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Contents Glossary: Glossary: ...... 3 Executive Summary ...... 4 AP Andhra Pradesh 1. THE SUBSECTOR - Introduction and Background ...... 5 AEZ Agri- Export Zones APEDA Agriculture and Processed Foods Export Development Authority a. Status and Importance of the subsector; developments over the last 15 years...... 5 CAC2 Calcium Carbide b. Inventory of activities and lessons learnt from past and on-going interventions in subsector CFB Corrugated Fiber board Box losses ...... 10 EIC Export Inspection Council of India c. The process of policy making and current policy framework or national strategy on subsector FSC Food Supply Chain losses (if any), and brief description/ assessment of the level and extent of current FSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India implementation ...... 12 GAP Good Agricultural Practices d. Relevant institutions and their role in terms of policy, organizational structure, mandate and GMP Good Manufacturing Practices activities in the small and medium subsector industry sector ...... 13 Ha Hectares e. Overview of the most important FSCs in the subsector, selection of FSC ...... 14 HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points f. Presumed food losses in the selected FSC ...... 15 INM Integrated Nutrient Management 2. THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN - Situation analysis ...... 17 IPM Integrated Pest Management a. Description of the selected subsector supply chain, its location, an estimate of the quantities of MIDH Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture products, and when the case study took place ...... 17 MT Metric Tonnes MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act b. Description of the existing marketing systems of the selected subsector supply chain, for small-scale producers (formal and informal)...... 20 NREGS National Rural Employment Generation Act RKVY Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana Case Study 1: Effect of Ban on Calcium Carbide ...... 26 USD United States Dollar c. FSC actors’ involvement and their benefit, including job creation and income generation; VHT Vapor Heat Treatment economic data of the FSC; environment-related inputs and factors of the FSC ...... 27 VZM Vizianagaram 3. THE FOOD LOSSES - Study findings and results ...... 32 a. Description of the FSC: risk factors ...... 32 b. Critical Loss Points: type and level of food losses in the selected subsector chains, including
both quantitative and qualitative losses...... 32 c. The causes of these losses and identified (potential) loss reduction measures ...... 42 Fig 14: Mango spoilage due to post-harvest diseases and improper handling during ripening .... 43
d. Low Loss Points, and good practices leading to low food losses...... 43 4. THE FOOD LOSS REDUCTION STRATEGY - Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 44
a. Impact of food losses in the selected FSC ...... 44
b. Required inputs and cost-benefit analysis of the food loss reduction measures (for 10 year implementation) identified at the critical loss points; social implications ...... 45 c. Food loss reduction plan and strategy, investment requirements ...... 53
Follow-up action plan/ Concept note ...... 54
Bibliography: ...... 57 Study Itinerary: ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Executive Summary 1. THE SUBSECTOR - Introduction and Background The present study is taken up to highlight the patterns of food loss in the important subsectors in the a. Status and Importance of the subsector; developments over the last 15 years state of Andhra Pradesh, India and to identify the causes and possible solutions applicable to the indi- vidual subsectors. Owing to its economic and cultural importance to the state, mango was selected as Mango (Mangifera indica) is the national fruit of India and is considered the king of fruits on account one of the subsectors. of its nutritive value, taste, aroma and health promoting qualities. Its cultivation, consumption and usage are recorded in ancient Indian texts and literature. Mango thrives in a tropical climate and is cultivated The study was carried out by a case study methodology which focuses on identifying the symptoms and throughout India as a commercial crop. It is also a common sight in backyards of homes, along field causes of food loss and finding relevant solutions. The methodology of the study is designed to collect boundaries and roadside avenues. Mango is the most cherished fruit across the country in its fresh fruit first-hand (i.e. by direct observation, direct interaction with chain actors and load tracking exercise) form as well as in different products. Mango is utilized at all stages of its development, such as the raw information on food loss, so that the results are comparable. The case study methodology comprises of fruits are used in making Pickles, Chutney, mango sauce and Green mango beverages. The ripe fruits one-time assessment of the selected supply chains; the situation in next season, another geographical are processed into jams, jellies, frozen slices, canned products, dehydrated slices and ready-to-serve area and in another climatic condition could be greatly different. Therefore, it is highly important to beverages. conduct as many as case studies as possible covering different geographical areas and time periods, so that the results are representative and could be extrapolated. The study is executed in phased manner Mango is nutritionally rich and provides energy to the extent of 74 Kcal/100g. The fruit contains nearly with a “4S” approach consisting of Screening, Survey, Sampling and Synthesis. In this approach the 81% moisture, 0.4% fat, 0.6% proteins and 0.7% fibers. It contains nearly 17% carbohydrates and 0.4% dominant food supply chains of the subsector are identified and studied further to quantify the losses minerals (NIN, 1989). It is also a rich source of vitamin A and C. The mango kernel contains up to 10% and by thorough observation of the activities across the food supply chain and by interacting with all good quality fat that is used in soap industry and also as a substitute for cocoa butter in confectionery. the stakeholders and experts in the subsector. Mango Production in Andhra Pradesh: India is the leading producer of mango with production around 20 million tonnes in 2015-16, followed India is the leading producer of mango, followed by China, with an area of cultivation estimated to be by China with production of 5 million tonnes. Mango contributes to major share of horticultural exports 2.22 m ha in 2015-16 with production of 19.51 million tonnes and average productivity of 8.8 tonnes from India in both fresh and processed form to major Middle East and European markets. Andhra Pra- per ha. The production and area of cultivation of mango is observed to be in an increasing trend from desh contributes to 6% of global mango production and 15% of the India’s mango production, making the past fifteen years with an average annual growth of 5.7% from 2001. Mango contributes to major it the second largest producer of mangos in the country. The state comprises of two important supply share of horticultural exports from India in both fresh and processed form to major markets like UAE, chains in mango subsector i.e. fresh fruit and pulp processing. The district of Vizianagarm was chosen Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, Kuwait, and Qatar. The country has exported 36.3 thousand MT of fresh to study fresh fruit FSC while Chittoor district was selected to study pulp processing FSC, as they are mangoes and 128 thousand MT of mango pulp to the world for the worth of USD 49.5 million and USD dominant FSC respectively. In both the FSCs’ small and marginal holders form a majority share of the 121 million respectively, during the year 2015-2016. producers and mango contributes to a significant share of their income. In India, mango is cultivated extensively in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, As part of the study, both the food supply chains were studied in greater detail by interacting with Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Bihar. As per the year 2014-15 estimates, Andhra various stakeholders across the value chain ranging from farmers, traders, transport agents, pack house Pradesh ranked first in the country with an area of 315.69 thousand hectares under mango cultivation experts, processing companies to horticultural experts. The food losses at individual stages were ana- and ranked second in production with 2.84 million tonnes contributing to 15.27% production with the lyzed for both qualitative and quantitative losses. A load tracking exercise was carried out to validate productivity of 9.0 tonnes/ha. This translates to about 5.6 % of global mango production. The Andhra the losses at each individual stages. Environment, gender and socioeconomic status of the actors were Pradesh State Horticulture department estimated the value of the produce in 2014-15 as USD 333.30 also evaluated in order to determine how these factors are related to root causes of food losses and also million with a market price of USD 120 per ton of mango. the impact of food losses and solutions proposed on these factors Analysis of the FSCs reveal that harvesting plays an important role in defining the losses in the later 100% stages in both fresh and process food supply chains. Harvesting is a critical loss point (CLP) in both the 4.10 Maharashtra supply chains. Transportation of mangoes in pulp processing is efficient and is a low loss point (LLP), 90% 4.16 4.32 Orissa while the transportation in fresh fruit FSC is a major CLP. At ripening stage in pulp processing FSC, 80% 4.84 losses are high in natural ripening in comparison to ripening chambers. Other important causes for food 6.58 West Bengal 70% 6.87 losses observed include improper packing, non-standard storage and ripening conditions. Tamil Nadu 60% 8.89 Food loss reduction strategy was formulated, after analyzing the solutions for their suitability in terms 50% 9.72 Gujarat of economic viability, technological feasibility, impact on the environment, social and cultural rele- 40% Bihar vance, with the help of experts and by comparing better practices from similar supply chains globally. 15.23 The most important solution recommended was to impart training about the importance of proper har- 30% Karnataka vesting techniques and postharvest care to farmers and farm workers. Other recommendations include, 20% Telangana development of low cost packaging structures for fresh fruit FSC and developing standard conditions 10% 23.47 Andhra Pradesh and methods for traditional ripening. Farm and post- harvest service enterprises are proposed to address 0% Uttar Pradesh the problem of availability of skilled manpower. A stakeholder meeting was conducted to appraise the State Share(%) findings of the report and key action points were identified to address the food loss in mango subsector. Fig 2: Mango Production (2014-15), Top 10 States
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OUTPUT I-1a: STATE PRODUCTION INFORMATION OF THE FRESH FRUIT SUBSECTOR - Actors and product flow OUTPUTOUTPUT I-1a: I- 1a:STATE STATEPRODUCTIONPRODUCTION INFORMATION INFORMATION OFOF THE THE FRESH FRESH FRUIT FRUITSUBSECTORSUBSECTOR - - 550 5,000 ActorsActors and andproduct product flow flow 500 4,500 Small holder Producers Medium and Large Producers 450 4,000 400 (LandSmall holding holder Producers < 2 Ha) Medium(Land and HoldingLarge Producers > 2 Ha) 3,500 Small holder Producers Medium and Large Producers 350 (Land holding 76% < 2 Ha) (Land Holding24% > 2 Ha) 3,000 (Land holding < 2 Ha) (Land Holding > 2 Ha) 300 76% 24% 2,500 76% 24% 250 Area ('000 Area ('000 Ha) 200 2,000 Production ('000 T) Raw/Green Family Con- Fresh fruit Processing 150 1,500 Family Con- RawMango/Green sumption Raw/Green Fresh> fruit80% Processing 16% 100 1,000 Familysumption Con- Mango2% Fresh fruit Processing < 1% Mango > 80% 16% 2004-05 2006-07 2008-09 2010-11 2012-13 2014-15 sumption< 1% 2% > 80% 16% < 1% 2% Andhra Pradesh (Pdn-'000 T) Telangana (Pdn-'000 T) AP( Area-'000 Ha) PrePre harvest con- con- Aggregators/Aggregators/ DirectDirect from from tractors Traders Farmers Pre harvesttractors con- Aggregators/Traders FarmersDirect from Fig. 3: Mango Production trend in Andhra Pradesh (2004-2015) 47 % 26 % 9 % tractors 47 % 26Traders % 9 Farmers%
47 % 26 % 9 % Within the state of Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor, Krishna, Vizianagaram, Anantapur, and Kadapa are the predominant mango growing districts. Mango is grown in perennial orchards with the harvesting season from the months of May to July. Nearly 76% of mango farmers are small and marginal with land hold- LocalLocal Markets Markets DistantDistant Markets Markets ExportExport Markets Markets ings not more than 2 hectares, while the remaining 24% are medium and large farmers with land hold- 8.48.4 % % 68.668.6 % % 5 % 5 % Local Markets Distant Markets Export Markets ings of approximately 4 hectares and 10 hectares respectively. The state of Andhra Pradesh in the year 2014 was bifurcated into two separate states of Telangana and Andhra, the land area under mango 8.4 % 68.6 % 5 % cultivation from the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh to the current one dropped from 4406 ha to 3040 ha. However, the land acreage under mango cultivation in the new state of Andhra Pradesh is constantly Informal Retailers Informal Retailers49% growing at an average of 3.5% each year. The main mango varieties produced for consumption as fresh 49% fruit in the region are Banginapalli, Suvernarekha, Chinna rasalu, Pedda rasalu and Neelam. Two vari- Informal Retailers eties namely Tothapuri and Alphonso are produced exclusively for processing, however, their consump- 49% tion is also quite popular for their distinctive taste and flavor. Cart Vendors Traditional Re- Semi organized Retailers Modern Retailers Cart Vendors23% Traditionaltailers Re- Semi organized 23 % Retailers 10 % 23% tailers26% Modern Retailers
Cart Vendors Traditional26% Re- 23 % 10 % The role of various actors in the FSC at differentSemi organized steps is Retailersas follows: Modern Retailers 23% tailers 26% 23 % 10 % The roleProducers: of various Farmers actors holding in the less FSC than at different2 hectares steps of land is asare follows: classified as smallholder producers and they account nearly 76% of the total farmers and the remaining 24% are classified as large holder TheProducers: roleproducers. of various Farmers Farmers actors holding in mango in the less pulpFSC than FSCat 2 different hectaresare comparatively steps of land is as are more follows: classified knowledgeable as smallholder than freshproducers fruit FSC and they inaccount terms of nearly post-harvest 76% ofhandling the total and farmersmarket inf andormation. the remaining Most of the 24% farmers are classifiedin this FSC as have large direct holder Producers: Farmers holding less than 2 hectares of land are classified as smallholder producers and producers.linkages Farmers with processing in mango plantspulp and FSC supply are directlycomparatively to them. more knowledgeable than fresh fruit FSC they account nearly 76% of the total farmers and the remaining 24% are classified as large holder in termsTraders of post and-harvest Pre-harvest handling Contractors: and market information. Most of the farmers in this FSC have direct linkagesproducers. with Farmers processing in mango plantspulp and FSC supply are directly comparatively to them. more knowledgeable than fresh fruit FSC in termsThe oftraders post -inharvest the mango handlingpulp andFSC market, act as infcommissionormation. agents Most betweenof the farmers the producers in this FSCand thehave pro- direct linkagesTraderscessing withand plants. Preprocessing- harvestThey aggregate plants Contractors: and the supply produce directly from small to them. farmers in market yards and supply them to The processingtraders in plantsthe mango by chargingpulp FSCa commission, act as commission of 4 % on the agents sale price. between They theplay producers an important and role the in pro- Tradersmaintaining and Prea -continuedharvest Contractors:supply of fruits to the processing plants in the limited production season by cessingprocuring plants. fruits They from aggregate other regions the produce during the from beginning small andfarmers end ofinthe marketseason yards. and supply them to processingThe traders plants in the by mango chargingpulp a FSCcommission, act as commissionof 4 % on the agents sale price.between They the play producers an important and the role pro- in maintainingcessingIn fresh plants. fruita continued They FSC, aggregatetraders/aggregatorssupply theof fruitsproduce procure to the from fruitsprocessing small from farmers the plants local in inproducer, marketthe limited aggregateyards production and the supply fruits season themand byto processingprocuringship them fruits plants to fromtraders by chargingother in distant regions a marketscommission during across the of beginningthe 4 country.% on the and The sale end pre price. -ofharvestthe Theyseasoncontractors play. an also important operate rolein in maintaininga similar amanner,continued however,supply in thisof fruits case, tothey the contract processing with theplants mango in tproducerhe limited for productionthe whole produce season by Inprocuring freshfor onefruit fruits or FSC, more from traders/aggregatorsseasons other andregions in turn during finance procure the the beginning fruits farm fromoperations and the end local for of that producer,the particularseason aggregate. season. the fruits and ship them to traders in distant markets across the country. The pre-harvest contractors also operate in In fresh fruit FSC, traders/aggregators procure fruits from the local producer, aggregate the fruits and a similar manner, however, in this case, they contract with the mango producer for the whole7 | Page produce forship one them or tomore traders seasons in distant and in markets turn finance across the the farm country. operations The pre for-harvest that particularcontractors season. also operate in a similar manner, however, in this case, they contract with the mango producer for the whole produce for one or more seasons and in turn finance the farm operations for that particular season. 7 | Page
