Police Department (BPD). At the time kill him.” These were the words spoken of his death, Coleman was experiencing by Hope while discussing a civil lawsuit symptoms related to paranoid schizophre- she filed against the city of Boston.234 The

112 113 Boston Police Department clearly has the HUPD IS THE blood of Terrence Coleman on its hands. After learning of Terrence’s illness, Hope’s PROBLEM communication with his therapist, and the deployment of police despite Hope’s wishes, To do this, we must start by questioning the situation begs several questions: Why why it is that the police are deployed on did the police respond to this incident? Why college campuses. As a functional extension did Hope feel that 911 was the only number of the city police department, the Harvard she could call for help? What would have University Police Department is not exempt happened if trained mental health workers from the critique of police above. HUPD had responded to the incident instead? As receives the same training as the Cambridge medical students, we ask: what is the point Police Department (CPD), patrols with fire- HUPD POLICE LOG of studying to treat Terrence Coleman’s arms, and regularly assists the BPD, CPD, schizophrenia if we don’t condemn the MA State and Transit Police in arrests. This system that actually killed him? So many unequivocally justifies HUPD’s classification 3/11/15 wounds, deaths, and traumatic experiences as a law enforcement agency that inflicts could have been prevented had our health- violence not only onto the student body, but 2:49 PM care system not been entangled with a racist, also the most marginalized communities in militarized institution. the greater Boston area. EVENT TYPE: In May 2020, the lead- In May 2020, the leadership of the Ameri- ership of the American can Medical Association (AMA) released a VANDALISM statement declaring that police brutality and Medical Association racism are critical determinants of health in (AMA) released a state- Black and Brown communities.235 They spe- Officer dispatched to take cifically urged institutions to “review and re- ment declaring that po- consider their policies and relationships with lice brutality and racism a report of vandalism to law enforcement that may increase harm to patients and patient communities.” We are critical determinants breakfast food. stand in categorical support of AMA’s decla- of health in Black and ration and seek to uphold our responsibility Brown communities. as future physicians in ensuring that their call to action be taken seriously by Harvard. As future members of the health workforce This statement was corroborated by who have pledged to “do no harm,” we HAACC’s recent effort to obtain HUPD’s must acknowledge that the carceral state has police logs. Analyses of these documents actively harmed, oppressed, and terrorized revealed that some of HUPD’s most fre- society’s most vulnerable communities. We quent actions include removing “unwanted must work to abolish that carceral state, as guests,” monitoring “suspicious activity,” it is the root cause of what killed Terrence and responding to “disturbances.” It is both Coleman, and so many others. notable and alarming that their logs do not allow for the categorization or flagging of an event as being related to mental health,

114 115 given the high incidences of interactions not a risk factor, but rather that proximity between law enforcement and persons with to violent social contexts is concentrated untreated mental illness. This demonstrates among Black and Brown communities.238 that HUPD either does not know how to The violence and detrimental health effects treat cases of mental health with the sensitiv- wrought by police officers can be understood ity they require, or that they simply do not in this framework as an outcome of a system care enough to do so. based on control, exclusion, and state-sanc- tioned violence.

In one incident, HUPD reported that they assisted CPD in responding to an individual Through this lens, abolition is the upstream “yelling and causing a disturbance in the intervention required to end the violence— middle of the street.” That individual was while traditionally viewed as the lack of The Public Health Critical Race gone by the time they arrived. The CPD has carceral institutions, Gilmore urges us to publicly touted the mental health training view abolition as “not just the closing of framework applies this definition to they deliver to their force, which includes prisons but the presence, instead, of vital HUPD.236 But after filing a report to receive systems of support that many communities understand that race itself is not a risk an official itinerary of the training from lack.”239 Similarly, Yoshiko Iwai, Zahra factor, but rather that proximity to the CPD, we learned that the most recent Khan, and Sayantani DasGupta propose trainings in 2019 and 2020 dedicated less a practice of Abolition Medicine, which violent social contexts is concentrated than five hours toward “de-escalation,” four would “interrogate the upstream structures hours toward “implicit bias,” and zero to- that enable downstream violence, like police among Black and Brown communities. ward “use of force.” While we cannot know brutality, in addition to reimagining the for sure if the aforementioned incident was work of medicine altogether as an anti-racist The violence and detrimental health a mental illness exacerbation, we do know practice.”240 effects wrought by police officers can that HUPD would not have had the skills to help someone in need of care. As the system be understood in this framework as currently stands, people living with mental Abolition work understands, contextualizes, an outcome of a system based on illness are brutalized rather than protected, and provides solutions to poverty, mental and are made threats rather than given illness, trauma, and harm. It includes safe, control, exclusion, and state-sanctioned treatment. secure, and permanent housing; it includes community-based care; it includes engaging, violence. A NEW culturally and socially relevant education practices; it involves trust and accountability APPROACH TO for survivors of harm. Harvard University CARE has the chance to implement these practices for the health of all of their students and Ruth Wilson Gilmore, famous scholar-activ- community members by enacting HAAAC’s ist, defined racism as “the state-sanctioned demands. and/or extralegal production and exploita- tion of group-differentiated vulnerabilities to premature death.”237 The Public Health Critical Race framework applies this definition to understand that race itself is

116 117 ment function,” and was therefore bound by In Massachusetts, state law only requires HARVARD’S BLACK public records laws.244 Yale decided not to that university police keep a daily log of all contest the ruling. In a press statement, the crimes reported to them, which is also in University acknowledged “the unique and keeping with the Jeanne Clery Act, a federal BOX public law enforcement role that its officers law requiring universities to publish statistics play in the City of New Haven.”245 At least about crime on campus.247 The Harvard University Police Department the state Supreme Court. In the meantime, seven other states have required private looks like a public police force, operates like the Utah legislature passed a law (SB197) university police forces to abide by public 246 a public police force, but is not regulated making private university police subject to record laws. In contrast, Harvard has fought against the like a public police force. Like most private the state’s public records laws. In December disclosure of police records. The Harvard university police forces in the United States, 2019, the Utah Supreme Court declined Harvard has fought Crimson, the college student newspaper, HUPD is exempt from the public records to decide the case, noting that the new law, sued the university in 2006 for information laws that govern public police forces. “unequivocally include[s] the University against the disclosure on HUPD force by the college’s newspaper, Harvard police carry guns and can arrest Police as a ‘governmental entity’ subject to under the state’s public request law, G.L. c. 243 of police records. The students and non-students alike, but they are the statutes disclosure provisions.” 66, § 10.248 In 2003, the newspaper sought still not required to release their records to Harvard Crimson, certain documents from HUPD, the Boston either the public or the press. They perform the college student Police Department and the Cambridge Po- coercive, and sometimes spectacularly vio- The issue of private newspaper, sued the lice Department. HUPD was the only police lent, functions, and they have no account- university police has department to deny the request, arguing that ability to the public as a private university been the subject of university in 2006 for G.L. c. 66, § 10 did not apply to them, as a police force. private institution. numerous court cases in information on HUPD recent years. In 2016, force by the college’s The issue of private university police has the Indiana Court of newspaper, under the In suing for the records, The Crimsonargued been the subject of numerous court cases in state’s public request that HUPD officers were deputies in Suffolk recent years. In 2016, the Indiana Court of Appeals argued that, and Middlesex counties and authorized Appeals ruled that the University of Notre “There is a danger that law. In 2003, the to act as public officers in the state “with Dame’s police department was subject to newspaper sought broad police powers unique to public law public records laws. In its ruling, the court the public will be denied enforcement agencies.”249 The court dis- argued that, “There is a danger that the access to important certain documents missed the case and The Crimsonappealed. public will be denied access to important public documents when from HUPD, the Boston The Supreme Judicial Court agreed with the public documents when a private agency is lower court’s dismissal of the case, finding 241 Police Department and exercising a public function.” This ruling a private agency is that because Harvard University is a private was later overturned by the Indiana Supreme the Cambridge Police institution and the “public records law, and 242 exercising a public Court. Department. HUPD its implementing regulations, are applicable function. to documents held by public entities,” the was the only police law could not be used to compel a private In other states, the outcome has been dif- department to deny the university to make its records available to ferent. In 2016, the Salt Lake Tribune sued Unlike Harvard, the Yale University Police the public. Brigham Young University for its police are subject to public records laws. In 2008, request, arguing that records after a sexual assault victim named Connecticut’s Freedom of Information [the law] did not apply Commission ruled that the Yale University Madi Barney sued BYU for expelling her. to them, as a private The Massachusetts courts reason that private A Utah judge ruled that the records should Police Department functioned as a “public agency” performing a “fundamental govern- universities like Harvard and Northeastern be public, but BYU appealed the ruling in institution. are not required to comply with public re-