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supply chain. They are usually involved in the trade of multiple commodities. Retailers procure smaller OUTPUT I-1a: STATE PRODUCTION INFORMATION OF THE PROCESSING SUBSECTOR - quantitiessupply chain. of theThey pr oductsare usually from involved wholesalers,in the sometimes trade of multipleon a line commodities. of credit, andRetailers sell them procure to thesmallerfinal Actors and product flow consumerquantitiessupply chain. inof thethe They terminalproducts are usually market. from involvedwholesalers,in the sometimes trade of multipleon a commodities.line of credit,Retailers and sell procure them tosmallerthe final consumerquantities in ofthe the terminal products market. from wholesalers, sometimes on a line of credit, and sell them to the final Wholesalersconsumer in and the terminalRetailers market. of Fresh fruits: Wholesalers and Retailers of Fresh fruits: TheWholesalers wholesalers and for Retailers the fresh of fruit Fresh are fruits: usually located in the market yards at distant markets. They procure fruits directly from the farmer or in most cases from the traders of mango producing regions. TheThe wholesalers wholesalers for for the the fresh fresh fruit fruit areare usuallyusually located inin thethe market market yards yards at at distant distant markets. markets. They They Retailersprocure fruits, depending directly on fro them thescale far ofmer theiror inoperations most cases and from markets the traders, can be of classifiedmango producing into cart vendors,regions. traditionalprocure fruitsretailer directlys in fruit from andthe fvegetablearmer or in markets, most cases organized from the fruit traders and of vegetablemango producing store retailers regions .and RetailersRetailers, depending, depending on on the the scale scale ofof theirtheir operations andand marketsmarkets, ,cancan be be classified classified into into cart cart vendors, vendors, modern trade channels like supermarkets and hypermarkets. traditionaltraditional retailer retailers sinin fruit fruit and and vegetablevegetable markets,markets, organizedorganized fruit fruit and and vegetable vegetable store store retailers retailers and and modernmodern trade trade channels channels like like supermarkets supermarkets andand hypermarkets.. OUTPUT I-1b: STATE PRODUCTION INFORMATION OF THE SUBSECTOR OUTPUTOUTPUT I- 1b:I-1b: STATE STATEPRODUCTIONPRODUCTION INFORMATIONINFORMATION OF OF THE THE SUBSECTOR SUBSECTOR Annual pro- Cultivated Average yield AnnualAnnualduction pro- pro-(t/yr) CultivatedCultivatedarea (ha) AverageAverage(ton / ha)yield yield 2013-14 duction2duction,737,008 (t/yr) (t/yr) area304area (ha),111 (ha) (ton9(ton / ha) / ha) 201320142013-1514-14 222,822,075,,737737,008,008 304304315,415,111,111 9 98.94 201420152014-1516-15 2,822,0752,822,0753,040,168 315,415315,415325,845 8.948.949.33 2015-16 3,040,168 325,845 9.33 Average2015-16 annual growth over the last 3 years (%) 31.353,040,168 391896325,845 9.079.33 Average annual growth over the last 3 years (%) 31.35 391896 9.07 Average costannual of growthproduction over (USD the last / ton) 3 years (%) 3831.35 391896 9.07 Average cost of production (USD / ton) 38 Average cost of production (USD / ton) on38-farm on-farm Marketed onconsumption-farm Marketed consumption Marketed Percentage of production 1consumption % 99 % Percentage of production 1 % 99 % Percentage of production volume1 % value99 % volume value (ton/year)volume(ton/year) (USD/year)value(USD/year) (ton/year) (USD/year) MarketMarket product product #1, #1, Fresh Fresh Mango Mango 22,,024024,752,752 Market product #1, Fresh Mango 2,024,752 MarketMarket product product #2, #2, Pulp Pulp 395395,000,000 MarketMarket product product #3,#2, #3, OtherPulp Other Products Products 1212395,000,000,000 Market product #3, Other Products 12,000 Number,Number, sex, sex, age age femalefemale MMaleale TotalTotal Number,of of sex, age femaleTTotalotal TTMotalotalale Total of TotalTotal Producers Producers Total Total Pulp Processors: Totalin thein the Producersstate state 33457543345754 98,23,66098,23,660 13,169,41413,169,414 (To- (To- tal Farmers) The major fraction of processors are small and medium scale processors producing up to 100 tonnes in the state 3345754 98,23,660 13,169,414tal Farmers) (To- of mango pulp per day. About 5% of the total are large producers contributing about 50 % of total tal Farmers) 1 production. Aseptic and Canned mango pulp and Pulp concentrate are main products produced in this MangoMango Producers Producers9257792577 271271,822,8221 364364,399,399 FSC. 1 TradersMangoTraders Producers 92577 271,822 364,399 Processors of Other products: Processors 65 ProcessorsTraders 65 Products like mango Jelly and Pickles are manufactured by small/ cottage scale processors with ca- ProcessorsRetailers #1 65 pacities of less than 2 tonnes per day. Retailers #1 Small Medium Large Retailers #1 Small Medium Large Export Contractors: Level of processing operations 76 20 4 Small Medium Large Export Contractors are licensed to export the pulp and have good forward linkages. They procure and Level of processing operations 76 20 4 supply pulp to export markets, mostly from small processors who lack representation in terminal mar- Level of processing operations 76 20 4 kets. In some cases, export contractors finance the operations by entering into toll production agree- ments. 1 Specific data of female and male farmers in mango is not available; numbers are based on the assumption of 1 Specific general data land of holding female pattern and male for all farmers other crops. in mango 364399 is not is the available; total number numbers of landholdings are based on in mango.the assumption of Wholesalers and Retailers of processed products: 1general land holding pattern for all other crops. 364399 is the total number of landholdings in mango. Specific data of female and male farmers in mango is not available; numbers are based on the assumption9 | Page of Wholesalers procure large quantities of processed mango products and distribute them further in the general land holding pattern for all other crops. 364399 is the total number of landholdings in mango. 9 | Page Page | 8 8 | Page 9 | PagePage | 9
Controller Control Actual Situation in the FSC Responsible agent On-farm consumption of mango in both the FSC’S is limited to less than 1% and usually accounts for Controller Control ActualExists Situationand applies in the to FSC Responsible agent self-consumption by the farmer’s family and farm labor. In most cases, it also involves distribution in X Existsthe whole and FSCapplies to the neighborhood as a good will. The major portion of the fresh fruit goes to distant markets due to high National food safety/ quality X Food Safety Officer, the whole FSC demand during the lean season and about 16% of the produce is processed to various value added prod- Nationalstandards food safety/ quality Exists but not rigorous FoodFood Safety Inspectors Officer, ucts. Owing to the perishability and difficulty in storing mangoes, processing plays an important role, standards Exists but not rigorous Food Inspectors Doesn’t exist not only in improving the product shelf life but also by generating sustainable income to the producer Doesn’t exist through value addition and by creating better access to markets. In the current season, the production Harvest None Harvest None cost incurred by farmers for 1 hectare production is between USD 210 – 300. Government Transport None Processors, Exporters Government OUTPUT I-1c: FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS regulation and Frequency of checking Transport None Processors,Quality control Exporters personnel regulationrequirements and Frequency of checking Storage Low Quality control personnel (None, Low, Medium, High) Storage Low within the processing Food safety practice is critical throughout the mango FSC. However, to a large extent, the importance requirements (None, Low, Medium, High) Process High withinunit the processing of food safety is understood and practiced within the mango pulp FSC as well as in the FSC of fresh Process High unit Market Low fruit meant for export markets. The level of implementation of food safety management mechanisms Market Low and responsible agencies at different stages of the supply chain are as follows: Obligatory registration of the Exists X Processor, Food safety Exists X Good Agricultural Practices and Produce Standards: Obligatoryfood processing/ registration preparation of the Processor,Officer, ExportFood safety Inspec- foodunit processing/ preparation Doesn’t exist Officer,tion Lab Export Inspec- Good agricultural practices (GAP) are followed by all the producers who export fresh fruit and by those unit Doesn’t exist tion Lab who supply fresh produce to the processing plants. Although AGMARK standards are applicable for GHP/ GAP/ HACCP/ volun- fresh fruit, they are not stringently followed by any of the FSC actors. Instead, in many cases voluntary GHP/ GAP/ HACCP/ volun- GAP, HACCP Farmers, Processors tary standards GAP, HACCP Farmers, Processors standards are followed according to the local market norms. Some of the important GAP practices that tary standards are currently followed by the producers are soil testing, integrated pest and nutrient management, sen- Identification and control of sible use of agrochemicals and proper post-harvest handling. Identification and control of FSC actors - potential hazards potential hazards Food Safety and Standards: FSCfood actorssafety -man- • Physical- Foreign matter • Physical- Foreign matter foodagement safety system man- • Chemical- Pesticides, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) issues mandatory rules for registration of man- agement system • Chemical- Pesticides, Processors, Food Inspec- Lubricants, Calcium car- Med Processors, Food Inspec- Lubricants, Calcium car- Med tors, Certifying agencies ufacturing facility and standards for products, which are stringently followed by processors. It also bide etc. tors, Certifying agencies bide etc. monitors and controls the usage of ripening agents/ chemicals for fruits. Most of the processing plants • Biological Hazards- In- • Biological Hazards- In- are HACCP certified and follow GMP. sects-fruit flies, Patho- sects-fruit flies, Patho- genic microbes Export Inspection Standards: genic microbes In the export value chain, the regulations of respective countries/ regulatory systems are applicable and Export Inspection Council (EIC) overlooks the testing and certifying for these parameters. Some of the strategies for development of horticulture from past include: b. Inventory of activities and lessons learnt from past and on-going interventions in subsector losses Some of the strategies for development of horticulture from past include: • Convergence of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme In order to improve mango sub-sector and horticulture as a whole in Andhra Pradesh, the Horticulture • Convergence of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme ((MGNREGSMGNREGS))withwith HorticultureHorticulture Department Department for for better better utilization utilization of of labour labourandand empowerment empowerment Department started providing subsidies to a limited extent using a cluster approach by supporting can- of backward communities opy management, rejuvenation, integrated pest management etc. For improving post-harvest practices, of backward communities support was extended by providing plastic crates, establishing grading and packing units, processing • ImprovingImproving marketingmarketing facilities facilities through through rythu rythubazaarsbazaars(farmer(farmers markets)s markets), vegetable, vegetable m arkets,markets, and and units etc. at 50% subsidy. These initiatives were supported by both the state government as well as the collectioncollectioncenterscenters andand r referefer vans vans so so that that the the farmers farmers get get remunerative remunerative prices prices for for their their produce produce. . central government under RKVY, MIDH and other state schemes. • PromotionPromotion ofof precisionprecision farming farming through through micro micro irrigation, irrigation, fertigation, fertigation, Green Green House House cultivation, cultivation, The state government also launched AP Micro Irrigation Project (APMIP) in the year 2003 to conserve mmulchingulching forfor betterbetter water water con conservationservationandand quality quality of of production production the available ground water and also increase the productivity of horticulture crops. This new initiative • Encouragement of modern farm machinery and tools to save time and labor and for improving was taken up by the state government to uplift small and marginal farmers by promoting micro irrigation • Encouragement of modern farm machinery and tools to save time and labor and for improving the harvest quality technologies for the cultivation of high-value horticulture crops. According to Horticulture Department the harvest quality estimates, adoption of drip irrigation in mango increases yields by 50 -70% with a minimum of 53% • PromotionPromotion ofof postpost--harvestharvest management management practices practices through through establishment establishment of of pack pack houses, houses, cold cold water saving per hectare per season and 53% saving in energy when compared to flood irrigation (AP storages,storages, ripeningripening chambers chambers and and reduce reduce post post-harvest-harvest losses losses thereby thereby increasing increasing horticultural horticultural ex- ex- Socio-economic Survey 2015-16). In the last three years, a total area of 25,765 hectares in Chittoor and portsports 3418 hectares in Vizianagaram have been brought under micro irrigation. Mango farmers, particularly Interventions byby FSCFSC Actors:Actors: in mango pulp FSC, are progressive to embrace drip irrigation to counter climate change effects such as uneven trends of rainfall and drought conditions for better productivity and reduced fruit loss. Processing companiescompanies playedplayed aa crucial crucial role role in in awareness awareness building building among among the the mango mangoproducersproducers on on the the Government created Agri Export Zones (AEZ) during 2002 for mango, Grapes, Gherkins and Chillies importance ooff postpost--harvestharvest handling handlingininprocessingprocessing value value chain chain. Currently,. Currently, fresh fresh fruits fruits are are handled handled gently gently to promote quality production and exports. However, some Agri Export Zones established for mango, and transported ininplasticplastic cratescrates as as opposed opposed to tothethe earlier earlier practice practiceofof dumping. dumping. The The importance importance of of rip- rip- Chillies, and Grapes to promote quality production for export became non-functional later due to lack ening chamberschambers isis wellwell understunderstoodood by by all all the the levels levels of of processors processorswhowho have have upgraded upgraded their their technology technology of demand and proper implementation. through thethe schemescheme providedprovided byby APEDAAPEDAoror National NationalHorticulturalHorticultural B Boardoard. .ConstructionConstruction of of concrete concrete
1111 | Page| Page Page | 10 Page | 11 10 | Page mounted intermediate storage sheds was taken up in places where ripening chambers were absent, in d. Relevant institutions and their role in terms of policy, organizational structure, mandate and activities order to ripen fruits in the traditional method. Processing units that started as canning units slowly in the small and medium subsector industry sector transformed by adopting aseptic packaging technology. In processing plants, interventions like Department of Agriculture, Cooperation, and Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW): mechanical washing of fruits, upgrading to pasteurizers from open steam jacketed kettles, improving can-sterilization system, and usage of rotary continuous can filling machines were also taken up. Pro- DAC&FW is responsible for formulating and implementing national policies and programs to achieve cessing plants also emphasized the importance of quality assurance and implemented quality systems rapid agricultural growth through optimum utilization of the state’s land, water, soil and plant resources. and HACCP standards. These steps have improved the quality, food safety, reduced food losses and The focus areas of the Department are agriculture, marketing agricultural produce, horticulture, and environmental impact. sericulture. The objectives of the department are to assess requirements of agriculture inputs and regu- late their production and monitor the timely supply of seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, implements, c. The process of policy making and current policy framework or national strategy on subsector losses credit to farmers. The department also performs statutory functions under various acts and regulations (if any), and brief description/ assessment of the level and extent of current implementation (i.e., quality control) to ensure supply of quality inputs i.e., seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers. The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is being implemented in Department of Horticulture: Andhra Pradesh since 2005-06. From April 2014 onwards, NHM has been subsumed under Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) for holistic growth of the horticulture sector. NHM is All issues related to the horticulture sector are administered by the Department of Horticulture which being implemented in 11 districts of AP. Major activities being undertaken in the program are produc- coordinates the implementation of schemes from various bodies such as National Horticultural Board. tion and distribution of quality planting material, area expansion, rejuvenation of senile plantations, It supports farmers by providing technical advice on the cultivation of horticultural crops, executing creation of community water resources, protected cultivation, IPM/INM, organic farming, development various schemes, conducting training and exposure trips for farmers, organizing meetings to advocate of post-harvest management & marketing infrastructure and human resource development. The mission new technology, and evaluating the need for assistance after a natural disaster. for MIDH is a Government of India scheme being implemented since 2014 by subsuming six schemes Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) on Horticulture development including NHM. This program is under implementation in nine districts (includes Chittoor but not Vizianagaram). MoFPI is responsible for overall policy-making in terms infrastructure development and development of food processing sector. MoFPI draws up the overall strategy for promoting food processing and Agri Export Zones (AEZ): supports through of various schemes for establishing mega food parks, cold chain infrastructure, waste The state government has promoted AEZs to boost the export of horticulture products. The Chittoor utilization plants and skill development by training various stakeholders. AEZ is the most successful in the state as well as in the country. The annual turnover of pulp exports Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) from Chittoor increased from USD 1.22 million before the establishment of AEZ to USD 49.4 million in 2012. Besides the modernization of several units and support for HACCP certification acquisition, FSSAI issues and monitors the regulatory standards for intermediate products like aseptically processed the government has exempted sales tax on all inputs and packaging material uses for exports. There are mango pulp, canned mango pulp, pulp concentrate and tertiary consumer products like jams, pickles, a number of other demands from the processors, but on the whole, the industry is responding well to beverages and candied fruits etc. The companies producing any of these products are obliged to register the policy support. under FSSAI as Food Business and Operator (FBO) and follow the applicable product, packaging and processing standards. In post-harvest management, support is also being extended by the following agencies/ schemes. Agricultural and Processed Foods Export Development Authority (APEDA): Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY): Under this scheme, fruit processors are assisted with soft loans to upgrade technology in the plants. The processing companies and export merchants are bound to be registered with APEDA in order to export fresh mangoes and processed products to overseas. APEDA sets standards for products that are APEDA schemes: Assistance by support in setting up of integrated or individual post-harvest infra- to be exported and coordinates with various regulatory agencies and notifies all the stakeholders about structure like pack houses, pre-cooling units and cold chain units, adoption of QA and food safety sys- changes and developments in standards, trade notifications/ restrictions etc. in the respective geogra- tems, assistance in training and skill development of personnel in units meant for export purposes. phies. APEDA also works to promote the export of food and agricultural commodities by various inter- ventions like financial assistance, Infrastructure development, markets and quality development. APEDA was instrumental in establishing two Vapor Heat Treatment (VHT) plants each in Krishna Mega Food Park Scheme: Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), extends financial assis- district and Chittoor and a common aseptic packaging plant in Chittoor AEZ to promote the export of tance in establishing mega food parks to link production areas to markets with processing facilities and fresh mangoes and mango pulp respectively. support infrastructure and to improve value addition, minimizing wastages, increasing farmers’ income and creating employment opportunities, particularly in the rural sector. In the mango pulp FSC in Export Inspection Council (EIC): mango, two such mega food parks namely Srini Food Park and Sricity Food Park in the region improved EIC ensures the adherence of products to the respective standards for the export market. EIC facilitates the processing facilities and catalyzed the increase in demand for pulp. testing of samples at labs at Export Inspection Agencies situated at various ports of entry and exit across Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS): Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise the country and supports in the issuance of a certificate of origin, phytosanitary certificate, pre-shipment extends support in promoting small scale industries and technology upgradation by providing a subsidy inspection etc. of up to USD 22000 for plant machinery with a ceiling worth of USD 0.15 Million Implementation of Total Quality Management System including ISO 9000, ISO 22000, HACCP, GMP & GHP by MoFPI: Under this scheme, assistance is extended by reimbursement of expenditure to the extent of 50% of the cost of consultant fee incurred by processing units, fee charged by Certifi- cation Agency, plant and machinery, technical civil works and other expenditure towards implementa- tion of Total Quality Management System including ISO 9000, ISO 22000, HACCP, GMP & GHP.
Page | 12 12 | Page 13 | Page | 13
e. Overview of the most important FSCs in the subsector, selection of FSC e.OUTPUT OverviewI-2a. of theFOOD most SUPPLY important CHAINS FSCs in IN the THE subsector, SUBSECTOR. selection of FSC OUTPUTOUTPUTII--2c.2c. ––ECONOMICECONOMIC IMPORTANCEIMPORTANCE OF FOOD SUPPLY CHAINSCHAINS (from(from II--2a)2a) FORFOR e. Overview of the most important FSCs in the subsector, selection of FSC SMALLSMALLOUTPUTHOLDERHOLDERI-2c. – FARMERSECONOMICFARMERS IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS (from I-2a) FOR OUTPUT I-2a. FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS IN THE SUBSECTOR. FSC GeographicalOUTPUT I-2a. FOODFinal SUPPLYprod- Area CHAINS under IN THEVolume SUBSECTOR. of Number of Market of final Project SMALLHOLDER FARMERS # area of pro- uct mango (ha)* mango pro- smallholder product, support FSC FSCGeographical Geographical FinalFinal prod- prod- AreaArea underunder VolumeVolume of of NumberNumber of of MarketMarket of final ofProject final Project PercentagePercentage ofof produceproduce Contribution to income generation (%(% shareshare ofof totaltotal annualannual income) income) # areaduction of pro- uct mango (ha)* mangoductionpro- smallholderproducers/total product,location, buy- support FFSCSC # # Percentage of produce Contribution to income generation (% share of total annual income) # area of pro- uct mango (ha)* mango pro- smallholder product, 4 support Processors WholesalersWholesalers RetailersRetailers duction duction(ton/year)* producers/totalfarmers (%) location,ers buy- FSC # SSmallholdersmallholders OtherOther Farmers Middlemen duction duction producers/total location, buy- Smallholders Other Farmers Middlemen Processors Wholesalers Retailers (ton/year)*(ton/year)*farmersfarmers (%) (%)ers 4 ers4 1 Chittoor Pulp, 73,977 665,793 71,000 / 92,000 Middle East, MIDH, RKVY, MangoMango pulp pulp FSCFSC 70 50 8080 NANA NANA 1 1 ChittoorChittoor Pulp,freshPulp, fruit 73,97773,977 665,793665,793 71,00071(77,000/%) 92,000/ 92 ,Middle000 MiddleEurope, East, East,Japan;MIDH, RKVY,MIDH,NREGS, RKVY, Mango pulp FSC 70 50 80 NA NA 7676 2424 freshfresh fruit fruit (77%)(77%) Europe,Europe,Pan Japan; India Japan;NREGS, NREGS,APEDA 76 24 Pan India APEDA FreshFresh fruit fruit 40 50 NANA 5050 2525 2 Krishna Fresh fruit, 63,475 507,800 42,500 / 53,500 Pan IndiaIndia, Ja- MIDH,APEDA RKVY, Fresh fruit 40 50 NA 50 25 2 Krishna Fresh fruit, 63,475 507,800 42,500 / 53,500 Pan India, Ja- MIDH, RKVY, 2 Krishna Freshpulppulp fruit, 63,475 507,800 (80%)42(80,500%) / 53,pan,500 Middle Panpan, India,Middle NREGS, Ja- MIDH,NREGS, RKVY, East APEDA pulp (80%) East pan, MiddleAPEDA NREGS, Mango contributes to nearly 40% of the total income of the small and marginal farmers whose annual MangoMangocontributescontributes to tonearlynearly 40% 40% of of the the totaltotal incomeincome of thethe smallsmall and and marginal marginal farmers farmers whose whose annual annual 3 3 VizianagaramVizianagaramFreshFresh fruit fruit 44,40344,403 532,836532,836 55,40055,400/ 65,800/ 65 ,Pan800 India PanEast IndiaRKVY, RKVY,APEDAState State net income is in the range of USD 1500 to USD 1750 per annum. In the offseason, their income is netnet income income is isin in the the range range of of USD USD 15001500 toto USDUSD 1750 perper annum.annum.InIn the the o ffseasonoffseason, their, their income income is is (84%)(84%) Plans, NREGS,Plans, NREGS, supplemented through alternate jobs as farm labor or from cultivating other crops like paddy, sugarcane. 3 Vizianagaram Fresh fruit 44,403 532,836 55,400 / 65,800 Pan India RKVY, State supplementedsupplemented through through alternate alternate jobs jobs as as farm farmlaborlabor or from cultivatingcultivating other other crops crops like like paddy, paddy, sugarcane sugarcane. . In mango pulp FSC, mango being the main crop in the region, most of the work is directed to it and 4 4 AnantapurAnantapur FreshFresh fruit fruit 47,68647,686 381,484381,484 1,3001(84,/300 3%),400/ 3,400South SouthIndia IndiaState plansStatePlans, plans NREGS, In Inmango mangopulppulp FSC FSC, m, mangoangobeingbeingthethemainmain cropcrop in the regionregion,,mostmost of of the the work work is is directed directed to toit andit and they are also employed in other jobs or business. Processors during off season take up the processing (39%)(39%) theythey are are also also employed employed in in other other jobs jobs oror business.business. Processors duringduring off off season season take take up up the the processing processing 4 Anantapur Fresh fruit 47,686 381,484 1,300/ 3,400 South India State plans of alternate fruits like Papaya and Guava. The net income from mango processing is about 20% of their (39%) of ofalternate alternate fruit fruits likes like Papaya Papayaandand Guava Guava.. TheThe netnet income fromfrom mango mangoprocessingprocessing is is about about 20% 20% of oftheir their In 2015-16, mango was cultivated in an area close to 326,000 hectares in Andhra Pradesh with the netnetannualannualincomeincomeofofUSDUSD 3000030000 toto USDUSD 75000. Wholesalers and retailersretailers areare usuallyusually involvedinvolvedininthethe In 2015-16, mango was cultivated in an area close to 326,000 hectares in Andhra Pradesh with the net annual income of USD 30000 to USD 75000. Wholesalers and retailers are usually involved in the production of approximately 3,000,000 metric tonnes. Chittoor, Krishna, Ananthapur and Vizianagaram tradetradetradeofof ofmultiple multiple multiple commoditiescommodities commodities andand andthththeee contribution contribution of mango isisis onlyonlyonly partial partialpartial to toto their theirtheir total totaltotal income. income.income. Inproduction 2015are the-16, leadingofm approximatelyango districtswas incultivated terms 3,000,000 of areain anmetricunder area mango tonnes closecultivation. .toChittoor, 326,000 Krishna,hectares Ananthapur in Andhraand Pradesh Vizianagaram with the f. Presumed food losses in the selected FSC productionare theFor leading the offresh approximately districts fruit FSC in, Vizianagaramterms 3,000,000 of area wasmetric under selected tonnesmango as .theChittoor,cultivation. district ofKrishna, choice forAnanthapur the study consideringand Vizianagaram f. Presumedf. Presumed food food losses losses in in the the selected selected FSCFSC areFor thethethe leadingareafreshunder fruit districts cultivationFSC ,in Vizianagaram terms, number of ofarea small was under farmers, se lectedmangothe aslevelcultivation. theof districtinfrastructure of choice and the for presence the study of mar- considering TheTheThe foodfood food losseslosses losses areare are observedobserved observed to toto bebebeofofof varyingvarying degrees inin bothboth thethethe FSC’SFSC’SFSC’S...InInIn mango mangomangopulppulppulp FSC FSCFSC, the,,thethe the areaket valueunder chain cultivation for fresh, mnumberango fruitof. smallFor the farmers, mango pulpthe FSClevel, Chittoorof infrastructurewas selected and as the districtpresenceof of mar- perceptionperceptionperception ofof of losseslosses losses amongamong among thethe the FSCFSC FSC actors actorsactors isis relativelyrelatively lowlow whenwhen comp compcomparedaredared to toto that thatthat of ofof fresh freshfresh fruit fruitfruit FSC FSC FSC. .. For thechoice fresh owing fruit to FSCthe variety, Vizianagaram of mango thatwas is se producedlected as which the districtis suitable of forchoice processing for the and study also consideringthe theket areavalueunder chain cultivation for fresh m, numberango fruitof. smallFor the farmers, mangothepulplevel FSCof, infrastructureChittoor was selectedand the presenceas the district of mar-of IInn Iboth nboth both cases cases cases,,farmersfarmers, farmers atat at allall all levelslevels levels agreed agreedagreed thatthat losseslosses during harvestingharvesting are areare about aboutabout 10%. 10%.10%. Losses LossesLosses in in intrans- trans- trans- presence of the entire processing supply chain. Table I-2a identifies and lists the main FSCs in the portation are high in fresh fruit FSC whereas in mango pulp FSC transportation is minimal, efficient ketchoice valuesubsector owing chain by to forthe the geographicalfresh variety mango of location, mfruitango. For finalthat the productis mproducedango, andpulp market which FSC for , is Chittoorthe suitable final product.was for selected processing as the and district also theof poportationrtation are are high high in in f reshfresh fruit fruit FSC FSC whereaswhereas inin mango pulppulp FSCFSCtransportationtransportation is is minimal, minimal, effi efficientcient presence of the entire processing supply chain. Table I-2a identifies and lists the main FSCs in the andand is is a alow low loss loss point. point. In In mango mangopulppulp FSCFSC criticalcritical losses areare observedobserved during duringthethetraditionaltraditionalripeningripening choiceOUTPUT owingI -to2b. theIMPORTANCE variety of m OFango FOODthat SUPPLY is produced CHAIN whichS (from is Isuitable-2a) AT NATIONAL for processing LEVEL and also the and is a low loss point. In mango pulp FSC critical losses are observed during the traditional ripening presencesubsector ofby thethe entiregeographical processing location,supply final chain. product Table, and I- 2amarket identifies for theand final lists product. the main FSCs in the process.process.process. Impacts on subsector by the geographical location, Genera-final product, and market for the final product. OUTPUTOUTPUT1-1-3b.3b.PRELIMINARYPRELIMINARY SCREENING SCREENING OF FOOD LOSSESLOSSES ININ THE THE SELECTED SELECTED FSC FSC OUTPUT I-2b. IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SUPPLYContribution CHAIN Sto (fromContribution I-2a) AT NATIONALenviron- LEVEL OUTPUT 1-3b.PRELIMINARY SCREENING OF FOOD LOSSES IN THE SELECTED FSC Economic tion of FSC # national food to national nu- ment and OUTPUT I-2b. IMPORTANCEImportance OF FOODforeign SUPPLY CHAINS (from I-2a) AT NATIONALImpacts LEVEL on FSCFSC # # _1_ _1_, ,
14 | Page 15 | Page Page | 14 14 | Page 15 | Page | 15 15 | Page FSC # _2_ ,
OUTPUT II-3a (INTERMEDIARY) PRODUCTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS IN THE FSC OUTPUT II-3a (INTERMEDIARY) PRODUCTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS IN THE FSC Activity in the 2 Weight from Cumulative Conversion Activity in the Duration2 Product out Weight from Cumulative Conversion Activity in the Duration 2 Product out Weight from CumulativeError (± %) Conversion process Duration Product out 100 Error (± %) Factor process 100 Error (± %) Factor Harvesting 8 hrs Mango 100 1.0 Harvesting 8 hrs Mango 100 1.0 Fig 4: Selected Districts of Chittoor and Vizianagaram for the study Transportation 2-3 hrs Mango 100 1.0 Transportation 2-3 hrs Mango 100 1.0 Vizianagaram: Ripening 6-10 days Ripened mango 92-94 ± 2 % 1.06-1.08 Ripening 6-10 days Ripened mango 92-94 ± 2 % 1.06-1.08 With Around 47,630 hectares under mango cultivation, Vizianagaram district stands third contributing Pulping 8 hrs Mango pulp 50 ± 5% 1.81 Pulping 8 hrs Mango pulp 50 ±±5%5% 1.81 about 0.43 million MT of production and fresh fruit as main FSC. The area under mango is increasing Pulping 8 hrs Mango pulp 50 1.81 due to area expansion program implemented by the government and also due to shifting of many upland farmers to mango cultivation due to water scarcity and labor problems. The popular mango varieties cultivated in the region include Banginapalli (extent of 50%), Panukulu (20-25%), Suvarnarekha (15%) and Totapuri (5%) with the rest by other varieties. Panukulu, Suvarnarekha, and Banginapalli are very popular in distant markets like Kolkata. Panukulu is an early season variety in terms of fruit bearing & maturity, followed by Suvarnarekha, Banginapalli, and Totapuri. Many farmers in fresh fruit FSC maintain orchards with a mix of varieties to spread the produce availability and also as a diversification strategy to minimize the risks due to crop losses and climatic factors. More than 90% area under mango cultivation in Vizianagaram district is under rainfed conditions. The district is prone to cyclonic storms and several mango orchards were severely affected by Hud-Hud cyclone in 2014. More than 80% of the mango cultivators are marginal & small farmers. Chittoor: With Around 71,000 hectares under mango cultivation, Chittoor district stands first contributing about 0.68 million MT of production and pulp processing as its main FSC. Increased cost of labor for other crops, less dependency on irrigation, support from government and better market facilities made farmers shift from conventional crops to mango cultivation in this region. About 70% of the total production is accounted for Tothapuri variety, followed by other varieties such as Alphonso, Neelam, Baneshan, Imam Pasand, Pulera and Kalepadu. Most of the farmers have adopted drip irrigation with the support 2 Only applicable for processes that are determined by a length of time independent of the quantity of product 2 2Only Only applicable applicable for for processes processes thatthat areare detedeterminedrmined by a length of timetime independentindependent of of the the quantity quantity of of product product of government or independently. The mango pulp processing sector is called as Chittoor fruit processing and the amount of labour, such as drying, fermenting, ripening, storage, transportation. andand the the amount amount of of labour, labour, such such asas drying,drying, fermenting,fermenting, ripening, storage, transportation.transportation. cluster and is the largest of its kind in India. There are about 67 registered units of mango pulp industries of which 55 of them were operational this year. 1616 | | Page Page Page | 16 Page | 17 17 | Page
Page | 19
transportation. of duration) (and distance the is what / take stage FSC the in process the does long How
12
FSC. the of stage by produced product “Final”
Page | 19 11
FSC. the of stage the of Timing
10
located. is stage FSC the where Village/town
9
If one stage in the FSC has two different features, another row should be inserted. E.g. if in the same FSC both crib storage crib both FSC same the in if E.g. inserted. be should row another features, different two has FSC the in stage one If exist. storage warehouse and
8
agents packing
Apr Kolkata Delhi, sales Market on use of ripening ripening of use on re- ripening, months 4 NA NA 362,328 fruit Fresh May
Control Control – FSSAI Unloading,
portation
km 1000
GMP Mar Vizianagaram Transportation trans- and aging NA NA 362,328 Fruit Fresh May
to to 800
Loading Pack- Loading
NA NA Storage NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
handling practice / GHP / practice fruits
Mar Farm labor Farm day 1 26641 506,194 fruit Fresh May
Vizianagaram harvest - Post Good hygienic hygienic Good Culled
Mar Harvest Farm labor Farm days 30 - 1 NA 532,836 fruit Fresh May
Vizianagaram
management
(Previous) (Previous) Production
GAP Vizianagaram 8 months 8 NA NA 532,836 fruit Fresh Mar lizers, farm farm lizers,
Jul Primary
ferti- Irrigation,
the chain the
from to
(ton)
tance
12
plied by that part of of part that by plied ucts Location ucts (ton)
11
products - By Dis- FSC stage FSC Services
8
Geographical of the year the of quality controls ap- controls quality Prod- Main prod- - By Quantity
10 9
Duration/ of of Quantity
Months Food safety and and safety Food Mango Fresh Fruit FSC Fruit Fresh Mango
OUTPUTOUTPUT IIII--3b:3b: DETAILEDDETAILED DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION OFOF THETHE FOODFOOD SUPPLYSUPPLY CHAINCHAIN ––BASICSBASICS
MangoMango pulppulp FSCFSC MonthsMonths FoodFood safetysafety andand QuantityQuantity ofof GeographicalGeographical44 ofof thethe yearyear55 MainMain QuantityQuantity ByBy--prod-prod- Duration/Duration/ qualityquality controlscontrols FSCFSC stagestage33 ByBy--productsproducts ServicesServices LocationLocation ProductsProducts66 (ton)(ton) uctsucts DistanceDistance77 appliedapplied byby thatthat (ton)(ton) fromfrom toto partpart ofof thethe chainchain 88monthsmonthsofof Irrigation,Irrigation, ferti-ferti- PrimaryPrimary AugAug ChittoorChittoor MayMay MangoMango 665,793665,793 NANA NANA productionproduction lizers,lizers, farmfarm man-man- GAPGAP PProductionroduction (Previous)(Previous) timetime agementagement FarmFarm laborlabor,, Im-Im- HarvestHarvest ChittoorChittoor JunJun AugAug MangoMango 665,793665,793 NANA NANA 11 Day/Day/ HaHa GAPGAP plementsplements PostPost--harvestharvest CulledCulled FarmFarm laborlabor,, ChittoorChittoor JunJun AugAug MangoMango 599,214599,214 6657966579 11Day/HaDay/Ha GAPGAP,, GMPGMP handlinghandling fruitsfruits CratesCrates StorageStorage NANA NANA MangoMango NANA NANA NANA NANA NANA NANA
TransportationTransportation ChittoorChittoor JunJun AugAug MangoMango 599,214599,214 NANA NANA 5050 kmkm TTruckruck GMPGMP 33 monthsmonths SortingSorting andand grad-grad- MarketMarket salessales ChittoorChittoor JunJun AugAug MangoMango 432,432, 765765 NANA NANA duringduring har-har- ing,ing, loadingloading andand GMPGMP vestingvesting unloading,unloading, salessales Ripening,Ripening, cclean-lean- ing,ing, ppulping,ulping, AgroAgro--pro-pro- Peel,Peel, 116,513116,513--PeelPeel GMP/HACCPGMP/HACCP,, ChittoorChittoor JunJun AugAug MangoMangopulppulp 466,055466,055 66 T/T/ hourhour tthermalhermal pro-pro- cessingcessing StoneStone 93,21193,211--StoneStone FSSAIFSSAI cessingcessing andand pack-pack- inging