118 119 cord laws because such private police forces Since the Crimson case was decided by the have fewer powers than state, municipal, and Supreme Judicial Court, Massachusetts county police forces. But many disagree with legislators have introduced numerous bills to the courts, citing that these private univer- amend public records laws to include private sity police are authorized by Massachusetts police, but those bills have never become HUPD’s ultimate problem is its exis- General Laws 22C, § 63. This law allows law.252 Representatives of the Association of the state to appoint campus police officers Independent Colleges and Universities in tence, not its repeated refusal to be as special State police officers so that the Massachusetts, of which Harvard is a mem- university police may “have the same power ber, have lobbied and testified against these transparent with the public. There to make arrests as regular police officers for public records bills.253 should not be a private university po- any criminal offense committed in or upon lands or structures owned, used or occupied lice force, no matter how transparent. by such college, university, or other institu- HUPD’s ultimate problem is its existence, That being said, it is nevertheless con- tion or hospital.” The appointments last for not its repeated refusal to be transparent three years and the university must pay a fee with the public. There should not be a pri- cerning that HUPD and the University to the county for each appointment. In ad- vate university police force, no matter how dition, many HUPD officers are deputized transparent. That being said, it is neverthe- guards its police records so fervently 250 in Middlesex and Suffolk counties. As less concerning that HUPD and the Uni- sheriff deputies, they are “authorized both to versity guards its police records so fervently despite HUPD’s so-called mission to serve criminal process and to make arrests in despite HUPD’s so-called mission to keep 251 keep the community safe. It makes one certain circumstances.” the community safe. It makes one wonder, what exactly is HUPD hiding? A truly safe wonder, what exactly is HUPD hiding? Since the Crimson case campus would allow avenues of accountabil- was decided by the Su- ity to ensure the police are not abusing their A truly safe campus would allow av- power, but such accountability is difficult to enues of accountability to ensure the preme Judicial Court, realize when the police hide much of what Massachusetts legislators they do behind their legally-protected status. police are not abusing their power, but have introduced numer- As such, the University must immediately subject HUPD to public records requests, such accountability is difficult to real- ous bills to amend public even if Massachusetts law does not require ize when the police hide much of what records laws to include them to do so. private police, but those they do behind their legally-protected bills have never become status. As such, the University must im- law. Representatives of mediately subject HUPD to public re- the Association of Inde- cords requests, even if Massachusetts pendent Colleges and law does not require them to do so. Universities in Massachu- setts, of which Harvard is a member, have lob- bied and testified against these public records bills.

120 121 non-punitive, victim-centered forms of accountability including THE MORAL CASE FOR restorative and transformative justice, and build life-sustaining ABOLITION institutions that allow our communities to have their needs met and thrive. The abolition of campus police along with the implementation of non-carceral, community-led approaches to Historically and contemporaneously, institutions like Harvard harm offers us the opportunity to make the case to those beyond have operated as the intellectual foot soldiers for the carceral the university’s walls that a world without police and prisons is state, creating and maintaining the ideologies that continue to indeed possible. It shows that we can transform the conditions undergird its violent workings. Through much of its knowledge that make resorting to carceral “solutions” appear necessary and production, the academy has functioned as a site of legitimation build relationships that are rooted in care, not violence. for punitive, anti-Black laws and policymaking, the result of which has been the massive expansion of the prison-industrial A continued reliance on violent policing to address harm evinces complex in all its death-dealing forms. In this current moment of not only a profound failure of moral imagination and leadership; reckoning, Harvard has the opportunity to be accountable to its it betrays the promise of an educational institution. For one community. It can engage in reparatory work for its complicity thing, a sustained dependence on the violently militarized police in naturalizing these violent systems of policing, beginning with to resolve instances of violence exposes a profound breakdown abolishing its police force. in the assertedly analytical and truth-seeking functions of the university. If the university were truly dedicated to caring for its In conversation with the Harvard Prison Divestment students and community members, it would actively engage with Campaign, abolitionist organizer Mariame Kaba made the case and address the root causes of harm; it would not deploy a force that universities can be critical as strategic sites of sustained that has been proven to actively perpetrate and perpetuate that intervention. The university in its most liberatory form can be a harm. Further, if we cannot conceive of and construct radically locus for radical imagining and experimentation; it can be a space different, freedom-expanding futures at a university—a setting in which challenges to the oppressive status quo can be forcefully putatively centered on in-depth study and speculative inquiry— articulated, where novel and creative insights can be generated, then the institution has failed to live up to its purported mission. and where new ways of caring for one another can be modeled. Most importantly, as long as the institution refuses to support and elevate efforts that seek to disrupt the epistemic consensus Abolitionist Ruth Wilson Gilmore has repeatedly emphasized around what is possible, the university is derelict in its ethical that abolition is about presence, not (merely) absence; it is duties to the community. about building life-affirming institutions and prefiguring the world we would like to inhabit.264 Toward that end, abolishing Finally, as activists have articulated, budgets are moral documents; campus police presents us with the occasion to not just eliminate they are statements to the world about what and who we a violent institution but to reimagine community safety, practice value. Amidst the impending financial crisis brought on by the

122 123 coronavirus pandemic, Harvard has already signaled that it will be implementing various cost-saving initiatives that may include program, staff and wage cuts. If such austerity measures leave Harvard’s campus police force untouched, then the University is indicating that its moral priorities center around a continued investment in violent, anti-Black institutions at the expense of efforts that would advance the material needs of its community. HUPD POLICE LOG

Ultimately, for better or worse, when Harvard acts, the world 09/02/2017 watches and institutions follow. For the entirety of its history 10:42 am thus far, Harvard has failed to wield such power for the collective good, instead opting to produce and promote scholarship and discourse that has rationalized and perpetuated the prison EVENT TYPE: industrial complex, a system it continues to profit from. Harvard has the opportunity to take steps to right these wrongs. Harvard SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY can take corrective action for its persistent role in producing and reproducing the logics and technologies of the carceral state by dismantling its police force and embracing non-punitive, Officers dispatched to a community-centered interventions to harm. In doing so, Harvard report of an individual in can demonstrate moral leadership in realizing an expansive vision the restroom for over an of what it means to be in community with one another without hour. Officers arrived and relying on violence workers. Until Harvard acts accordingly, one can only conclude that the institution views some members of report door was locked its community as disposable and as worthy of suffering harm, but no one was inside. and that Harvard has no concern for the wellbeing of its Black students and community members in particular.