33 IfIf oneone stagestage inin thethe FSCFSC hashas twotwo differentdifferent features,features, anotheranother rowrow shouldshould bebe inserted.inserted. E.g.E.g. ifif inin thethe samesame FSCFSC bothboth cribcrib storagestorage andand warehousewarehouse storagestorage exist.exist. 44 Village/townVillage/town wherewhere thethe FSCFSC stagestage isis located.located. 55TimingTiming ofof thethe stagestage ofof thethe FSC.FSC. 66 “Final”“Final” productproduct producedproduced byby stagestage ofof thethe FSC.FSC. 77 HowHow longlong doesdoes thethe processprocess inin thethe FSCFSC stagestage taketake // whatwhat isis thethe distancedistance (and(and duration)duration) ofof transportation.transportation. Page | 18 1818 || PagePage b. Description of the existing marketing systems of the selected subsector supply chain, for small-scale Processing Plants: producers (formal and informal). Most of the processing plants in the district are small and medium enterprises and a tenth of them are large ones. The processed mango pulp is used as an ingredient in a range of products such as beverages, jams, ice cream etc. and is procured by companies manufacturing the same by prior contracting. More than half Mango pulp FSC (Chittoor): of the pulp produced is exported to countries in the Middle East, Europe, US and rest is consumed in do- The major share of the mangoes produced in Chittoor are used for pulp processing and this accounts for mestic markets. about 70% of the total production in the region. The main varieties Tothapuri and Alphonso are processed Fresh Fruit FSC (Vizianagaram): into aseptic mango pulp or pulp concentrate. More than 90% of the fresh fruit produce from Vizianagaram goes to the distant markets across the country Direct Sale to processors: such as Delhi, Raipur, and Kolkata. The remaining quantity (10%) is sold in the local markets of Vishakha- Most of the large and medium farmers owning bigger orchards have collaborations with processing plants patnam and Vizianagaram districts. to supply harvested fruits directly for processing after sorting and grading at orchard level. Large processing Pre-harvest Contractors (PHC)/ Commission Agents: companies also buy produce from small farmers, provided they have a good quality harvest. Nearly 80% of the mango farmers in the region sell their produce through pre-harvest contractors (PHC)/ Traders: commission agents who pay advance cash to these farmers at the pre-flowering stage and procure the entire Farmers with very small orchards take their harvested produce to the market yard and sell it to traders, who produce from these farms and transport the fresh mangoes to traders in distant markets of the nation. The in turn will sell them to the processor after sorting and grading. This leads farmers to get slightly lesser advance money is used by farmers for carrying out farm operations and fulfill the input costs. These agents about 5% for their produce. The traders also usually finance the small farmers during the off-season and collect 10% commission charges on the transaction value. Few farmers and traders/aggregators can invest for farm inputs and thus they are bound to sell the produce to the same trader however they are also free to to arrange their own transport and send produce directly to distant markets (accounting for about 20% of sell the produce to others depending on the rates prevailing that time. There are five market yards governed total produce in the region). The agent intimates the farmers about the dates on which transportation is by Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Marketing Department across Chittoor covering the major mango produc- being arranged, accordingly, the farmers with the contract harvest, grade and pack the produce for shipment ing regions. From these market yards majority of the produce goes for processing and a smaller share goes later on the day of harvest. to distant markets as fresh fruit. The market yard in Tirupathi also houses a Vapor heat treatment (VHT) Local aggregators: plant to serve export markets as VHT is a prerequisite for many importing countries. Some small farmers sell the produce to local aggregators who pay the farmers cash immediately. These aggregators do not give an advance for farm operations, but early payment at the time of sale of produce is the incentive in this case. Farm contractors: Some small farmers lease out their farms to agents/traders who acts as farm contractors for 2-3 years and hence are not involved in any farm operations but work as farm labor for the agent. Most of the farmers are not aware of the destination market as agents collect the produce at a fixed price and do not inform them about the destination/ final agent receiving the produce. Produce remains with the agent who decides the destination market and depending on the demand and produce quality the final contractor pays the market price. Farmers opine that there should be a mechanism for knowing the sale price of their produce, which currently is not in place as they are paid less compared to the prices that the produce fetch in the market. There are about 14 market yards in the district and some of them mainly deal with horticultural products. The arrival of mango to the market yards is very less this year and most farmers or traders do not prefer to Fig 5: Mango traders in Market yard use the market yard facilities to avoid paying tax. A small portion of the produce and culled fruits from Transportation is undertaken by fellow farmers who owns tractors or by transport agents. The overall dis- sorting and grading operation are sold in the local market to the cottage scale industries involved in manu- tance travelled by the produce meant for processing is very less as all the processing plants are distributed facturing mango jelly. across the district. The average distance travelled is around 50 km and duration of transit is about 3 hr. At the beginning and end of the season, mangoes are procured from relatively distant markets to extend the production period, in this case, they are procured from neighboring states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and other markets of Andhra Pradesh.
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Page | 20 Page | 21 OUTPUT I-3a: FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE SELECTED FSC The different steps involved in the FSC are as follows: Production/ Cultivation: In Vizianagaram, Several mango orchards are very old plantations and canopy management has been FSC activities Actors Inputs and adopted by a few farmers and is also being encouraged by the Horticulture Department. However, some (Products) Services farmers do not prefer to cut the branches. For instance, many farmers prefer the higher height of branches so as to allow movement of tractors for mechanical harvesting. However, in case of harvesting of large trees, there is a higher risk of mechanical damage to fruits (5%) due to slipping and falling of fruits on the Production/Cultivation ground during harvesting. High-density plantations, with smaller trees are easy for harvesting, however, is not yet popular in this region. Farmers plough the fields twice after the season, mainly during June - July, apply fertilizer in August and carry out 3 crop protection sprays during November - December. Over 90% Farmers, of the area is under rainfed conditions and there is no irrigation provided after the rainy season. Irrigation, Farm La- In Chittoor, the canopy of the trees is medium to small owing to the age of plantations, variety and soil Harvesting Fertilizers, bor conditions. The orchards are better managed and most of them are irrigated through drip irrigation. High- Water density plantations are slowly gaining importance and support is being provided by the government and the local processing industry. Farm management practices include tilling in the offseason and before rains, pruning before the season to induce reproductive growth. Fertilizer application and crop protection sprays Sorting and grading are carried out in a similar manner. Harvesting: Harvesting is the most important factor governing the post-harvest management of mango. In fresh fruit Truck, Farm La- FSC of Vizianagaram, farmers carry out two to three harvests in a season with a gap of one week in between Fuel, bor, Trans- each harvest. Ideally, the fruits should be harvested at a mature stage when there is some yellow color on Crates Transportation the fruits while it is still on the tree. It is a common practice in the region to harvest fruits early in the season porter (premature stage) to capture the early market. The farmers also harvest fruits in a state of panic when the market prices fall, this usually occurs 15 days after the first harvest. The farmers harvest everything and send the produce to the market to salvage whatever best price they can get. Early harvest by small farmers Fuel, Truck Labor, Trad- is also to prevent losses from unpredictable weather i.e. storm and winds. Many farmers harvest the fruits Trader with a long pole having a net basket with a blade at the end. If the trees are large, a worker climbs the tree ers and throws the harvested fruits to another worker standing under the tree. Up to 5% of the fruits usually suffer from mechanical damage in this method of harvesting. The fruits are placed on the ground under the tree, directly exposing the partially damaged fruit is a common source of infection. In the mango pulp FSC of Chittoor, the harvesting is usually carried out in one stage when 85% of the Crates, Trader, Proces- sors Trans- produce in the orchard is at maturity. Depending on the canopy and height of the trees harvesting is carried Truck, Fuel Processing Distant markets porter out by a pole with nets or by dropping fruits onto the ground. Comparatively, farmers in this FSC under- (Fresh fruit) stand the value of post-harvest handling and handle them in a better manner. Harvesting commences in the month of June and lasts till July as the main variety grown here, Tothapuri, is a late season variety. During harvesting care should be employed to prevent the spillage of resinous sap on the surface of the fruits to Wholesale Ingredients, Mango Pulp Wholesale prevent “Sap burn/ Injury”. This leads to browning of the skin due to the activity of Polyphenol Oxidase traders, Trans- and Laccase enzymes in the fruit skin. Desapping is carried out by harvesting with a lengthy petiole of 5 Packaging porter cm and by inverting the fruit on raised bamboo platforms to remove sap. De-sapping operations are not Material, extensively followed in both the FSC’s. Equipment, Domestic Export Retail Sorting and Grading: Shipping Exporters, Re- Equipment Market In Vizianagaram for fresh fruits FSC, the fruits are graded variety wise and no standards are followed for tailers, Prod- grading in this region. The farmers, after removing damaged, spotted and diseased fruits, grade all the uct Compa- produce in two grades, top grade, and second grade; and this grading is indicated on the package. The graded fruits are packed in boxes (weighing approx. 15 kg) and then transported. There are no major exports from this region too and hence standards are not being adopted.
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Page | 22 Page | 23 Fig 8: Packaging for transportation in CFB boxes and Plastic Crates
Fig 6: Harvesting in mango; Net apparatus for harvesting In the mango pulp FSC in Chittoor, no grading is performed, but sorting is carried on the farm itself to remove small, immature, irregular and damaged fruits. If the produce is directly supplied to a processor or this activity is carried out at a market yard if it is sold to a trader. From Chittoor, a considerable quantity of fresh mangoes are exported. In this case, stringent grading is carried out on the basis of weight and size at the export pack house. The fruits rejected during grading from export pack house often confirms to the local market standards and sold by the farmers/ traders in the local market.
Fig 7: Culled fruits from sorting and grading Transportation: Fig 9: Transportation with plastic crates More than 90% of the fresh fruits from the Vizianagaram region goes to the distant markets such as Delhi, Raipur, and Kolkata. Long distance transportation in the region is carried out by trucks and trains, and no Ripening: refrigeration is used for transporting mangoes. During the transit time of 3-4 days to reach these markets, There is no major requirement for ripening of mangoes in fresh fruit FSC for distant markets as ripening the fruits touching the sides of the boxes and those on the bottom layer suffer damage (10-15%) during occurs during 3 - 4 days of long distance transport. Ripening of fresh fruits is also carried out by wholesalers transport. The use of crates can considerably reduce these losses; however, the major problem is bringing in the market and not by the agent or transporters. The local market in the region is very small and due to back the crates from distant markets which will incur additional costs in transport. The current practice is the ban of Calcium Carbide as a ripening agent, even this market has also shrunk this year. The ban on to use corrugated boxes that are generally provided by the contractor or the aggregator. In Chittoor, the calcium carbide had no impact on long distance market. In the mango pulp FSC ripening is carried out by average distance travelled by the fruits from the farm to the processing center is not more than 50 km and processors by means ripening chambers or by using traditional/ natural ripening process in which fruits are the duration is about 3-5 hrs. The sorted fruits are dumped in trucks or tractors and are covered with tar- carefully heaped and thatched with paddy straw or coconut leaves and left for 6-7 days for ripening. The paulin. general perception in this FSC is that the fruits ripened in the natural process are with superior flavor profile. During ripening, in both the methods a weight loss of about 6-8 % is observed due to moisture loss.
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Page | 24 Page | 25 CaseCase StudyStudy 1:1: EffectEffect ofof BanBan onon CalciumCalcium CarbideCarbide
ArtificialArtificial ripening ripening of of fruits fruits is is very very prevalent prevalent practice practice in in the the wholesale wholesale and and retail retail market market form form a a very very long long time.time. MostMost commonlycommonly usedused chchemicalemical forfor thisthis purposepurpose isis CalciumCalcium CarbideCarbide (CaC(CaC22),), whichwhich uponupon reactionreaction withwith water/water/ humidity humidity releasesreleases AcetyleneAcetylene gas.gas. Acetylene,Acetylene, inin similaritysimilarity toto ethylene, ethylene, also also triggerstriggers ripeningripening mechanismmechanism inin fruits,fruits, althoughalthough thethe efficacyefficacy isis low.low. DDueue toto thethe contaminationcontamination ofof ArsArsenicenic andand occurrenceoccurrence ofof toxic toxic reaction reaction compounds compounds like like Phosphorus Phosphorus hydride hydride (Phosphine) (Phosphine),, CaC CaC22isis regarded regarded as as harmful harmfulforfor con- con- sumersumer health.health. MostMost ofof thethe timestimes artificialartificial ripeningripening isismisusedmisused toto ripenripen immatureimmature mangomangoeses wherewhere theythey attainattain surfacesurface colorcolor withoutwithout anyany developmentdevelopment ofof flavorflavorandand alsoalso toto shortenshorten thethe actualactual ripeningripening timetime soso Fig 10: Mango pulp processing thatthat theythey cancan bebe sold sold earlier. earlier. Recently,Recently, FSSAIFSSAI bannedbanned thethe usageusage ofof CaCCaC22asas aa ripeningripening agentagent inin allall fruitsfruits includingincluding MangoMango.. InIn thethe study,study, thethe effecteffect ofof banban on on CaCCaC22isis enquiredenquired withwith variouvariouss actors actors in in thethe FSC.FSC. MangoMango pulppulp FSC: FSC: c. FSC actors’ involvement and their benefit, including job creation and income generation; economic data of the FSC; environment-related inputs and factors of the FSC InIn Mango Mango pulp pulp FSC, FSC, the the ban ban of of CaC CaC22diddid not not affect affect any any of of the the actors. actors. The The process process of of the the ripening ripening is is very very controlledcontrolled in in ripening ripening chambers chambers where where ripening ripening is is achieved achieved by by using using ethylene, ethylene, a a permitted permitted ripening ripening agent agent Socio-economic aspects and Gender participation at various steps: underunder rightright temperaturetemperature andand humidityhumidity conditions.conditions. InIn traditionaltraditional method,method, thethefrufruitsits areare carefullycarefully heapedheaped Production/ Cultivation: andand covered covered with with paddy paddy straw straw or or palm palm leaves leaves and and covered covered with with palm palm leaves. leaves. In In this this case, case, even even the the losses losses areare high, high, the the quality quality of of ripened ripened fruit fruit is is perceived perceived as as superior. superior. The The actors actors are are well well aware aware of of the the importance importance In both the FSC’s small and marginal farmers constitute more than 80% of the total mango farm holdings ofof ripeningripening andand ititss directdirect relationrelation toto qualityquality ofof thethe pulp.pulp. UsageUsage ofof CalciumCalcium CCarbidearbide is is aa notnot aa practicepractice inin with large farmers constituting remaining 20%. Small farmers involve the family members including thisthis FSCFSC andand hencehence itit diddid notnot affectaffect any any ofof thethe aactors.ctors. women and children in farm operations, whereas this is not a practice followed in the case of farmers with medium to large farm holdings. Culturally the participation of women in farm activities is more prominent FreshFresh fruit fruit FSC: FSC: in Chittoor district as compared to the coastal districts including Vizianagaram.