124 125 14 Ibid. 26 See “HUPD: What Do They Do?” chapter for com- 65cd58758d46d34254f22c/1533398363539/CR_No- Endnotes plete breakdown of HUPD’s activities. Cops_reform_vs_abolition_CRside.pdf. 15 Simon Balto, Occupied Territory: Policing Black EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Chicago from Red Summer to Black Power (Chapel Hill: 27 See, Madde Sewani, “The Nap Nap,” The Harvard HISTORY OF HUPD 1 Shera S. Avi-Yonah and Delano R. Franklin, “Harvard The University of North Carolina Press, 2019), p. 24. Crimson, April 27th, 2013. 38 “THE YARD POLICE,” The Harvard Crimson, Police Assist in Responding to Anti-ICE Protestors at 16 City of Boston, “0600. Police Department,” (finding 28 Ema R. Schumer, “Sleeping in Smith Center December 12, 1913, https://www.thecrimson.com/ Amazon Office,” The Harvard Crimson, September 6, aid, n.d.), https://archives.cityofboston.gov/reposito- Draws Police Interventions,” The Harvard Crimson, article/1913/12/12/the-yard-police-pit-is-safe/. 2019, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/9/6/ ries/2/classifications/6. February 20, 2019, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- anti-ice-amazon/. cle/2019/2/20/sleeping-in-smith-center-hupd/. 39 “HARVARD COLLEGE POLICE PUT TAGS ON 17 City of Boston, “Brief History of the Boston Police,” AUTOS,” The Boston Globe, October 25, 1929, https:// 2 “Police Brutality at Harvard,” Harvard Black Law City of Boston, n.d., https://www.boston.gov/depart- 29 Camille G. Caldera and Amanda Y. Su, “FAS Report www.newspapers.com/image/431163066/. Students Association, April 13, 2018, https://orgs.law. ments/police/brief-history-boston-police. Finds Harvard Police Did Not Have ‘Malicious Intent’ harvard.edu/blsa/media-gallery/police-brutality-at-har- During Interaction with Students of Color,” The Harvard 40 Veteran FBI Agent.” 18 Ibid., par. 1. vard-april-13-2018/. Crimson, November 4, 2019, https://www.thecrimson. 41 Leslie Jones, Harvard Class Day: Harvard Klass 19 Christine DeLucia, Memory Lands: King Philip’s War com/article/2019/11/4/fas-no-malicious-intent/ 3 The Harvard Prison Divestment Campaign, The Kow & Klans - students having fun on Class Day, and the Place of Violence in the Northeast (New Haven: Harvard-To-Prison Pipeline Report, October 2019, 30 Caroline S. Engelmayer, Angela N. Fu, Lucy Wang, 1924, in Boston Public Library: Leslie Jones Collection, Yale University Press, 2018), p. 32. https://harvardprisondivest.org/wp-content/up- and Michael E. Xie, “52 Minutes: Inside the Arrest of https://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_li- loads/2019/10/191014_HPDBooklet_WEB.pdf. 20 Alex R. Goldfield, The North End: A Brief History a Black Harvard Student,” The Harvard Crimson, n.d., brary/6069576003/in/photostream. of Boston’s Oldest Neighborhood (Mount Pleasant, SC: https://features.thecrimson.com/2018/insidethearrest/. 42 “Anti-Nazis Mar Harvard Yard Alumni Rally,” The WHAT WE BELEIVE AND WHAT WE DE- Arcadia Publishing 2009). MAND 31 Michael Levenson, “Harvard Kept Ties With Jeffrey Baltimore Sun, June 22, 1934, http://search.proquest. 21 Robert Nichols, Theft is Property!: Dispossession Epstein After ’08 Conviction, Report Shows,” The com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/docview/540839621?ac- 4 The Editorial Board, “Reign in campus police,” The and Critical Theory (Durham: Duke University Press, New York Times, May 1, 2020, https://www.nytimes. countid=11311 Boston Globe, July 20, 2020, https://www.bostonglobe. 2020), p. 9. com/2020/05/01/us/jeffrey-epstein-harvard.html, par. 2. com/2020/07/20/opinion/rein-campus-police/. 43 “Harvard Police Bar Left Group From Building,” The 22 Mary T. Bassett, “Beyond Berets: the Black Panthers 32 Shera S. Avi-Yonah and Delano R. Franklin, “Harvard Boston Daily Globe, August 16, 1950, https://www. 5 Harvard Prison Divestment Campaign vs. President as Health Activists,” American Journal of Public Health Police Assist in Responding to Anti-ICE Protesters at newspapers.com/image/433546714/. and Fellows of Harvard College, Complaint, available 106 no. 10: 1741-1743, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Amazon Office,” The Harvard Crimson, September 6, 44 “Veteran FBI Agent Taking Over Monday: Harvard’s here: tiny.cc/hpdcvharvard pmc/articles/PMC5024403/; Akunna Eneh, Amirah 2019, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/9/6/ Capt. Toohy Recalls 27 Years of Campus Policing,” Santos-Goldberg, and Carla Sheffield, “The Broken anti-ice-amazon/; Ema R. Schumer, “Presence of Harvard 6 