TheThe mainmain objectiveobjective ofof thethe banban isis toto controlcontrol thethe prevalentprevalent useuse ofof CaCCaC22inin ffreshresh fruitfruit FSCFSC..HoweverHowever,, thethe There are many women farmers as per the land titles, however, they are not actively involved in farming in farmersfarmers are are not not directly directly affected affected due due to to the the ban ban but but the the repercussions repercussions like like delayed delayed payments payments from from traders traders the region and have no role in financial decision making. Most farms are supervised by men. In old orchards areare perceived.perceived. TheThe banban mainlymainly affectedaffected actorsactors inin thethe locallocal fruitfruit marketsmarkets thanthan inin distantdistant markets.markets. InIn casecase with large trees, men are preferred for harvesting over women. Women are also employed, however, in the ofof VizianagaramVizianagaram,,muchmuch ofof thethe frfruitsuits areare transportedtransported toto distantdistant marketsmarkets likelike Delhi,Delhi, KolkataKolkata whichwhich areare Fresh fruit FSC, their role is restricted to collecting and carrying the harvested fruits to the grading place. aboutabout 800800--15001500kmkmfromfrom thisthis location.location. TheThe transittransit timetime isis highhigh inin thisthis casecase aboutabout 33--55 daysdays andand ripeningripening Grading and packing is done by men in Fresh fruit FSC and by both men and women in mango pulp FSC. willwill be be attained attained during during that that time. time. However, However, in in local local markets markets to to expedite expedite the the sale sale in in the the market market CaC CaC22waswas In general, male and female labor are hired in 40: 60 ratio. Wages for women are USD 2.25 – 3.75/day and usedused.. men are paid higher wages as compared to women (USD 4.5/day). Below 14 years, no one is engaged in farm labor but farmer’s family members including kids are involved in farm operations. TheThe ban ban affected affected traders, traders, wholesalers wholesalers and and small small scale scale retailers retailers in in this this supply supply chain. chain. In In Vizianagaram Vizianagaram,,thethe shareshare ofof produceproduce goinggoing forfor locallocal marketmarket isis veryvery less,less, duedue toto lacklack ofof nearbynearby marketsmarkets andand hencehence thethe effecteffect Trading and Processing: ofof ban ban is is relat relativelyively low low compared compared to to other other important important fresh fresh fruit fruit FSC’S FSC’S like like Vijayawada Vijayawada where where the the nearby nearby Women are conspicuously absent in the trading functions. Entire trading operations in the market yards are marketsmarkets are are ample. ample. During During the the study study it it was was found found that that the the traders traders are are now now using using unknown unknown chemicals chemicals for for carried out by men and the participation of women here is observed only in the grading, sorting and pack- ripeningripening whichwhich areare locally locally beingbeing referredreferred as as “China“China Chemical/Chemical/ PowPowderder or or RedRed powder”.powder”. This This pointspoints outout aging operations along with men. These people are landless laborers hired from the surrounding places or toto the the lack lack of of innovation innovation in in addressing addressing the the problem problem and and emphasizes emphasizes on on the the need need for for research research in in develop- develop- migrating laborers. They are usually employed for the whole season and they live in the market yards to inging safersafer alternativesalternatives oror infrastructure. infrastructure. earn during the season and goes back to their place or to another job. Chittoor fruit processing cluster is creating employment to about 20,000 people directly in processing plants and indirectly in allied services. Processing:Processing: In processing the plants, women are employed to a lesser extent than men in Operations, Quality assurance, Planning, and Management. An equal number of men and women are observed taking part in processing InIn Vizianagaram Vizianagaram,,thethe quantity quantity of offruitsfruits used used for for processing processing is is very very minimalminimal and and are are used usedtoto produce produce mango mango operations as workers. jellyjelly withinwithin aacottagecottage scalescale industry.industry. ApartApart fromfrom thethe goodgood qualityquality fruits,fruits, culledculled fruitsfruits areare alsoalso usedused inin jellyjelly production.production. ChittoorChittoor hashasaa wellwell--developeddeveloped mangomango pulppulp FSFSCCwithwith 70%70% ofof smallsmall scalescale industriesindustries mainlymainly In fresh fruit FSC, farmers have a very little choice in decision making regarding harvest time and go by producingproducing aasepticseptic andand cannedcanned mangomangopulp.pulp.TheThe fruitsfruits afterafter ripeningripening areare washedwashed andand subjectedsubjected forfor pulpingpulping contractor’s schedule of transport. They even harvest the produce at immature stages anticipating high andand destoning destoning and and the the derived derived pulp pulp is is thermally thermally processed processed to to make make a asepticseptic mango mangopulppulp or or pulp pulp concentrate. concentrate. prices, fear of weather changes. The small farmers do not have the purchasing/negotiation power to deal TheThe pulp pulp is is then then packed packed either eitherininananasepticasepticbagbaginin d drumrumsystemssystemsoror c cansans and and are are stored stored at at room room temperature temperature with the contractors. Mango contributes to nearly 30-40% income for most of the mango farmers, with tilltill shipping shipping is is carried carried outout to to thethe terminal terminal markets.markets. other sources of income being upland rice, and pulses. For some farmers with job cards, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) - scheme is also an important source of income. The percentage contribution through MNREGA is significant for households with multiple job cards in the household and for the year 2015-16, the average days of employment provided per household is 71 days. Since MNREGA is contributing to the substantial annual income of the household, the wages procured by
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women is enabling them to enhance their role in decision making on issues related to their home. Women Page | were ablewomen to saveis enabling money them which to enhance also help theirs theirole rin families decision overcome making on periodsissues related of climate to their shocks. home. Women Attempts are 29 also beingwere madeable to to save converge money which the objective also help softhei socialr families protection overcome and periods climate of resilienceclimate shocks. through Attempts the MNREGA are the schemealso in being Vizianagar made toa convergem. Under the this objective scheme, of social work protection on tanks and to climate increase resilience groundwater through the has MNREGA allowed some in Value ex-
farmersscheme to dig in bores Vizianagar providingam. Under a reliable this scheme, source workof year on- roundtanks to water increase and groundwater has enabled has farmers allowed to some plant crops -
in bothfarmers planting to dig seasons. bores providing In mango a reliablepulp sourceFSC, ofdealings year-round are waterfairly and transparent has enabled due farmers to established to plant crops linkages .
in both planting seasons. In mango pulp FSC, dealings are fairly transparent due to established linkages reduction
womenand farmersand is farmers enabling have ha moreve them more control to control enhance on on ha ha rvestingtheirrvesting role andand in saledecision their their produce.making produce. However,onHowever, issues they related they opine opineto that their there that home. should there Women should a be a basis for fixing the price for produce and currently, there is no agency monitoring it. farmer
were ablebe a basisto save for moneyfixing the which price alsofor produc helpse theiand rcurrently families, there overcome is no agency periodsmonitoring of climate it. shocks. Attempts are of production Average , the alsoOUTPUT beingOUTPUT IImade-4: IIDETAILED to-4: convergeDETAILED DESCRIPTIONthe DESCRIPTION objective of social OFOF THE protection FSC FSC– –SOCIAL andSOCIAL climate STRUCTURES STRUCTURES resilience through the MNREGA the on depending both or ade and logistic costs, taxes costs, taxes ade logistic and Tons of mango pulp is ob- is pulp mango of Tons scheme in Vizianagaram. Under this scheme, work on tanks to increase groundwater has allowed some mer ar Involvement of Who is Gender / social patterns , pesticide spraying, fertilizers, Involvement of Who is Gender / social patterns f farmers to dig bores providingInvolvement aInvolvement reliable source of of MenMen of year-roundOrganizationOrganization water and has enabled farmers to plant crops ; Price highly dependent on the WomenWomen mainlymainly ObservationsObservations and remarks and remarks that ex- that ex- 0.55 in both planting seasons. In mango pulp FSC, dealings arelevel fairly of FSC transparent ac- due to established linkages mango of tons in- level13 of FSC ac-plain the chosen qualifiers and/or FSC STEPS 1 FSC STEPS Girls Adult Boys Adult in- tors 13 plain the chosen qualifiers and/or and farmersGirls have moreAdult controlBoys on harvestingAdult and salevolved: their produce.tors However,give additional they opine information that there should volved: give additional information excluding tr ploughing be a basis for fixing the price for produce and currently, there is no agency monitoring it. offseason Qualifier14 he calculated values. calculated he Qualifier14 t OUTPUT II-4: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FSC – SOCIAL STRUCTURESMen are relatively more involved in Cost of farm management, Labor 10 T /Ha Manual harvesting by means of labor Manual sorting and grading km 50 approx. of distance a to Transportation by earned margin actual ei- trader charged by from is the 2 commission % or processor ther market situation. Labor, Equipment, RM, PM, Utilities cluding trade and logistic costs and taxes Approximately tained from Sale in demand Margins than Valuation is based on current year prices; prices; year current based on is Valuation Price fluctuation is very high from season to sea- son causes paidfarmer by Interest farming operations than women, are lower expenses. Actual overhead and margins Primary Men, Men are relatively more involved in • • • • • • • • • • • • Involvement of 3 3 Who is Individuals howeverGender, the /difference social patterns is very little. Remarks production Involvement of Men Women Organization farming operations than women, Primary Women Men,mainly The Observationsnumber of female and farmers remarks is rela- that ex- 3 3 levelIndividuals of FSC ac- however, the difference is very little. production Womenin- tivelyplain less. the chosen qualifiers and/or FSC STEPS tors13 The number of female farmers is rela- Girls Adult Boys Adult added volved: Mengive and women additional equally information take part in har- - tively less. ECONOMICS Harvest 120 - vesting operations. They are usually em- – 14 Qualifier ployedMen as farmand womenlabour for equally daily wages take partor in har- 168 168 120 110 Harvest Value / Margins USD/kg for thevesting entire operations.operation. Women They slightlyare usually em- Men, 2 3 Individuals outnumberMen aremen relativelyin this operation. more Theinvolved in Women ployed as farm labour for daily wages or Post-harvest, fi- farming operations than women, 0.5 wages for women are lesser than men by for Primaryhandling Men, for the entire operation. Women slightly /
3 3 Men, Individuals however, the difference is very little. of production 2 3 Women Individuals 20 %.outnumber Men are expecte men din to this do takeoperation. up The 500 Post-harvest, Women cumbersomeThe number work oflike female to climb farmers trees is rela- /Ton wages for women are lesser than men by / ton of - duringtively harvesting less. handling 20 %. Men are expected to do take up 210 Mangoes of ton 214/ mangoes 400 USD 550 kg Mango pulp 400 mango of ton pulp Value USD nal product MenMencumbersome are exclusively and women work involved equally like in taketo trans- climb part in trees har- Harvest portation activities. Women are com- Transportation 3 Men Individuals vestingduring harvesting operations. They are usually em- pletely absent in this step owing to lack ployed as farm labour for daily wages or of skillsMen and are cultural exclusively hold involved in trans- /Ton for the entire operation. Women slightly Men, In marketportation yards activities., the traders Women are exclu- are com-
Transportation 2 3 Men Individuals outnumber men in this operation. The Cumulative Cost USD 27 41.2 45.2 280 290 Women sivelypletely men and absent both menin this and stepwomen owing are to lack Post-harvest,Market sales 3 Men Individuals wages for women are lesser than men by employedof skills as seasonal and cultural labour holdfor sorting handling 20 %. Men are expected to do take up
and grading, packing etc. /Ton Incumbersome market yards work, the like traders to climb are exclu- trees Women and men are employed in pro-
sivelyduring men harvesting and both men and women are Cost USD final product Market sales 3 Men Individuals cessing plants for various support activi- employed as seasonal labour for sorting ties Menlike loading,are exclusively unloading, involved sorting, in trans- Women, and grading, packing etc. Agro-processing 2 3 Individuals cullingportation and packagingactivities. Womenoperations. are com- Transportation 3 MenMen Individuals WomenWomenpletely are usually absent and employedmen in this are step foremployed less owing la- into lackpro- borious activities and disparity in pay is Cost of Cost operation USD /Ton 21 6 14.3 4 70 10 aboutcessingof 20% skills less. plants and cultural for various hold support activi- ties like loading, unloading, sorting, Women, In market yards, the traders are exclu- Agro-processing 2 3 Individuals culling and packaging operations. Men sively men and both men and women are Market sales 3 Men Individuals Women are usually employed for less la- Mango Mango NA Mango Mango Mango pulp Mango pulp employed as seasonal labour for sorting Main Products 13 borious activities and disparity in pay is f.i. Individual/Household level/Cooperative and grading, packing etc. 14 Qualify the equipment, conditions, access to services and training, 4: excellent, 3: good,about 2: moderately 20% less. good, 1: 5: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN bad. Women and men are employed in pro- - cessing plants for various support activi-
ties like loading, unloading, sorting, processing
harvest han- -
Women, - Agro-processing 2 3 Individuals culling and28 |packaging Page operations. 13 f.i. Individual/Household level/Cooperative Men roduction
14 Women are usually employed for less la- stage FSC Primary P Harvest Post dling Storage Transportation sales Market Agro Storage
Qualify the equipment, conditions, access to services and training, 4: excellent, 3: good, 2: moderately good, 1: OUTPUT II borious activities and disparity in pay is bad. about 20% less.
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13 f.i. Individual/Household level/Cooperative 14 Qualify the equipment, conditions, access to services and training, 4: excellent, 3: good, 2: moderately good, 1: bad.
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OUTPUT II-6a: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN – ENVIRONMENT OUTPUT II-6b: FACTORS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT The inputs required for the production of mangoes in 1 hectare of land are as follows: The factors affecting the environment in both the FSC’S are assessed by interaction with experts, local farmers and by literature search are presented in the Table ii-6B.
PRODUCTION Quantity Unit Factors Description Details Tools, Equip- Farm implements inclusive of harvesting equipment, trac- 10 No’s Type of production system Horticulture, Perennial, agroforestry ment, Facilities Planting material 60 No’s Tilling in the offseason during weeding Water 1200 mm and fertilizer application. The rotten, in- Materials, Land preparation practices Tilling, composting fected and fruits with no economic value Fertilizers 250 kg Chemicals are dumped into composting pits for or- Pesticides 3-5 litersrs ganic manure production. Power- Thermal or Hydroelectricity from grid line 18 Kwh Nutrient content status in both districts is Energy low for N, low for P in Chittoor and me- Diesel 20 liters dium in Vizianagaram; K status is high in Water 1,200 mm both districts (IISS, Bhopal, 2012) Moderate soil erosion occurs in Bobbili Land 1 Ha Seethanagaram. Moderate water erosion TRANSPORTATION Quantity Unit Soil quality and land degra- Low to medium soil nutrients, soil and water logging/ flooding are major deg- dation erosion radation process in Vizianagaram, Tools, Equip- Tractor 1 No Pusapatirega, Denkada, Gantyada and ment, Facilities Crates for loading 10 No Bhogapuram. Slight/ moderate erosion as major degradation process in Kothavalasa. Energy Diesel 20 liters Moderate/ extreme water erosion is degra- PROCESSING Quantity Unit dation problem in Kurupam and Gumma- lakshmipuram. (2015) Tools, Equip- Ripening chambers, Pulp processing line 1 No ment, Facilities Irrigation by furrows at trees. Water scar- city is diverting farmers to adopt micro ir- Low water table. Rainfall depend- rigation. Chittoor is more progressive in Water 5,000 liters Water regime ent, Irrigation through bore wells terms of shifting towards Drip irrigation. Irrigation by drip and bore wells both need electricity. Decreased rainfall and water availability is Uneven rainfall and decreasing wa- Ecosystem impacts causing farmers to shift to mango from ter table other crops Use of agrochemicals, fertilizers, fuel used Production, Irrigation, Transporta- Sources of GHG emissions in transportation and energy used during tion, Processing processing mango pulp. Rainfall is a deficit in both the regions and has been declared as drought-hit districts An uneven trend in the rainfall and by the government. Higher mean tempera- Climatic factors higher temperatures during flower- ture during flowering season severely im- ing season pacts the fruit bearing leading to lower fruit yield. Fig 11: Fig 12 Degraded peels are used as manure, Dried Drip irrigation in mango cultivation Farm ponds to regenerate groundwater Utilization of residues in the Stones and peels stones are used as fuel. Sometimes both are supply chain discarded Sometimes culled and relatively clean Sorted fruits at processing plants fruits are used for culinary purposes Re-use of food losses and market yards Culled fruits from processing plants are used as cattle feed
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Page | 30 Page | 31 3. THE FOOD LOSSES - Study findings and results immature fruits and harvesting at improper stage accounts for the highest post-harvest losses. Other har- a. Description of the FSC: risk factors vesting losses include mechanical damage, sap damage, stem end rot and other diseases resulting in up to 50% reduction in market price or complete salvaging of fruits. These account for nearly 10% of the losses. Production: The factors that can contribute to food loss during production are highly variable and linked Farmers with good practices are able to limit these losses to below 5 percent. with climatic conditions such as high temperatures, untimely rains, incidence of pests and diseases, varietal resistance or susceptibility. Awareness of the farmer to deal with such factors can also play an important OUTPUT II-7: FOOD LOSS RISK FACTORS role in controlling the quantum of losses. Variable Unit Parameter- relation to FL Value of variable Harvesting: Method of harvesting, age, and canopy of the plants, harvesting equipment, and training and motivation level of the harvesting labor plays an important role in the contribution of losses in this stage. Crop variety Y/N Quality and Disease – varietal resistance to Y pests, diseases and physiological stress The above factors leads to losses due to falling of fruits, broken fruits, internal damage, improper sorting leads to lower losses and grading and cross contamination from broken fruits Good Agricultural Practices Y/N Impact on final quality – determines the Y Transportation: During transportation, factors such as proper packaging material like plastic crates, (GAP) other factors that leads to food loss like in- condition of vehicles, distance of transportation, condition of roads, cold chain plays a key role in the sect incidence reduction of possible food loss. There is also a possibility of risk of damage to fruits due to improper han- dling. Rainfall during Production mm Impact on fruit bearing – optimum rainfall during the growth phase leads to better yield Ripening and Processing: The losses in ripening are dependent on the factors like the method of ripening, and fruit retention handling of fruits from prior steps, maturity level of the lot, sanitary conditions and availability of plastic Incidence of Pest- Fruit Fly L/M/H Impact on quality and quantity with high High crates. prevalence of fruit fly and other pests Transport duration Hrs Lower duration of transport corresponds to 2 hr in mango pulp b. Critical Loss Points: type and level of food losses in the selected subsector chains, including both quan- lower losses FSC; 3- 5 days in titative and qualitative losses. fresh fruit FSC Production supply/demand ratio Ratio Glut in market leads to higher losses - Lack <1 Food losses are observed at various levels in both the fresh fruit as well as the processed fruit FSCs and are of price incentive very diverse owing to the differences in practices and nature of the supply chain. The losses at various steps Rainfall during harvest phase L/M/H Fruit drop - Higher rainfall during the har- Low of the FSC are as described below. vesting time leads to higher losses Production: Postharvest technology L/M/H By better handling during harvesting and Medium- mango pulp post-harvest operations like sorting and FSC The quality of the fruits produced is highly dependent on the variables during production. Climatic condi- grading, ripening leads to lower losses. Low – Fresh fruit tions and presence of pests and diseases determine the quality and quantitative losses in the subsequent FSC steps of the value chain. The mango production in Vizianagaram district this year was severely affected due to delay in flowering, low flowering and low fruit set. Due to reduced difference between day and night Processing technology L/M/H Impact on product quality- High Level of High temperatures majority of the flowers were unable to withstand heat and led to the premature dropping of automation and availability of ripening chambers decreases food loss. mangoes resulting in losses anywhere between 1 to 5%. Lack of irrigation sources also compounded the problem and resulted in crop losses. In Chittoor, although the overall rainfall was low, there was rainfall at Good Manufacturing Practices Y/N High quality and food safety is achieved by Yes an appropriate time during the season which resulted in better quality of fruits. However, the farmers opined (GMP) employing GMP that there is 50% reduction in mango production in the current year. Packaging materials and facilities L/M/H Impact on product quality- Nature and type High of packaging materials Harvesting: Market information L/M/H Determination of price- deciding on the Medium In Chittoor, harvesting for pulp production is carried out in a single instance at optimum maturity level of time of harvest, demand for culled fruits fruits in the orchard. In this process, there is a quantum loss due to harvesting fruits at immature stage. Price incentive for quality Y/N Motivates farmer to harvest and handle Yes Also, use of improper mechanism of harvest also causes physical impact to a fraction of fruits. Sorting and properly grading is carried out at farm level to separate the immature, small, irregular and damaged fruits. Quantita- tive losses such as left over fruits on the farm and qualitative losses such as fruits with bruises, internal Knowledge of FSC actors L/M/H Impact on product quality- Determines the High care employed in handling, food safety and damage were observed in mango pulp FSC in Chittoor. The pattern of these losses is dependent on the utilization of lost fruits demand for culled fruits in the nearby cities and location of the farm. In Vizianagaram, the fruits are har- vested in two to three stages and sometimes early harvest by farmers leads to qualitative losses owing to
32 | Page 33 | Page
Page | 32 Page | 33 Transportation: Load tracking exercise is carried out at different steps in mango pulp FSC. Different Loads were tracked at individual events as the interval between the events is very large. During transportation the losses are marginal owing to the sorting and grading in prior step and the average distance travelled being short in the mango pulp FSC of Chittoor. The distance travelled by the produce in Harvesting: During Harvesting the total load for the truck is considered as a sample since weighing the fresh fruit FSC is about 800-1,000 km for a duration of 3-5 days. This leads to a quantitative loss of about produce on farm was not feasible and is generally not carried out by the farmers or the aggregators. The 10-15% because of damage suffered by side and bottom layered fruits in the transport vehicle. weight of truck is recorded after the event of harvesting, when it reached to processing plant. The weight of leftover fruits is noted by approximation and averaging. Ripening: Transportation- Unloading: The load is from an orchard from nearby village and the produce travelled a In mango pulp FSC, ripening is carried out either in ripening chambers or by means of traditional process. distance of 30 km in less than 2 hours. The losses during the transportation are recorded during unloading, The losses during traditional process are higher owing to the uncontrolled conditions and improper keeping before subjecting them to ripening chambers. The entry and exit weight of the truck is recorded on a weigh conditions. The losses observed are still higher if the prior handling of fruit during harvest is not proper. In bridge and fruits on a weighing machine. ripening chambers, the reported losses are comparatively less, both in terms of quality and quantity. Quan- titative losses such as rotten fruits (biological) and qualitative losses like partially rotten fruits, uneven Ripening –Traditional Process: The mangoes received at the processing plant are subjected to ripening ripening were observed in this step. In fresh fruit FSC, no separate ripening step is carried out as the fruits by traditional method in the processing plant where study is carried out. The ripened lot is opened for are left to ripen during the transit, however improper grading at prior steps leads to qualitative losses which production and sorting and grading is carried out to remove spoiled fruits. Four crates of fruits is separated results in reduction of market value. from the lot and segregated for completely and partially spoiled fruits. The weight of the spoiled fruits are recorded on a platform balance in the processing plant. The fruits in the particular lot were not handled III-8a: QUALITY SCORING OF FOOD PRODUCTS properly in the prior events and losses were observed to be higher than the average. PRODUCT: Mango –Totapuri variety Quality score Description of the quality %age reduction of market value 0 Fully damaged fruits- rot- Biological damage 100 1 Bruised and Broken fruits- Physical Damage 90 2 Irregular, Small, Immature fruits, Blemished, 50 Sap burn- Non-compliance, Physiological Dam- age 3 Sorted uniformly matured, high variance in size 20 4 Sorted, uniformly matured, uniformly sized 0
III-8b: QUALITY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLED UNITS
Unit Overall Type of damage Potential cause and symptoms evaluated quality score (deterioration) if any 1 2 Irregular sized, immature and bro- Culled fruit from harvesting ken fruits; Improper handling/ har- vesting 2 3 Uneven size, fairly good quality Uniformly graded at ripening cham- ber 3 4 Uniformly Uniformly graded at export pack house REPORT: Average score: 3.25
34 | Page 35 | Page
Page | 34 Page | 35 IIIIII--9:9: PRESENTATION PRESENTATION OF OF LOAD LOAD TRACKING TRACKING AND AND S SAMPLINGAMPLING RESULTS RESULTS A Product Mango AA ProductProduct MangoMango B Event Transportation-Unloading BB EventEvent HarvestingHarvestingandand Sorting& Sorting& Grading Grading C Duration of the event 2 hrs IIICC-9: PRESENTATIONDurationDuration of of the the event event OF LOAD TRACKING88 hrs hrs AND SAMPLING RESULTS D Location Manjunatha fruit processing indus- tries, Kanipakam, Chittoor DD LocationLocation Sarakallu,Sarakallu, Chittoor Chittoor A Product Mango Before the event Experimental Unit Weight of unit Nr of units Total weight BeforeBefore the the event event ExperimentalExperimental Unit Unit WeightWeight of of unit unit NrNr of of units units TotalTotal weight weight B Event Harvesting and Sorting& Grading E Load Kg 4200 1 truck 4200 EE LoadLoad TonnesTonnes 55 tonnes tonnes 11 truck truck1515 55tonnestonnes C Duration of the event 8 hrs F 1st-stage sample FF 11stst-stage-stage sample sample D Location Sarakallu, Chittoor G 2nd-stage sample GG 22ndnd-stage-stage sample sample Before the event Experimental Unit Weight of unit Nr of units Total weight Value (score / %) Observations / Causes ValueValue (score (score / /%) %) ObservationsObservations15 / /Causes Causes E Load Tonnes 5 tonnes 1 truck 5 tonnes nd ndnd H Sample size 2 -stage HH SampleSamplest size size 2 2 -stage-stage F 1 -stage sample I 4 Initial sorting and grading is carried out on the farm to II 44 TheThe fruitsfruits areare beingbeing harvestedharvested toto bebe sentsent toto aaprocessingprocessing G 2nd-stage sample Average quality score (0 – 4) separate low quality, immature and non-uniform fruits. AverageAverage quality quality score score (0 (0 – –4)4) plant.plant. Sorting Sorting and and grading grading is is done done on on the the farm farm to to separate separate The overall quality of the lot is good. Value (score / %) sound,sound, mature mature and and uniform Observationsuniform fruits fruits / Causes J %age unfit (< 1) JHJ Sample%age%age unfit sizeunfit 2(< nd(< -1) stage1) K %age low quality (2-1) KKI %age%age low low quality quality (2 (2-1)-1) 4 The fruits are being harvested to be sent to a processing Average quality score (0 – 4) plant. Sorting and grading is done on the farm to separate After the event Experimental Unit Weight of unit Nr of units Total weight AfterAfter the the event event ExperimentalExperimental Unit Unit WeightWeight of of unit unit NrNr of of units units TotalTotal weight weight sound, mature and uniform fruits L Load Kg 4180 1 Truck 4180 LL LoadLoad TonnesTonnes 4.44.4 tonnes tonnes 11 truck truck 4.44.4 tonnes tonnes J %age unfit (< 1) M 1st-stage sample MM 11stst-stage-stage sample sample K %age low quality (2-1) N 2nd-stage sample NN 22ndnd-stage-stage sample sample After the event Experimental Unit Weight of unit Nr of units Total weight Value (score / %) Observations / Causes ValueValue (score (score / /%) %) ObservationsObservations / /Causes Causes L Load Tonnes 4.4 tonnes 1 truck 4.4 tonnes nd ndnd O Sample size 2 -stage OO SampleSamplest size size 2 2 -stage-stage 2kg2kg M 1 -stage sample P Average quality score (0 – 4) PP AverageAverage ndquality quality score score (0 (0 – –4)4) 44 N 2 -stage sample Q %age unfit (< 1) QQ %age%age unfit unfit (< (< 1) 1) Value (score / %) Observations / Causes R %age low quality (2-1) RR %age%age low low quality qualitynd (2 (2-1)-1) O Sample size 2 -stage 2kg Quantity loss Value (%) Observations / Causes QuantityQuantity loss loss ValueValue (%) (%) ObservationsObservations / /Causes Causes P Average quality score (0 – 4) 4 S %age lost (E-L)/E 0.5 The fruits are already graded on the farm and the produce SS 0.60.6 ton ton /5 /5 ton= ton= TheThe s studytudyisis carried carried out out o onnaa farm farm from from a a very veryinteriorinterior area. area. Q %age unfit (< 1) is from a nearby farm, the distance travelled is less than 30 12%12% BothBoth unfit unfit and and low low quality quality fruit fruit are are left left on on the the farm, farm, since since km. R %age%age%age low lost lost quality (E (E-L)/E-L)/E (2-1) transportingtransporting themthem isis nonnon lucrative.lucrative. InIn otherother casescases usuallyusually lowlow quality quality fruits fruits are are sold sold at at much much lower lower value value or or at at least least Quality loss Value (%) Observations / Causes Quantity loss Value (%) usedused as as cattle cattle feed feedObservations / Causes T %age lost (Q-J) S 0.6 ton /5 ton= The study is carried out on a farm from a very interior area. QualityQuality loss loss ValueValue (%) (%) ObservationsObservations / /Causes Causes 12% Both unfit and low quality fruit are left on the farm, since U %age quality reduction (R-K) TT %age%age%age lostlost lost (E(Q (Q--L)/EJ)-J) transporting them is non lucrative. In other cases usually low quality fruits are sold at much lower value or at least UU %age%age quality quality reduction reduction (R (R-K)-K) used as cattle feed Quality loss Value (%) Observations / Causes T %age lost (Q-J)
1515 Truck UTruck%age load load -quality -common common reduction reference reference (R- K)used used by by the the farmers farmers during during harvest harvest and and transportation; transportation; harvesting harvesting is is in initiateditiated af- af- terter ensuring ensuring the the availability availability of of the the truck. truck. 37 | Page 3636 | | Page Page
15 Truck load- common reference used by the farmers during harvest and transportation; harvesting is initiated af- ter ensuring the availability of the truck.