Christina Heatherton, “#BlackLivesMatter and Global The Boston Sunday Globe, March 4, 1962, https:// System that Killed My Son (Interview: Carla Sheffield),” Police at Police Brutality Protest Reignites Student Calls Visions of Abolition: An Interview with Patrisse Cullors,” www.newspapers.com/image/433012131/?terms=Too- Socialist Worker, June 9, 2015, https://socialistworker. for Abolition of HUPD,” The Harvard Crimson, June in Policing the Planet: Why the Policing Crisis Led to hy%2Bsaid%2Bthe%2BCambridge%2Bp- org/2015/06/09/the-broken-system-that-killed; Quincy 4, 2020, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/6/4/ Black Lives Matter, edited by Jordan T. Camp and Chris- olice%2Balways%2Bleave%2Bthe%2Bcon- Walters, “Protesters Call on DA Rachael Rollins to hupd-boston-floyd-protests/. tina Heatherton (Brooklyn: Verso Books, 2016), p. 91 trol%2Bof%2Brambunctious%2Bstudents%2Bu- Reopen Coleman, Rahim Cases,” WBUR, June 17, 2020, 33 Campaign Zero, 8 Can’t Wait, 2020, https://8cant- p%2Bto%2Bthe%2BHarvard%2Bforce%2C%2B- 7 Nikil Pal Singh, “The Whiteness of Police,” American https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/06/16/police-shoot- wait.org/. the%2Bproctors%2Band%2Btutors. Quarterly 66 no. 4 (December 2014): 1091. ing-cases-boston-rollins-protest. 34 Olivia Murray, “Why 8 Won’t Work” The Failings 45 “College Started Bra, Panty Raids in 1950,” The Har- 8 Ibid. 23 Diane Bernard, “‘They were treated like animals’: The of the 8 Can’t Wait Campaing and the Obstacle Police vard Crimson, May 21, 1952, https://www.thecrimson. murder and hoax that made Boston’s Black community 9 Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of Reform Efforts Pose to Police Abolition,” Harvard Civil com/article/1952/5/21/college-started-bra-panty-raids- a target 30 years ago,” The Washington Post, January the Black Radical Tradition (London: Zed Press, 1983; Rights-Civil Liberties Review, June 17, 2020, https:// in/. 4, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/histo- reprint, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina harvardcrcl.org/why-8-wont-work/, par. 3. ry/2020/01/04/they-were-treated-like-animals-murder- Press, 2000), p. 26. Emphasis added. 46 “Robert Tonis, former HUPD chief, dies at 94,” The hoax-that-made-bostons-black-community-target/. 35 Tom James, “Can Cops Unlearn Their Unconscious Harvard Gazette, May 8, 2003, https://news.harvard. 10 Singh, Whiteness of Police, p. 1092. Biases?” The Atlantic, December 23, 2017. https://www. edu/gazette/story/2003/05/robert-tonis-former-hupd- 24 Mary Holper and Claire Valentin, “Boston Police theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/12/implicit-bi- chief-dies-at-94/. 11 Elizabeth Hinton and DeAnza Cook, “The Mass Has a Secret Point System That Turns Normal Teenage as-training-salt-lake/548996/ Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Behavior Into Gang Membership,” ACLU, November 47 “Veteran FBI Agent.” Overview,” 4 no. 1 (January 2021; Review in Advance 21, 2018, https://www.aclu.org/blog/immigrants-rights/ 36 Nell GreenfieldBoyce, “Body Cam Study Shows June 29, 2020): 2.3, https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/ boston-police-has-secret-point-system-turns-normal-teen- No Effect on Police Use of Force Or Citizen Com- 48 David Blumenthal, “The Harvard University Police: abs/10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306. age-behavior-gang. plaints,” National Public Radio, All Things Considered, Walking The Fine Line Between Cop and Caretaker,” October 20, 2017. https://www.npr.org/sections/thet- The Harvard Crimson, April 18, 1967, https://www. 12 Ibid. 25 Deanna Pan, “Boston is the third most ‘intensely wo-way/2017/10/20/558832090/body-cam-study-shows- thecrimson.com/article/1967/4/18/the-harvard-universi- gentrified’ city in the United States, study says,” The ty-police-walking-the/. 13 Khalil Gibran Muhammad, The Condemnation of no-effect-on-police-use-of-force-or-citizen-complaints Boston Globe, July 10, 2020, https://www.bostonglobe. Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern com/2020/07/10/metro/boston-is-third-most-intensely- 37 Critical Resistance, “Reformist reforms vs. abolitionist 49 Ibid. Urban America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, gentrified-city-united-states-study-says/. steps in policing,” (infographic, n.d.), https://static1. 2010), p. 8. 50 “Harvard Police Explain Shooting,” The Harvard squarespace.com/static/59ead8f9692ebee25b72f17f/t/5b- Crimson, April 18, 1968, https://www.thecrimson.com/