36 | Page Page | 36 Page | 37
tions Page A Product Mango |
Suggested solu- Small enter-Small pro- for prises food cessing waste, Training To be sent to plant ETP Development standardized of methods; Train- ing on Harvest- ing and han- dling Training on Harvesting and handling B Event Ripening-Traditional Process 39 tions Page
C Duration of the event 6 days |
Suggested solu- Small enter-Small pro- for prises food cessing waste, Training To be sent to plant ETP Development standardized of methods; Train- ing on Harvest- ing and han- dling Training on Harvesting and handling 39
D Suvera fruit processing industries, of Location Kanipakam, Chittoor FSC actors FSC (men / women) Loss perception Not signifi- cant Nil High Low
Before the event Experimental Unit Weight of unit No of units Total weight of - FSC actors FSC (men / women)
E Load Kg 101.4 Kg 4 crates 101.4 Kg Loss perception Not signifi- cant Nil High Low st
F 1 -stage sample - Impact/ FSC actors affected actors (men / women) G 2nd-stage sample of Income farmers None Processor loss of yield and quality prod- Poor uct yield to Proces- the sor Impact/ FSC agri
Value (score / %) Observations / Causes affected actors (men / women) Income of of Income farmers None Processor loss of yield and quality prod- Poor uct yield to Proces- the sor
nd Power
H Sample size 2 -stage - employed employed agri sources I Average quality score (0 – 4) 3 Power - vironment/climate vironment/climate Impacts the on en- change/natural re- change/natural employed employed Environment, re- Natural and sources inputs production. in Environment Environment, natural re- sources Environment, natural re- sources used water and in running Rip- ening chambers;
J %age unfit (< 1) sources vironment/climate vironment/climate Impacts the on en- change/natural re- change/natural
K %age low quality (2-1) Environment, re- Natural and sources inputs production. in Environment Environment, natural re- sources Environment, natural re- sources used water and in running Rip- ening chambers; After the event Experimental Unit Weight of unit Nr of units Total weight food loss food Destination of L Load Kg 81.3 4 crates 81.3 Low value/ culled Discarded Discarded Discarded
st loss food
M 1 -stage sample Destination of Low value/ culled Discarded Discarded Discarded LLP CLP / CLP LLP CLP CLP N 2nd-stage sample LLP CLP / CLP LLP CLP CLP Value (score / %) Observations / Causes value market Reduced O Sample size 2nd-stage 50% 100% 100% 100 % value market Reduced P Average quality score (0 – 4) 3 50% 100% 100% 100 %
Q 8.4 Fruits are spoiled completely, broken and ready to get har- %age unfit (< 1) spoiled har- Cause of loss/
R %age low quality (2-1) Reason for low loss Improper har- Improper vest, maturity, Damaged fruits Short distance of transportation, better road infra- structure. Han- Improper dling Improver vesting, Internal bruises of fruits Cause of loss/
Reason for low loss Improper har- Improper vest, maturity, Damaged fruits Short distance of transportation, better road infra- structure. Han- Improper dling Improver vesting, Internal bruises of fruits
Quantity loss Value (%) Observations / Causes (#)
% the 6 (#) - %age loss in in loss S %age lost (E-L)/E 19.75 Improper harvesting prior and handling in the prior % FSC 12 0.5 3 the 6 - %age loss in in loss FSC 12 0.5 3
Quality loss Value (%) Observations / Causes (#)
(#) this T %age lost (Q-J) 100 (87.5) 100 product through %age of stage this that goes 100 (88) 100 (87.5) 100 (87.5) 100 product through %age of stage that goes U %age quality reduction (R-K) 100 (88) 100 (87.5) quality process uct that %age of incurred the prod- loss in this this in loss 5 NA 20 10 quality process uct that %age of incurred the prod- loss in this this in loss 5 NA 20 10 6 in this Quant process - 6 in this Quant %age lost lost %age process 12 0.5 19 3 - %age lost lost %age 12 0.5 19 3 of of & & & loss & & & loss Qn./Ql. Type Qn./Ql. Type Qn Ql Qn Qn Ql Qn Ql Qn Ql Qn Qn Ql Qn Ql 10: Summary result matrix of food losses food of matrix result Summary 10: 10: Summary result matrix of food losses food of matrix result Summary 10: - - , Tra- , Tra- – – pulp pulp - pulp pulp - - pulp pulp - 38 | Page pulp Process Process FSC stage/ FSC stage/ mango mango FSC Harvesting Sorting and grading FSC Transportation – Ripening ditional Pro- cess Ripening Ripening chambers mango Harvesting Sorting and grading FSC Transportation – FSC Ripening ditional Pro- cess Ripening Ripening chambers mango
OUTPUT III Mango Pulp FSC
Mango Pulp FSC OUTPUT III
Page | 38 Page | 39
SKILLS
COMPLIANCE
-
NON SKILLS Page SKILLS Page | 41 SKILLS |
COMPLIANCE 41 COMPLIANCE - COMPLIANCE SURVEY - -
INVISIBLE
NON
NON NON Page investigation. Page Page | |
|
INFRASTRUCTURE 41 site 41 SURVEY 41 losses or product of of losses product or
SURVEY - SURVEY
INVISIBLE
INVISIBLE INVISIBLE on
BIOLOGICAL investigation. investigation. investigation.
INFRASTRUCTURE the INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE site site losses or product of of losses product or
- site losses or product of of losses product or
- losses or product of of losses product or
- loss. on
on BIOLOGICAL
on BIOLOGICAL
BIOLOGICAL LITERATURE
SAMPLING the the
the loss. loss. loss.
LITERATURE quality LITERATURE LITERATURE / NO SYMPTOM SAMPLING SAMPLING
SAMPLING
ORGANIZATION
quality
quality
/ quality NO SYMPTOM CHEMICAL / NO SYMPTOM / NO SYMPTOM ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL
quantitative
quantitative quantitative SCREENING quantitative
SCREENING
SCREENING SCREENING EXPERTS/ FSC ACTORS EXPERTS/ FSC ACTORS TECHNOLOGY EXPERTS/ FSC ACTORS EXPERTS/ FSC ACTORS PHYSIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL TECHNOLOGY PHYSIOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHYSICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHYSICAL PHYSICAL that lead to this this to lead that that lead to this this to lead that that lead to this this to lead that that lead to this this to lead that by consultation of experts and literature, and by and and literature, experts of consultation by
by consultation of experts and literature, and by and and literature, experts of consultation by
by consultation of experts and literature, and by and and literature, experts of consultation by by consultation of experts and literature, and by and and literature, experts of consultation by
symptoms
symptoms
symptoms
symptoms
Im- har-
Im-
har-
Im-
har-
-
Im- - har-
-
causes causes -
causes Improper Improper Improper Improper
causes Improper Improper
12 % of har- -
12 % of har- - - 12 % of har- - packing of of packing - Improper Improper - packing of of packing
packing of of packing
12 % of har- -
10
- 10 packing of of packing 10
1: CAUSE FINDING DIAGRAM
10 1: CAUSE FINDING DIAGRAM
- 1: CAUSE FINDING DIAGRAM
- - .
. standardized standardized
1: CAUSE FINDING DIAGRAM . standardized standardized
- standardized standardized - -
-
.
standardized standardized Lack of market linkages market of Lack Weather conditions Weather Contamination/ Fungal spoilage Non ripening of method Pests and diseases Sorting and grading and Sorting handling and and handling fruits Falling height from meth- harvesting proper ods during fruits to Impact transportation - Loss of fruits during during of fruits Loss rip- Traditional and vesting ening of Wastage Quantitative and qualitative and qualitative Quantitative dis- and pests to due losses eases vested fruits Weather conditions Weather linkages market of Lack spoilage Non ripening of method Contamination/ Fungal Pests and diseases grading and Sorting Falling height from meth- harvesting proper ods during fruits to Impact transportation and handling fruits Loss of fruits during during of fruits Loss rip- Traditional and vesting ening of Wastage Quantitative and qualitative and qualitative Quantitative dis- and pests to due losses eases vested fruits Weather conditions Weather linkages market of Lack method of ripening of method Contamination/ Fungal spoilage Non Pests and diseases grading and Sorting Falling height from proper harvesting meth- ods during fruits to Impact transportation and handling fruits Bruised and cracked fruits cracked and Bruised
Loss of fruits during during of fruits Loss rip- Traditional and vesting ening of Wastage Quantitative and qualitative and qualitative Quantitative dis- and pests to due losses eases vested fruits Bruised and cracked fruits cracked and Bruised Small size;Small irregular shape Spongy tissue in the fruit the in tissue Spongy Dark spots near stalk near spots Dark fruits rotten Partially Completely rotten fruits Sap injury, Blemishes injury, Sap
Bruised and cracked fruits cracked and Bruised Small size;Small irregular shape Spongy tissue in the fruit the in tissue Spongy Dark spots near stalk near spots Dark Completely rotten fruits fruits rotten Partially Sap injury, Blemishes injury, Sap
• • • • • • • • Small size;Small irregular shape Partially rotten fruits rotten Partially fruit the in tissue Spongy Dark spots near stalk near spots Dark Completely rotten fruits Sap injury, Blemishes injury, Sap
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Weather conditions Weather linkages market of Lack Contamination/ Fungal spoilage Non ripening of method Sorting and grading and Sorting Pests and diseases Falling height from proper harvesting meth- ods during fruits to Impact transportation and handling fruits
Loss of fruits during during of fruits Loss rip- Traditional and vesting ening of Wastage and qualitative Quantitative dis- and pests to due losses eases vested fruits
Bruised and cracked fruits cracked and Bruised 3. Verify the possible the possible 3. Verify
OUTPUT IV 1. Food loss assessment methods have revealed a batch of food products containing containing products of food batch a revealed have methods assessment loss 1. Food low quality the and describe 2. Identify Small size;Small irregular shape Spongy tissue in the fruit the in tissue Spongy Dark spots near stalk near spots Dark Completely rotten fruits fruits rotten Partially Sap injury, Blemishes injury, Sap
3. Verify the possible the possible 3. Verify
OUTPUT IV 1. Food loss assessment methods have revealed a batch of food products containing containing products offood batch a revealed have methods assessment loss 1. Food low quality the and describe 2. Identify 3. Verify the possible the possible 3. Verify
OUTPUT IV 1. Food loss assessment methods have revealed a batch of food products containing containing products of food batch a revealed have methods assessment loss 1. Food low quality the and describe 2. Identify • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
3. Verify the possible the possible 3. Verify OUTPUTIV
1. Food loss assessment methods have revealed a batch of food products containing containing products of food batch a revealed have methods assessment loss 1. Food low quality the and describe 2. Identify
Fresh Fruit FSC Fresh FruitFruit FSC FSC FSC stage/ Type of %age lost %age of %age of %age Cause of loss/ Reduced CLP / Destination of Impacts on the en- Impact/ FSC Loss perception Suggested solu- Process loss in this the prod- product loss in Reason for low loss market LLP food loss vironment/climate actors affected of tions FSCFSC stage/ stage/ TypeType of of %age%age lost lost %age %age of of %age of %age CauseCause of loss/ of loss/ReducedReduced CLP /CLPDestination / Destination of Impacts of Impacts on the en- on theImpact/ en- FSCImpact/ Loss FSC perception Loss perception Suggested Suggestedsolu- solu- Qn./Ql. process uct that that%age of the%age FSC value change/natural re- (men / women) FSC actors Process lossloss Quantin inthis this theincurredthe prod- prod- productproduct loss loss in inReason Reason for low for loss low lossmarketmarket LLP LLPfood lossfood loss vironment/climatesourcesvironment/climate actors affectedactors affectedof(men / women)oftions tions Qn./Ql. process uct that goes (#) value change/natural re- (men / women) FSC actors Qn./Ql. process qualityuct that that the FSC value change/natural re- (men / women) FSC actors Quant incurred that the FSC sources (men / women) Quant lossincurred in this goes through (#) sources (men / women) qualityprocessquality thisgoes (#) loss in this through loss in this stagethrough (#) processprocess thisthis Harvesting- Qn & 15 5 stage100stage (#) (#) 15 Improper har- 50 % CLP Low value/ Environment, Income of Not signifi- Small enter- Fresh fruit Ql vesting, Canopy culled Natural re- farmers cant prises for pro- Harvesting-- QnQn&& 1515 5 5 100100 15 15 ImproperImproper har- har- 50 %50 %CLP CLPLow value/Low value/ Environment, Environment, Income Income of Not of signifi-Not signifi-Small enter-Small enter- FreshFSC fruit Ql vesting,of trees Canopy culled Naturalsources re- andfarmers agri cant prises forcessing pro- food Fresh fruit Ql vesting, Canopy culled Natural re- farmers cant prises for pro- FSC of trees sourcesinputs and agri employed cessing foodwaste, Training FSC of trees sources and agri cessing food inputs inemployed production. waste, Training in production.inputs employed waste, Training Sorting and Qn & 5 5 100 5 Irregular small 50 % CLP Low value/ Aingri production. inputs em- Income of Not signifi- Training on de- Sortinggrading and QnQl& 5 5 100(85) 5 Irregularfruits, small improper 50 % CLP Low value/culled Agri inputsployed em- in pro-Incomefarmers of Not signifi-cant Training sappingon de- opera- Sorting and Qn & 5 5 100 5 Irregular small 50 % CLP Low value/ Agri inputs em- Income of Not signifi- Training on de- grading Ql (85) fruits,desapping improper culled ployedduction in pro-, Envi-farmers cant sapping opera-tions grading Ql (85) fruits, improper culled ployed in pro- farmers cant sapping opera- desapping ductionronment, Envi- tions desapping ronmentduction , Envi- tions Transporta- Qn & 15 20 100 15 Long distance of 100 % CLP Discarded; Environmentronment - Traders, Moderate Research on Transporta-tion- Fresh QnQl& 15 20 100(80) 15 Longtransportation, distance of 100 % CLP Discarded;sometimes Environment Disposal- in Traders,the Consumers Moderate- Researchpackaging on de- tionTransporta-- Fresh QlQn & 15 20 (80)100 15 transportation,Long distance of 100 % CLPsometimesDiscarded; Disposal Environment in the Consumers- Traders,- ModeratepackagingResearch de- on fruit FSC Improper sorting sold for retail market, Due to ele- signs, Creation fruittion- FSCFresh Ql (80) Impropertransportation, sorting sold forsometimes retail market,Disposal in Duethe to Consumersele- - signs, Creationpackaging de- lower value Fuel used for vated prices of efficient fruit FSC Improper sorting lowersold value for Fuel usedretail for market, vated pricesDue to ele- of efficientsigns, Creation transportation linkages lower valuetransportation Fuel used for vated prices linkages of efficient Retail ––FreshFresh QnQn&& 5-510-10 2525 100100 5-105-10 LongLong distance distance of 100of %100 %CLP CLPOftenOften sold soldEnvironment transportationEnvironment- Retailers,- Retailers, Low Low Creation linkagesCreationof ef- of ef- fruit FSC Ql (65) transportation, for lower disposal prob- consumers ficient linkages, fruitRetail FSC – Fresh QlQn & 5-10 25 (65)100 5-10 transportationLong distance, of 100 % CLPfor lowerOften solddisposal Environment prob- consumers- Retailers, Low ficient linkages,Creation of ef- lack of demand, value; some- lems; manpower training on han- fruit FSC Ql (65) lacktransportation of demand, , value;for some- lowerlems; manpowerdisposal prob- consumers training onficient han- linkages, improper han- times dis- and packaging dling and opti- improperlack of han- demand, times value;dis- some-and packaginglems; manpower dling andtraining opti- on han- dling carded employed mum storage dlingimproper han- cardedtimes dis-employedand packaging mum storagedling and opti- conditionsconditions dling carded employed mum storage conditions # The figuresfigures in in the the bracket bracket show show the the percentage percentage of theof the product product after after accounting accounting for losses for losses in the in previous the previous stages. stages. # The figures in the bracket show the percentage of the product after accounting for losses in the previous stages. Page | 40 40 | Page 40 | Page
40 | Page
4. Identify4. Identify the the real real cause causeofof thethe low quality quality and and subsequent subsequent food foodloss. loss. Losses during Ripening: Fruits in mango pulp FSC when subjected to ripening in traditional method higher quantitative losses like 4.• IdentifyImproper• Improper the harvestingreal harvesting cause of the low quality INVESTIGATIONandINVESTIGATION subsequent food loss. CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE rotten fruits and qualitative losses like partially rotten fruits, irregular ripening were observed due to fungal methodsmethods • Improper handling and TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE SKILLS/ PRACTICES rot, improper handling, uncontrolled and unstandardized conditions. Development of standardized condi- • Improper• Improper handling harvesting and INVESTIGATIONTECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE SKILLS/ PRACTICES packing of fruits CLIMATE CHANGE tions and better handling of fruits in prior steps can reduce the losses in the traditional ripening process. packingmethods of fruits • Non-standardized ORGANIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE • Non• Improper-standardized handling and TECHNOLOGY SKILLS/ PRACTICES methodpacking of fruitsripening method of ripening • LackNon -ofstandardized market linkages • Lack• Lackmethod of marketof proper of ripening linkages pest • Lack• managementLack of proper of market pest linkages management• Lack of proper pest 5. Find themanagement underlying reason for the cause, why the problem hasn’t been solved yet. 5. Find the underlying reason for the cause, why the problem hasn’t been solved yet. 5. Find• High the cost underlying of interventions reason for the cause, whyINVESTMENT the problem hasn’tLEGISLATION been solved yet.UNDER-DEVELOP- CULTURE/ • Lack of training CLIMATE POLICY MENT GENDER • Lack of incentive for better • High• High cost cost of interventionsof interventions INVESTMENTINVESTMENT LEGISLATIONLEGISLATION UNDER -DEVELOP-UNDER-DEVELOP-CULTURE/ CULTURE/ practices • Lack• Lack of training of training CLIMATECLIMATE POLICYPOLICY MENT MENT GENDER GENDER • Lack• Lack of incentive of incentive for for better better practicespractices c. The causes of these losses and identified (potential) loss reduction measures Losses during cultivation: c. The causes of these losses and identified (potential) loss reduction measures c. TheBoth causes qualitative of these and quantitativelosses and lossesidentified during (potential) the production loss are reduction caused due measures to factors like climatic condi- Losses during cultivation: tions, the prevalence of pests and diseases, physiological stress on the trees. These losses are highly variable Fig 14: Mango spoilage due to post-harvest diseases and improper handling during ripening LossesacrossBoth during qualitative crops cultivation:seasons and quantitativeand regions. losses during the production are caused due to factors like climatic condi- Lossestions, the duringprevalence Harvestiof pestsng and and Sorting: diseases, physiological stress on the trees. These losses are highly variable Bothacross qualitative crops seasons and quantitative and regions. losses during the production are caused due to factors like climatic condi- tions,Inthe mangoprevalenceduring harvestingof pests andstage diseases, quantitative physiological losses like broken stress and on damaged the trees. fruits These because losses of improper are highly variable d. Low Loss Points, and good practices leading to low food losses. acrossharvestingLosses crops during seasons by dropping Harvesti and theregions.ng fruits and Sorting:directly on to the ground, diseased fruits with stem end rot were observed • Transportation in mango pulp FSC is very well managed and is considered as low loss point. The inIn bothmango theduring FSC’S. harvesting Qualitative stage losses quantitative found are losseslike immature, like broken irregular and damaged and bruised fruits fruits because due toof improperimproper Losseshandling.harvesting during These by Harvesti dropping can be ngreducedthe andfruits bySorting: directly following on to properthe ground, harvesting diseased methods fruits and with post stem-harvest end rot handling. were observed produce is transported immediately after harvesting and the distance travelled by the produce is very less. The observed losses were at a lower level of 0.5%. In mangoLossesin bothduring duringthe FSC’S. harvestingTransportation: Qualitat ivestage losses quantitative found are like losses immature, like brokenirregular andand bruiseddamaged fruits fruits due tobecause improper of improper handling. These can be reduced by following proper harvesting methods and post-harvest handling. harvestingIn fresh by fruit dropping FSC due theto lack fruits of nearerdirectly markets, on tothethe produce ground, travels diseased to almost fruits 800 with km leadingstem end to arot loss were of observed • Ripening of mangoes in ripening chambers leading to considerably lower losses than the tradi- in bothaboutLosses the 10 duringFSC’S.-15 % quantitativeTransportation: Qualitative losses losses like founddamaged are fruits like and immature, rotten fruits irregular and qualitative and bruised losses likefruits irregular due to improper tional method due to better handling and controlled conditions. However, proper handling of fruits handling.ripening,In fresh These fruit softening FSCcan duebe and reducedtobreakage lack of by nearer of following bottom markets, layer properthe fruits produce harvestingdue totravels load. tomethodsPlastic almost cr 800ates and kmare post leadingcurrently-harvest to nota losshandling. used of during and after harvesting might help in further reducing the losses. extensivelyabout 10-15 due % quantitativeto lack of effective losses liketrade damaged linkages fruits as a result and rotten return fruits of crates and toqualitative the source losses is an likeissue. irregular Usage Lossesofripening, properduring softeningpackaging Transportation: and materialsbreakage and of designs bottom and layer controlled fruits due conditions to load. duringPlastic transportationcrates are currently can reduce not used the • The importance of GAP is understood and followed well by the farmers in mango pulp FSC, losses in this stage. In freshextensively fruit FSC due todue lack to of lack effective of nearer trade linkagesmarkets, as thea result produce return oftravels crates to thealmost source 800 is an km issue. leading Usage to a loss of consequently leading to lower losses. of proper packaging materials and designs and controlled conditions during transportation can reduce the aboutlosses 10-15 in this% quantitative stage. losses like damaged fruits and rotten fruits and qualitative losses like irregular • Mango pulp FSC is an ideal example for promoting horticultural production where the losses ripening, softening and breakage of bottom layer fruits due to load. Plastic crates are currently not used across the stages are considerably less due to the availability of market and processing facilities. extensively due to lack of effective trade linkages as a result return of crates to the source is an issue. Usage of proper packaging materials and designs and controlled conditions during transportation can reduce the • Usage of crates in handling the fruits is more prevalent in Chittoor leading to lower losses and losses in this stage. better quality of fruit. • Intensive training the farmers in both the FSC’s are gradually making them aware of the im- Fig 13: Low losses during transportation in mango pulp FSC (from a load of 12 Tonnes) portance of quality and food safety aspects and their relation to the returns. • Policy support for adoption of micro irrigation systems is helping in increasing the productivity Fig 13: Low losses during transportation in mango pulp FSC (from a load of 12 Tonnes)42 | Page of the orchards as well as in conserving the water.