126 127 article/1968/4/18/harvard-police-explain-shooting-phar- Harvard Policeman,” The Harvard Crimson, November ty-patrol-working-the-graveyard/. 97 Ibid. vard-police/. 7, 1970, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1970/11/7/ 79 H. Jeffrey Leonard. 98 Ibid. m-i-t-student-sentenced-by/. 51 Deborah B. Johnson, “Insecurity at the Cliffe,” 80 Ibid. 99 Ibid. The Harvard Crimson, March 5, 1969, https://www. 67 Rob Eggert, “SDS, Police Fight; Helfand Arrested,” thecrimson.com/article/1969/3/5/insecurity-at-the-cliffe- The Harvard Crimson, February 9, 1972, https://www. 81 Richard Turner, “Crime Continues To Rise,” The Har- 100 Francis J. Connolly, “Gorski Left His Marks,” pbibn-the/. thecrimson.com/article/1972/2/9/sds-police-fight-hel- vard Crimson, June 13, 1974. https://www.thecrimson. The Harvard Crimson, October 7, 1777, https://www. fand-arrested-ptwo/. com/article/1974/6/13/crime-continues-to-rise-pcam- thecrimson.com/article/1977/10/7/gorski-left-his-marks- 52 Richard Hyland, “Echoes of 1969,” Harvard Maga- bridge-is/. picambridge-cops/. zine, March-April 2019, https://www.harvardmagazine. 68 Peter D. Kramer, “Bust Rumor Brings Up Harvard com/2019/03/1969-student-protests-vietnam. Drug Policy,” The Harvard Crimson, April 11, 1970, 82 H. Jeffrey Leonard. 101 Eric M. Breindel, “Chief David Gorski Brings https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1970/4/11/bust-ru- Police Science To Grays Hall,” The Harvard Crimson, 53 “Police Raid Sit-In at Dawn; 250 Arrested, Dozens 83 Ibid. mor-brings-up-harvard-drug/. September 15, 1975, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- Injured,” The Harvard Crimson, April 10, 1969, https:// cle/1975/9/15/chief-david-gorski-brings-police-science/. www.thecrimson.com/article/1969/4/10/police-raid-sit- 69 City Police Bust Students,” The Harvard Crimson, 84 Ibid. in-at-dawn-250/?page=single. March 19, 1971, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- 85 Richard H. P. sia, “Citizens Assail Police Conduct,” 102 Richard S. Lee. “The Gray Berets.” cle/1971/3/19/city-police-bust-students-pcambridge- The Harvard Crimson, September 16, 1974, https:// 54 Ibid. 103 Ibid. police/. www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/9/16/citizens-as- 55 Ibid. 70 Robert Decherd, “Suddenly, The Streets Were sail-police-conduct-pthe-cambridge/. 104 Ibid. 56 Ibid. Empty…,” The Harvard Crimson, September 20, 1971, 86 “Campus Crime Timeline,” The Harvard Crimson, 105 Robert T. Garrett, “Blossoming That Got Out of https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1971/9/20/sudden- September 15, 2000, https://www.thecrimson.com/ Hand,” The Harvard Crimson, April 19, 1975, https:// 57 Declan J. Knieriem, “‘Haunted by the War’: Remem- ly-the-streets-were-empty-pbpbrobably/?page=. article/2000/9/15/campus-crime-timeline-pb1960bprob- www.thecrimson.com/article/1975/4/19/blossoming- bering The University Hall Takeover of 1969,” The Har- ert-tonis-becomes/. that-got-out-of-hand/ vard Crimson, May 27, 2019, https://www.thecrimson. 71 “University Puts a Curfew On Forbes Plaza at Night,” com/article/2019/5/27/university-hall-1969/ The Harvard Crimson, August 15, 1969, https://www. 87 Efthimios O. Vidalis, “Harvard’s Still an Open Door 106 Ibid. thecrimson.com/article/1969/8/15/university-puts-a- to Cambridge Crime Wave,” The Harvard Crimson, 58 Jean E. Engelmayer and Melissa I. Weissberg, 107 Robert T. Garrett and Walter Rothschild, “Patrol curfew-on-forbes/. September 16, 1974, https://www.thecrimson.com/ “Reflecting On the 1969 Student Strike,” The Harvard Probe Finds ‘No Criminality,’” The Harvard Crimson, article/1974/9/16/harvards-still-an-open-door-to/. Crimson, April 9, 1984, https://www.thecrimson.com/ 72 Daphne Spain, Constructive Feminism: Women’s May 2, 1975, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- article/1984/4/9/reflecting-on-the-1969-student-strike/. Spaces and Women’s Rights in the American City, (Itha- 88 Walter Rothschild, “Police Are Called ‘Slow to cle/1975/5/2/patrol-probe-finds-no-criminality-pthe/. ca: Cornell University Press, 2016), pp. 66-69, https:// Respond,’” The Harvard Crimson, September 20, 1974, 59 Ibid. 108 Maier also “supervised credit policy in Jamaica,” was muse.jhu.edu/book/45348. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/9/20/police- responsible for real estate lending in Puerto Rico and the 60 Ibid. are-called-slow-to-respond/. 73 Katharine L. Day and The Crimson Staff, “Women’s Virgin Islands, and led retail banking in Brazil where he 61 “1969: The Spring That Shook Harvard,” The Har- Group Seizes Harvard Building,” The Harvard Crim- 89 Daniel Rabinovitz, “Police Didn’t Inform Hall directly managed over $625 million dollars in assets. vard Crimson, April 7, 1989, https://www.thecrimson. son, March 8, 1971, https://www.thecrimson.com/ of Kirkland Rape Attempt,” The Harvard Crimson, 109 Anne Gibson, “Sandy Maier, the man who did his com/article/1989/4/7/1969-the-spring-that-shook-har- article/1971/3/8/womens-group-seizes-harvard-build- October 15, 1974, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- best to rescue SCF,” New Zealand Herald, September 4, vard/. ing-brbrbdemand/. cle/1974/10/15/police-didnt-inform-hall-of-kirkland/. 2010, https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article. 62 David R. Caploe, “S. Vietnamese Ambassador 74 Spain, 68. 90 Efthimios O. Vidalis. cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10670989. Will Speak at Teach-In,” The Harvard Crimson, 75 Carol R. Sternhill, “Chanting Women Vacate Build- 91 Eric M. Breindel, “A New, Tough Stand,” The 110 Brooks H. Peed, “Computer to Help Police Fight March 23, 1971, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- ing To Avoid Rumored Bust by Police,” The Harvard Harvard Crimson, November 15, 1975, https://www. Crime,” The Harvard Crimson, April 14, 1975, https:// cle/1971/3/23/s-vietnamese-ambassador-will-speak-at/. Crimson, March 16, 1971, https://www.thecrimson.com/ thecrimson.com/article/1975/11/15/a-new-tough-stand- dev.thecrimson.com/article/1975/4/14/computer-to- 63 David R. Caploe, Garrett Epps, and The CRIM- article/1971/3/16/chanting-women-vacate-building-to- pas-edward/. help-police-fight-crime/. SON Staff, “Pro-War Teach-In Dissolves in Turmoil; avoid/?page=1. 92 “Search Group Will Name Choice for Chief of Po- 111 Howard Frant, “Corporation Votes Change in Fund- Administration Warns of Full Discipline,” The Harvard 76 H. Jeffrey Leonard, “The Crime Problem: Do We lice,” The Harvard Crimson, November 2, 1974, https:// ing of Police Services,” The Harvard Crimson, June 10, Crimson, March 27, 1971, https://www.thecrimson.com/ All Like Hiding Under Harvard’s Skirt?” The Harvard www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/11/2/search-group- 1975, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1975/6/10/ article/1971/3/27/pro-war-teach-in-dissolves-in-turmoil- Crimson, June 14, 1973, https://dev.thecrimson.com/ will-name-choice-for/. corporation-votes-change-in-funding-of/. administration/. article/1973/6/14/the-crime-problem-do-we-all/. 93 Ibid. 112 Eric M. Breindel, “Chief David Gorski.” 64 Ibid. 77 Walter Rothschild, “Student Security Undergoes 94 Richard S. Lee, “The Gray Berets and Their Comput- 113 Ester Kurz, “Police Discuss Organizational Chang- 65 Michael J. Bishop, “Cambridge Police Arrest Students Investigation,” The Harvard Crimson, June 12, 1975, erized Patrols,” The Harvard Crimson, March 12, 1976, es,” The Harvard Crimson, July 15, 1975, https://www. As They Put Up Anti-War Posters,” The Harvard https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1975/6/12/stu- https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1976/3/12/the-gray- thecrimson.com/article/1975/7/15/police-discuss-organi- Crimson, October 3, 1969, https://www.thecrimson. dent-security-undergoes-investigation-pthe-student/. berets-and-their-computerized/. zational-changes-pcontract-negotiations/. com/article/1969/10/3/cambridge-police-arrest-students- 78 “Student Security Patrol: Working the Graveyard as-they/. Shift,” The Harvard Crimson, January 16, 1974, https:// 95 Ibid. 114 Eric M. Breindel, “Chief David Gorski.” 66. “M. I. T. Student Sentenced by Viola For Assaulting www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/1/16/student-securi- 96 Ibid. 115 Ibid.

128 129 116 “Police Negotiations,” The Harvard Crimson, March pthe/. Complaint,” The Harvard Crimson, September 13, 1989, The Harvard Crimson, February 6, 1993, https://www. 8, 1977, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1977/3/8/ https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1989/9/13/city-re- thecrimson.com/article/1993/2/6/johnson-fires-securi- 136 Elisabeth Einaudi and Peggy Mason, “WOMEN: police-negotiations-pbtbhe-universitys-handling-of/ view-board-dismisses-racial-harrassment/. ty-guard-ppolice-chief. Take Back the Night,” The Harvard Crimson, November 117 “Gorski Leaves,” The Harvard Crimson, March 25, 6, 1980, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1980/11/6/ 149 Officers Cleared of Harassment,” The Harvard 163 Joe Matthews, “Patterns of Abuse Charged by 1977, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1977/3/25/ women-take-back-the-night-pviolence/?page=2. Crimson, March 21, 1989, https://www.thecrimson. Guard,” The Harvard Crimson, February 18, 1993, gorski-leaves-pblbast-weeks-resignation-of/. com/article/1989/3/21/officers-cleared-of-harassment-be- https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1993/2/18/pattern- 137 “SOS Plans Campus Campaign To Promote Safety gan-running/. of-abuse-charged-by-guard/. 118 Francis J. Connolly, “Gorski Left His Marks.” Measures,” The Harvard Crimson, January 9, 1981, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1981/1/9/sos-plans- 150 “The Blockade,” The Harvard Crimson, May 15, 164 Douglas M. Pravda, “Riley Named New Chief,” 119 Ibid. campus-campaign-to-promote/. 1985, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1985/5/15/ The Harvard Crimson, November 9, 1995, https://www. 120 Ibid. the-blockade-pto-the-editors-of/. thecrimson.com/article/1995/11/9/riley-named-new- 138 Joanna R. Handelman, “Guardian Angels to Lead chief-pnearly-one/?page=1. 121 Alexandra D. Korry, “Police: Chafin’ at the Bit,” Class As Arboretum Boosts Security,” The Harvard 151 Mark M. Colodny, “SASC to File Complaint,” The The Harvard Crimson, September 14, 1979, https:// Crimson, June 10, 1982, https://www.thecrimson.com/ Harvard Crimson, March 26, 1987, https://www.the- 165 Geoffrey C. Upton, “BUD RILEY’S FIRST www.thecrimson.com/article/1979/9/14/police-chaf- article/1982/6/10/guardian-angels-to-lead-class-as/. crimson.com/article/1987/3/26/sasc-to-file-complaint- TERM,” The Harvard Crimson, June 6, 1996, https:// in-at-the-bit-pofficer/. pthe-student/?page=5. www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/6/bud-rileys-first- 139 L. Joseph Garcia, “University Police Find New term-pformer-harvard/. 122 Francis J. Connolly, “Gorski Left His Marks.” Ways To Communicate,” The Harvard Crimson, 152 Holly Idelson, “2 student activists ask Harvard to September 17, 1982, https://www.thecrimson.com/ probe charges of phone-tapping; officials refuse,” The 166 Courtney A. Coursey, “Riley’s ‘No Toleration’ 123 Alexandra D. Korry, “Police: Chafin’ at the Bit.” article/1982/9/17/university-police-find-new-ways-to/. Harvard Crimson, May 9, 1985, https://www.newspa- Policy Focuses on Racism in HUPD,” The Harvard pers.com/image/437886156/?terms=student%2Bactiv- Crimson, May 2, 1997, https://www.thecrimson.com/ 124 Alexandra D. Korry, “Chafin to Be Named New 140 “Canaday’s Safety Setup Criticized,” The Harvard ists%2Bask%2Bharvard%2Bto%2Bprobe. article/1997/5/2/rileys-no-toleration-policy-focuses-on/; Police Chief, Vacating Position at UMass-Amherst,” Crimson, October 2, 1982, https://www.thecrimson. Geoffrey C. Upton, “BUD RILEY’S FIRST TERM.” The Harvard Crimson, April 25, 1978, https://www. com/article/1982/10/2/canadays-safety-setup-criti- 153 Elie G. Kaunfer, “HUPD Announces New Security thecrimson.com/article/1978/4/25/chafin-to-be-named- cized-pciting-recent. Plan,” The Harvard Crimson, February 10, 1992, 167 Edwin Meese III, “Community Policing and the new-police/. Police Officer,” Perspectives on Policing, Washington, 141“Police Blotter,” The Harvard Crimson, January 27, 155 “First-Year Arrested In Police Scuffle,” The Harvard D.C., National Institute of Justice and Harvard Univer- 125 Ibid. 1984, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1984/1/27/ Crimson, November 2, 1990, https://www.thecrimson. sity, January 1993: 15. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ police-blotter-pthe-last-week-of/. com/article/1990/11/2/first-year-arrested-in-police-scuf- 126 Ibid. nij/139164.pdf fle-pa/. 142 Robert M. Neer, “A Fresh Face in Law and Order,” 127 Ibid. 168 Jenifer L. Steinhardt, “HUPD Enjoys Move to New The Harvard Crimson, February 16, 1984, https://www. 156 Marios V. Broustas, “Harvard Junior Alleges Headquarters,” The Harvard Crimson, February 5, 2002, 128 Alexandra D. Korry, “Harvard Police Warn Students thecrimson.com/article/1984/2/16/a-fresh-face-in-law- Racially-Biased Arrest,” The Harvard Crimson, April 8, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2002/2/5/hupd-en- About Crime,” The Harvard Crimson, June 25, 1979, and/. 1994, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1994/4/8/ joys-move-to-new-headquarters/. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1979/6/25/harvard- harvard-junior-alleges-racially-biased-arrest-pa/. 143 Catherine L. Schmidt, “Police Chief ‘Reaches Out’ police-warn-students-about-crime/. 169 Ibid. To Refute Racism Charge,” The Harvard Crimson, May 157 Elife G. Kaunfer, “Harvard Police: New Programs 129 Douglas L. Tweedale, “Campus Security,” The Har- 1, 1984, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1984/5/1/ and old Criticism,” The Harvard Crimson, June 4, 1992, 170 Hana R. Alberts, “Newspaper Sues Police Dept.,” vard Crimson, April 18, 1980, https://www.thecrimson. police-chief-reaches-out-to-refute/. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1992/6/4/harvard- The Harvard Crimson, August 1, 2003, https://www. com/article/1980/4/18/campus-security-pa-group-of-stu- police-new-programs-and-old/. thecrimson.com/article/2003/8/1/newspaper-sues-police- 144 Charles C. Matthew, “University Police Need Moni- dents/. dept-the-harvard/?page=. toring,” The Harvard Crimson, March 21, 1985, https:// 158 Joe Matthews, “3 More Guards Claim Discrimina- 130 Ibid. www.thecrimson.com/article/1985/3/21/university-po- tion,” The Harvard Crimson, June 1, 1992, https://www. 171 Hana R. Alberts, “University Seeks Dismissal of 131 Ibid. lice-need-monitoring-pbhbarvard-students/. thecrimson.com/article/1992/6/1/3-more-guards-claim- Crimson Lawsuit,” The Harvard Crimson, September 8, discrimination-pthree/. 2003, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/9/8/ 145 “Officers Cleared of Harassment,” The Harvard 132 Douglas L. Tweedale, “New FDO Security Program university-seeks-dismissal-of-crimson-lawsuit/. Will Stress Crime Prevention,” The Harvard Crimson, Crimson, March 21, 1989, https://www.thecrimson. 159 Joe Matthews, “Guard Reportedly Charged May 23, 1980, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- com/article/1989/3/21/officers-cleared-of-harassment-be- Behenna With Mistreatment,” The Harvard Crimson, 172 Benjamin L. Weintraub, “Court Rejects Crim- cle/1980/5/23/new-fdo-security-program-will-stress/. gan-running/. November 13, 1992, https://www.thecrimson.com/ son Suit for Police Records,” The Harvard Crimson, article/1992/11/13/guard-reportedly-charged-behen- January 13, 2006, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- 146 John L. Johnson, “HBS Student Alleges Police 133 Ibid. na-with-mistreatment/. cle/2006/1/13/court-rejects-crimson-suit-for-police/. Harassment,” The Harvard Crimson, October 29, 134 Susan C. Faludi, “Insecurity,” The Harvard Crimson, 1991, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1991/10/29/ 160 Joe Matthews, “Ali Says Guards’ Charges ‘Confirm’ 173 Amit R. Paley, “In Search of a More Open Veritas,” October 4, 1980, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- hbs-student-alleges-police-harassment-pharvard/. Fears About Police,” The Harvard Crimson, October 15, The Harvard Crimson, June 10, 2004, https://www. cle/1980/10/4/insecurity-pthe-rape-of-an-undergradu- 1992, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1992/10/15/ thecrimson.com/article/2004/6/10/in-search-of-a-more- 147 Ross G. Forman, “Pluralism’s Consequences: Living ate/. ali-says-guards-charges-confirm-fears/. open/. With Diversity,” The Harvard Crimson, June 8, 1989, 135“Quad Safety Criticized After Rape,” The Harvard https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1989/6/8/plural- 161 Joe Matthews, “3 More Guards Claim Discrimina- 174 Ibid. Crimson, September 29, 1980, https://www.thecrimson. isms-consequences-living-with-diversity-ppluralism/. tion.” com/article/1980/9/29/quad-safety-criticized-after-rape- 175 Hana R. Alberts and Daniel J. Hemel, “Harvard 148 “City Review Board Dismisses Racial Harassment 162 Joe Matthews, “Johnson Fires Security Guard,” Strikes Back,” The Harvard Crimson, February 12, 2004,

130 131 https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/2/12/harvard- https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/3/8/har- 202 Chan Tov McNamarah, White Caller Crime: of the Public Defender v. Chief, Police Department, strikes-back-bunkered-in-the/. vard-police-officer-force-criticism/. Racialized Police Communication While Black, Michigan Yale University, Freedom of Information Commission Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 24, 2019. of the State of Connecticut, #FIC 2007-370, accessed 176 Ibid. 193 Ibid. at https://www.state.ct.us/foi/2008FD/20080213/ 203 Ibid. 177 Mariel A. Klein, “Harvard Reports Highest Sex 194 Ema R. Schumer, “The Old Boys’ Network: Racism, FIC2007-370.htm. Unlike Massachusetts, Connecticut Offense Number in Ivy League,” The Harvard Crimson, Sexism, and Alleged Favoritism in Harvard’s Police 204 Ema R. Schumer & Charles Xu, “HUPD Officer courts have ruled that Yale’s private police are subject to October 7, 2014, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- Department,” The Harvard Crimson, January 31, 2020, involved in February Smith Center Arrest Criticized for police disclosure laws. cle/2014/10/7/report-sexual-offense-high/. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/1/31/hupd-in- Use of Force in Two Prior Incidents,” The Harvard Crim- 212 Yale has a student body of 13,462 students and vestigation/; Michelle G. Kurilla and Ruoqi Zhang, “Ba- son, March 8th, 2020. https://www.thecrimson.com/ 178 Andrew M. Duehren, “Reported Campus Rapes 4,739 faculty members for a total of 18,201. Harvard has cow Said He Supports HUPD Internal Review, Defers to article/2020/3/8/harvard-police-officer-force-criticism/. Nearly Double from 2013 to 2014,” The Harvard Crim- 36,012 students and 2,400 faculty members for a total Executive Vice President,” The Harvard Crimson, March son, October 2, 2015, https://www.thecrimson.com/ 205 Ema R. Schumer, “Presence of Harvard Police of 38,412. (I wish I could include staff and workers but 4, 2020, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/3/4/ article/2015/10/2/reported-rapes-nearly-doubles/. at Police Brutality Protest Reignites Student Calls for Harvard doesn’t publicize those numbers.) Adjusted for bacow-comment-on-HUPD/. Abolition of HUPD,” The Harvard Crimson, June 4, inflation, 10.3 million in 2011 dollars is 11.8 million in 179 Joshua J. Florence, “Harvard Sees Rise in Reported 195 Shera S. Avi-Yonah and Delano R. Franklin, “Har- 2020. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/6/4/ 2020 dollars. ​​​​​​​ Rapes,” The Harvard Crimson, October 6, 2016, https:// vard Police Assist in Responding to Anti-ICE Protesters hupd-boston-floyd-protests/. www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/10/6/clery-act-re- 213 Estimated based on a Harvard population of 38,412. at Amazon Office,” The Harvard Crimson, September port-2016/. 206 https://www.hupd.harvard.edu/request-event-detail Cambridge’s estimated population was 118,927 as of 6, 2019, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/9/6/ July 1, 2019. “Quick Facts, Cambridge city, Massachu- anti-ice-amazon/; Ema R. Schumer, “Presence of Harvard 180 Ibid. 207 Ibid. setts,” United States Census Bureau, https://www.census. Police at Police Brutality Protest Reignites Student Calls gov/quickfacts/fact/table/cambridgecitymassachusetts/ 181 Anna L. Tong, “Students Air Racism Concerns,” for Abolition of HUPD,” The Harvard Crimson, June FOLLOW THE MONEY PST045219 (last accessed August 7 2020). Its projected The Harvard Crimson, May 14, 2007, https://www. 4, 2020, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/6/4/ expenditures on police for 2019 were $59,695,020. City thecrimson.com/article/2007/5/14/students-air-racism- hupd-boston-floyd-protests/. 208 Harvard and HUPD’s refusal to release these num- concerns-a-call/. bers is likely similar to its resistance to making changes of Cambridge 2019-2020 Annual Budget, City of Cam- 196 Ema R. Schumer, “Embattled Harvard Police De- to Harvard’s investments. Harvard University’s various bridge, accessible at https://www.cambridgema.gov/-/ 182 Ibid. partment Chief Will Retire By Year’s End,” The Harvard endowments, which amount to $41 billion, are a contro- media/Files/budgetdepartment/FinancePDFs/fy20adopt- 183 Ibid. Crimson, June 9, 2020, https://www.thecrimson.com/ versial topic. Most recently, a group of student organizers edbudget/fy20adoptedbudgetbook.pdf. article/2020/6/9/hupd-riley-steps-down/. that comprise the Harvard Prison Divestment Campaign 184 Ibid. 214 Estimated based on a 40-hour workweek and 48 197 Ema R. Schumer, “University Creates Search Com- has called upon the University to divest its holdings working weeks per year. 185 I, Too Am Harvard Collective, I, Too, Am Harvard mittee to Select Chief of Police,” The Harvard Crimson, from the prison-industrial complex. The University has 215 Hourly salary for officers with two years’ experience (blog, 2014), https://itooamharvard.tumblr.com. August 14, 2020, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- refused, with spokespeople such as President Larry Bacow is $39.97. Yearly salary estimated based on a 40-hour cle/2020/8/14/search-committee-hupd-chief/. and Senior Fellow William Lee, a member of the Harvard 186 Ibid. Corporation that manages the endowment, repeatedly workweek and 48 working weeks per year. 198 Harvard Prison Divestment Campaign, “Black Lives 187 Francis D. Riley, “Op-Ed: Community Policing at claiming that the endowment is apolitical and should 216 United States Department of Justice. Office of Matter: Abolish HUPD,” (open letter), https://docs. Harvard,” The Harvard Crimson, May 11, 2018, https:// not be used for social justice movements. Alexandra A. Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Survey of google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf6nmFRCwVKJ-8BnY- www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/5/11/riley-commu- Chaidez, “Bacow Tells Prison Divestment Group He Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, 2011-2012. Ann IWBi9DPvV5ecMisxiVBXkr0Cn1YBMTwQ/view- nity-policing/. Responds to ‘Reason,’ Not ‘Demands’” The Harvard Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and form?vc=0&c=0&w=1. Crimson (February 15, 2019), https://www.thecrimson. Social Research [distributor], 2015-08-13. https://doi. 188 Camille G. Caldera and Amanda Y. Su, “FAS Report com/article/2019/2/15/bacow-meets-with-divest/. Efforts 199 Ellen M. Burstein and Michelle G. Kurilla, “Stu- org/10.3886/ICPSR36217.v1. Finds Harvard Police Did Not Have ‘Malicious Intent’ to uncover HUPD’s funding streams and expenditures dents and Alumni Rally Outside University President’s During Interaction with Students of Color,” The Harvard may also be painted as an effort by rogue, marginalized 217 Estimates were based on $20,000 for cars and vans, House to Call for the Abolition of Campus Police,” Crimson, November 4, 2019, https://www.thecrimson. political justice groups to control Harvard, instead of the $25,000 for trucks and SUVs, $15,000 for motorcycles, The Harvard Crimson, July 30, 2020, https://www. com/article/2019/11/4/fas-no-malicious-intent/. essential accountability and transparency move that the and $1000 for bicycles, totaling $520,000 total. thecrimson.com/article/2020/7/30/abolish-hupd-elm- entire Harvard community needs. 189 Ibid. wood-protest/; Harvard Alliance Against Campus Cops 218 Joey Garrison, “Harvard grad student workers go 190 Caroline S. Engelmayer, Angela N. Fu, Lucy Wang, (HAACC), “Why We Showed up at Bacow’s Mansion to 209 United States Department of Justice. Office of on strike, seeking $25 an hour minimum wage, other and Michael E. Xie, “52 Minutes: Inside the Arrest of Demand he Abolish HUPD,” Medium, July 30, 2020, Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Survey of demands,” USA Today (Dec. 3 2019), https://www.usa- a Black Harvard Student,” The Harvard Crimson, n.d., https://medium.com/@abolishhupd/why-we-showed-up- Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, 2011-2012. Ann today.com/story/news/nation/2019/12/03/harvard-uni- https://features.thecrimson.com/2018/insidethearrest/. at-larry-bacows-mansion-during-dinnertime-to-demand- Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and versity-graduate-student-workers-strike-better-pay-bene- he-abolish-hupd-838468286652. Social Research [distributor], 2015-08-13. https://doi. fits/2595875001/. 191 Ema R. Schumer, “Sleeping in Smith Center org/10.3886/ICPSR36217.v1. 219 Footnote 13: “About Us,” Phillips Brooks House Draws Police Interventions,” The Harvard Crimson, WHAT DOES HUPD DO? February 20, 2019, https://www.thecrimson.com/arti- 210 “Police Department Directory,” Harvard University Association Website, http://pbha.org/about-us/ (last cle/2019/2/20/sleeping-in-smith-center-hupd/. 200 Clery Act Report, Student Aid, Department of Edu- Police Department Website, https://www.hupd.harvard. accessed August 7 2020); Phillips Brooks House Asso- cation, available here: https://studentaid.gov/data-center/ edu/police-department-directory#Senior%20Staff (last ciation 2013 Form 990 (accessed at http://pbha.org/ 192 Ema R. Schumer and Charles Xu, “HUPD Officer school/clery-act-reports accessed August 7 2020). wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Form-990-FY14.pdf). Involved in February Smith Center Arrest Criticized For Use of Force in Two Prior Incidents,” March 8, 2020, 201 M.G. L. § 98F 211 Janet R. Perrotti and State of Connecticut, Office 220 Footnote 14: “About Us,” Harvard University Police

132 133 Department Website, https://www.hupd.harvard.edu/po- 232 Christopher John White, “An Inevitable Response? A HARVARD’S BLACK BOX www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/10/31/ameri- lice-department-directory#Senior%20Staff (last accessed Lived Experienced Perspective on Emergency Responses can-university-students-protest-mistreatment-black-stu- August 7 2020). to Mental Health Crises,” Journal of Psychiatric and 241 Margaret Fosmoe & Jeff Parrott, “Court Rules dent, https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/09/us/yale-student- Mental Health Nursing, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/ for ESPN and against Notre Dame in Police Records 221 Liam Knox, “Hundreds Voice Support For jpm.12631. lawsuit,” South Bend Tribune, March 16, 2016. https:// napping-black-trnd/index.html Proposal To Reallocate The Cambridge Police Budget,” www.southbendtribune.com/news/publicsafety/court- WBUR News (June 10 2020), https://www.wbur.org/ 233 Hope Coleman v. City of Boston (2018) US District rules-for-espn-and-against-notre-dame-in-police-records- 255 Heatherton, Interview with Cullors, p. 84. news/2020/06/10/cambridge-police-budget-propos- Court of Massachusetts lawsuit/article_91394044-eac5-11e5-81a4-4f7a675f0d4f. al-postponed. html 256 https://harvardmagazine.com/2020/06/hupd-review 234 Benjamin Swasey and Simón Rios, “Mother Whose Son Was Fatally Shot By A Boston Cop Files A Civil 242 ESPN, Inc. v. Univ. of Notre Dame Police Dep’t, 62 257 https://today.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/up- ABOLITION AS HEALTHCARE Rights Lawsuit,” Mother Whose Son Was Fatally Shot N.E.3d 1192 (Ind. 2016) loads/2017/02/Sanctuary-Campus-Toolkit.pdf. Notably 222 Edwards F, Lee H, Esposito M. Risk of being By A Boston Cop Files A Civil Rights Lawsuit | WBUR 243 Salt Lake Tribune v. State Records Comm., 2019 UT Drew Faust tries to portray Harvard as a sanctuary cam- killed by police use of force in the United States News (WBUR, April 4, 2018). 68, 456 P.3d 728. by age, race-ethnicity, and sex. Proc Natl Acad Sci pus but admits the HUPD will allow ICE onto campus if 235 Jesse M Ehrenfeld and Patrice A Harris, “Police U S A. 2019;116(34):16793-16798. doi:10.1073/ ICE presents a warrant. Brutality Must Stop,” American Medical Association, 244 Connecticut v. Yale University Police Department, pnas.1821204116 May 29, 2020. Docket #FIC 2007-370, Final Decision, Feb. 13, 2008. https://www.state.ct.us/foi/2008FD/20080213/ 258 https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/3/8/cam- 223 Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Kiang 236 City of Cambridge, “Mental Health Outreach,” FIC2007-370.htm. bridge-housing-explainer/ MV, Feldman J. Police Killings and Police Deaths Mental Health Outreach - Police Department - City of Are Public Health Data and Can Be Counted. PLoS Cambridge, Massachusetts. 245 “Statement by Yale University on FOI and the Yale 259 https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/2/19/ Med. 2015;12(12):e1001915. Published 2015 Dec 8. Police Department,” Yale News, April 11, 2008. https:// allston-institutional-master-plan-halfway-update/ doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001915 237 Ruth Wilson Gilmore. (2007). Golden Gulag: news.yale.edu/2008/04/11/statement-yale-universi- Prison, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing ty-foi-and-yale-police-department 224 Feldman, J. Public Health and Policing of Black 260 https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/22/ California (p. 28). University of California Press. Lives. Harvard Public Health Review. Summer 2015;7. 246 Madeline Will, “Despite public interest in increased hmc-divest-protest/ 238 Chandra L. Ford and Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, police transparency, most private universities shield police 225 Mark Berman et al., “Protests Spread over Police “The Public Health Critical Race Methodology: Praxis reports,” Student Press Law Center, March 16, 2016. 261 https://www.ghbeyondsurvival.com/ Shootings. Police Promised Reforms. Every Year, They for Antiracism Research,” Social Science & Medicine 71, https://splc.org/2016/03/private-campus-police-forces/. Still Shoot and Kill Nearly 1,000 People.,” Washington 262 https://campusministry.georgetown.edu/ourstaff/ no. 8 (2010): pp. 1390-1398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Post, June 8, 2020. socscimed.2010.07.030. 247 M.G.L. ch. 41, § 98F; 20 USC § 1092(f)(4)(a) chaplainsandstaff/ 226 Edwards F, Esposito MH, Lee H. Risk of Police-In- 248 Harvard Crimson, Inc. v. President and Fellows of 239 Rachel Kushner (2019). “Is Prison Necessary? Ruth 263 https://publicsafety.tufts.edu/ems/about/#:~:text=- volved Death by Race/Ethnicity and Place, United States, Wilson Gilmore Might Change Your Mind.” New York Harvard Coll., 840 N.E.2d 518, 520 (2006). 2012-2018. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(9):1241- Students%20who%20are%20Massachusetts%2Dcer- Times Magazine, p. 37. 1248. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304559 249 Id. at 521. tified,injured%20with%20competency%20and%20 240 Yoshiko Iwai, Zahra H Khan, and Sayantani 227 Duru OK, Harawa NT, Kermah D, Norris KC. 250 https://www.hupd.harvard.edu/faq/whats-differ- compassion.&text=Tufts%20EMS%20is%20an%20 Dasgupta, “Abolition Medicine,” The Lancet 396, no. Allostatic load burden and racial disparities in mortality. ence-between-hupd-and-city-police-cambridge-boston- entirely%20student%2Drun%20organization. 10245 (2020): pp. 158-159, https://doi.org/10.1016/ J Natl Med Assoc. 2012;104(1-2):89-95. doi:10.1016/ police-etc s0140-6736(20)31566-x. s0027-9684(15)30120-6 251 Commonwealth v. Baez, 42 Mass. App. Ct. 565, 567 THE MORAL CASE FOR ABOLITION 228 Bor J, Venkataramani AS, Williams DR, Tsai AC. (1997). See also Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 37, § 11. 264 Micah Herskind, “Some Reflections on Prison Ab- Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental 252 H.2820 (2013-4); H.2758 (2015-6); H.2660 health of black Americans: a population-based, quasi-ex- (2017-8); H.2676 (2019-20); S.1838 (2019-20); https:// olition,” Medium, December 7, 2019, https://medium. perimental study. Lancet. 2018;392(10144):302-310. malegislature.gov/Bills/191/S1838 com/@micahherskind/some-reflections-on-prison-aboli- doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31130-9 253 Shaun Musgrave, “Bill seeks to make police records tion-after-mumi-5197a4c3cf98 229 DeVylder JE, Jun H, Fedina L, et al. Association of at private colleges public,” The Boston Globe, Sept.. 27 Exposure to Police Violence With Prevalence of Mental 2015.https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/09/27/ Health Symptoms Among Urban Residents in the police-reports-private-colleges-shielded-from-public- United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7):e184945. view/hzst5gCJhY0IOuAwb0pGaK/story.html#:~:tex- doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4945 t=Yet%20courts%20have%20ruled%20that,upon%20 230 City of Cambridge, “Mental Health Outreach,” request%2C%20including%20police%20reports. Mental Health Outreach - Police Department - City of Cambridge, Massachusetts. DEMANDS 231 Treatment Advocacy Center. Overlooked in the 254 Elin Johnson, “Forced Removal of Student Prompts Undercounted: The Role of Mental Illness in Fatal Law Protest,” Inside Higher Ed, October 31, 2019. https:// Enforcement Encounters. Dec, 2015.

134 135 APPENDIX: HUPD STORIES

136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144