• Ultra-High Density and High Density plantations are characterized by trees with smaller canopies 42 | Page leading to reduced difficulty in harvesting, better handling of fruits and increased productivity.
Fig 13: Low losses during transportation in mango pulp FSC (from a load of 12 Tonnes)
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Page | 42 Page | 43 4. THE FOOD LOSS REDUCTION STRATEGY - Conclusions and Recommendations b. Required inputs and cost-benefit analysis of the food loss reduction measures (for 10 year implementa- tion) identified at the critical loss points; social implications a. Impact of food losses in the selected FSC In mango pulp FSC, the perception of losses is not significant among the actors and many believe the losses The impact of food losses on different actors and stages of FSC: are currently low and a part of inherent process variance. During the interaction with stake holders in fresh Farmers: Small and marginal farmers constitute a major share of mango growers in both the FSC’s. The fruit FSC, the farmers and traders are comparatively aware of the losses and opined that lack of proper loss of produce is directly impacting the income of the farmers as mango contributes to 30- 40% of annual technology, availability, and retention of skilled labour is an important factor leading to food loss. income. Usually a nominal quantity of losses during harvesting and other operations are factored into con- Another important cause that was observed to cause losses is lack of effective training particularly in the sideration in price negotiations, however, when these losses are coupled with conditions like untimely rains, area of post-harvest handling of the fruits by farmers and farm workers. hailstorms, low yield and high pest incidences leads to significant income loss and adds a stress on repay- ment and raising a loan for future crops. In such conditions, it leads to extended affliction on the alternate Technological interventions across different stages of FSC that can be implemented to reduce food loss are income means to cope for loan repayment. The diverse nature of losses in terms of both quality and quantity as follows: in every season is leaving them with no viable solution to process or utilize the on farm wastage that is Cultivation practices: High density plantations characterizes shorter trees with smaller canopy and more currently occurring. number of plants approximately about 600 per hectare in place of 50 trees per acre in conventional harvest- Traders: The income of traders in both fresh fruits and mango pulp FSC depends on the volume of fruits ing system. This results in better harvesting and handling of fruits and increase in productivity. traded by them. The on-farm wastage and production losses can be accounted as lost opportunity of sales Irrigation: Irrigation plays an important role not only in maintaining productivity but also in determining in the market yards and indirectly the tax earned by the government. The overall quality of the fruits in the qualitative factors of the fruit and fruit loss during the bearing time. Mango cultivation in both the FSC‘s is season determines the price and there by the commission they earn. The impact on commissions earned by dependent on the Rainfall for irrigation. Implantation of micro irrigation methods like drip irrigation are the traders also gets reflected in the loan dispersal to small farmers who are dependent on collateral free already initiated only to cover a minor portion currently. Extensive promotion should be carried out to bring loans form informal financial modes. more area under drip irrigation. Processors: The qualitative and quantitative losses in the mango production seriously affects the profita- Harvesting: Harvesting is an important factor in determining the losses in subsequent stages as well apart bility of the pulp processing business. Qualitative losses in the produce lead to a product with lower quality, from the losses during harvesting. Harvesting should be promoted to be carried out by “Net Basket low yield due to trimming losses. The nonlinear relationship between the raw material costs and price of (Dapoli)” Harvester. Care should be employed to reduce the impact received to the fruits during the opera- the pulp in the international market outlines the importance of quantitative losses of produce, which other- tion. Fruits should be heaped on a plastic sheet during harvesting, rather than leaving them on the soil. This wise should enter mango pulp FSC. could reduce the chances of bacterial and fungal infections which leads to post harvest losses. Desapping Retailers: Quantitative loss of mango is impacting the direct sales income of the retailers of all stages and operation should be carried out immediately, especially for fresh fruit FSC, in order to reduce losses due to qualitative loss is negatively impacting the ability to prolong the sale period, premium price fetched by the sap injury and fungal infections at later stages. fruits and cross contamination to other fruits. The major share of mango in fresh fruit FSC is still traded by Transportation: Usage of crates during transportation should be extensively promoted particularly in the small retailers like cart vendors. Quantitative and qualitative loss greatly affects the selling price and fresh fruit FSC. In current practice, the crates are mostly used for carrying fruits during harvesting. Usage thereby the volume of sales. This partially affects by causing loss or change of livelihood. of better packaging structures and controlled storage conditions of temperature and humidity should be Additionally, it is also leading to problems during the disposal of spoiled fruits. Indirect losses like pack- explored. aging material and manpower incurred are also factored to a loss at retail stage. Ripening: High losses are observed during the traditional ripening process, mainly due to a non- Environment: About 1,600 kg of CO2 is generated in mango FSC per hectare, from production to pro- standardized method and un-controlled conditions. Development of standard method with optimized con- cessing both from direct and indirect emissions. The quantity of fruits wasted at all the stages represents ditions and corrective actions for deviations will help in reducing the losses. Hot water treatment plants can the proportional wastage of resources and impact on the environment. In both the FSC’S usage of fertilizers be explored to address the pest infestation issues, particularly like fruit fly. This leads to a reduction in and pesticides is mostly in line with the general guidelines and they contribute about 286 kg of CO2 from quantitative and qualitative losses caused by the larvae. Due to lack of external symptoms, most of the time one hectare of mango production. Additionally, there is a chance excess runoff of pesticides into the envi- pest infestation is neglected in the domestic market. However, this also might be effective in addressing the ronment apart from that of produce. Irrigation during the fruit bearing and off season play an important role bacterial and fungal infections, but control of re-contamination in the subsequent is a challenge. in determining the quality of the crop. In both the FSC’s mango is taken up as a rain fed crop, assisted with The following propositions are evaluated in order to achieve the reduction in losses: other forms of irrigation like micro irrigation or flooding, in place of other crops like paddy and sugarcane due to erratic rainfall and water intensive nature of other crops. Farm and post-harvest services by Private entities: In mango pulp FSC, huge quantities of kernel/stone which is obtained as by product is currently being used Lack of proper training to farmers and unavailability of skilled labour to carry out the farm operations and as boiler fuel after drying or discarded in open areas which lead to bad odor in the vicinity and proliferation post-harvest operations is hindering the better handling of produce in both the FSC’S. The proposed inter- of pests. vention comprises of establishing private enterprises or service providers for scientific delivery of activities like pesticide and fungicide application, pruning, rejuvenation of senile plantations, harvesting, desapping and postharvest handling. These enterprises can be collaborated to deliver the support programs extended by the government agencies.
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Page | 44 Page | 45 This will lead to: OUTPUT IV-2a: Budget calculation for food loss reduction • Addresses the problem of unavailability of skilled labor Items Value Unit Calculation • Training of local manpower and absorbing them into the enterprise thereby creating employment a Product quantity 532,836 ton/year Production of Vizianagaram b Product value 210 $/ton • Efficient delivery of the support programs. c Loss rate 10.00 % Quantitative and qualitative • Lowered financial burden on framer for mechanization as the equipment is procured by the service d Anticipated loss reduction 30 % provider and will be used in multiple orchards. e Cost of intervention 39,000.00 $ Audiovisual kits, Content crea- • All round improvement in pre-harvest and post-harvest activities as they are carried out in a scien- tion tific way. f Depreciation 5 Years Average life span of kits g Yearly costs of investment 7,800 $/year e / f Training on the Farm: h Yearly costs of operation 20,000 $/year Travel and other costs during the Currently, the training is provided to framers at a centralized location, with limited audio visual support. training Farmers opined that it was difficult to relate the solutions and implement them. The proposed intervention suggest training on the farm with effective use of audio visual support like potable projector kits. This also i Total yearly costs of solution 27,800 $/year g + h involves the creation of new content in the local language and delivering it at right before the start of the j Client costs per ton product 0.0522 $/ton i / a operations, with demonstrations in the farm. Training should also cover the linkages between the better k Food loss 53,283.6 ton/year c * a practices and returns to the framer in the short term and long term as farmers stated that it is often difficult for them to quantify the benefits and to justify the additional resources deployed. Access to training content l Economic loss 11,189,556 $/year k * b should be created by multiple means like mobile phones or central kiosks/desktops at village or block level. m Loss reduction 15,985.08 ton/year k * d This will lead to: n Loss reduction savings 3,356,866.8 $/year m * b • Increased participation in training as the training is happening in the village itself o Total Client costs 27,800 $/year a * j = i p Profitability of solution 3,329,066.8 $/year n - o • Higher chances of implementing the training as it is delivered right before the start of the operations • Better tracking and improving the training content by evaluating the level of implementation at the village level Plastic crates on a rental basis: • Modulating the content of training as per the prevailing specific crop conditions (e.g.: post-harvest Usage of plastic crates is currently limited to fresh fruits FSC, as it is not economically feasible to transport diseases) the crates to the point of origin. This is leading to the use of improper and alternate packaging methods leading to quantitative loss of fruits, accounting for almost 10% during transportation. • Increased interaction among the farmers through peer based learning. To address this, the proposed intervention consist of renting of crates by market yards to transport the fruits to the distant markets. Plastic crates will be procured by the government or market yards or private agencies in the mango producing region. The traders/ farmers intending to transport fruits will procure the crates from source market yard by paying an advance amount which will be repaid on returning the crates at the terminal market. These crates in the off season will be used in another region for other horticultural pro- duce. This leads to the following improvements: • Better handling of fruits and reduced qualitative and quantitative losses • Improved participation in market yards leading to the formation of effective and well integrated supply chains which can be extended to other horticultural crops • Realistic data capturing for production, trade volumes and food loss Reduced load on environment due to reusable packaging material.
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Page | 46 Page | 47 OUTPUT IV-2a-1: BUDGET CALCULATION FOR FOOD LOSS REDUCTION OUTPUT IVIV--2b:2b: AssessingAssessing social social implications implications of of specific specific food food loss loss solution solution suggestions suggestions
(How) Does the sug- Description of the potential Gender dimension of the Suggestions to mitigate Items Value Unit Calculation (How) Does the sug- Description of the potential Gender dimension of the Suggestions to mitigate gested solutionsolution …… impactimpact impactimpact (how (how women women and and negativenegative impacts impacts a Product quantity 1,83,828.4 ton/year 50 % of produce going to dis- menmen may may be be affected affected dif- dif- tant markets from ferently)ferently) Vizianagarm Farm andand postpost--harvestharvest services services by by Public Public private private partnership partnership 1. …impact…impact thethe em-em- ImproveImprove the the employment employment situ- situ- TheThe employment employmentsituationsituation b Product value 210 $/ton ployment situationsituation of of ationation in in the the FSC. FSC. Creates Creates em- em- forfor female female graduates graduates will will c Loss rate 15.00% % Quantitative and qualitative FSC actors?actors? ploymentployment to to the the local local agricul- agricul- alsoalso improve improve as as it isit is tural graduates to start enter- essential step to catalyse d Anticipated loss reduction 20% % tural graduates to start enter- essential step to catalyse prisesprises or or to to work work as as technical technical thethe participation participation and and e Cost of intervention 13,756,524 $ 50 % of the cost of crates, supsupervisors.ervisors. ThisThis willwill alsoalso womenwomen farm farm workers workers in inthe the considering they are used for createcreate demanddemand forfor trainedtrained programprogram other fruits and vegetables in farmfarm workers workers off season 2. …… increaseincrease oror re- re- DecreaseDecrease the the workload workload on on the the WillWill affect affect both both the the ge gen-n- f Depreciation 5 years Average life span of crates duce thethe workloadworkload of of farmersfarmers by by partially partially taking taking dersders equally equally FSC actors?actors? thethe ownership ownership of of the the activi- activi- g Yearly costs of investment 2,751,305 $/year e / f ties. The work load among ties. The work load among the farm workers will be opti- h Yearly costs of operation 105,000 $/year Cost of transportation of the farm workers will be opti- mised by employing them in crates in the beginning of sea- mised by employing them in multiple activities during the son and washing multiple activities during the crop season i Total yearly costs of solu- 2,856,305 $/year g + h crop season 3. …raise or increase Increased Training is an in- Participation of women is tion the3. …raise need for or training increase to herentIncreased part Trainingof the solution is an in- dependentParticipation on the of presencewomen is j Client costs per ton product 5.3606 $/ton i / a applythe need solutions? for training to andherent will part be taken of the up solution by the ofdependent female trainers on the presence apply solutions? and will be taken up by the of female trainers k Food loss 79,925.4 ton/year c * a service providing enterprise. 4. …distribute benefits Distributionservice providing of the benefitsenterprise. to Women with better access Controls should be laid in l Economic loss 16,784,334 $/year k * b to4. the…distribute FSC actors? benefits (in- theDistribution actors will of be the uniform benefits to toWomen training withand withbetter institu- access placeControls to ensure should that bebenefits laid in m Loss reduction 15,985.08 ton/year k * d cometo the accessFSC actors? and con- (in- andthe judiciousactors will as be it improvesuniform tionalto training employment and with can institu- get areplace transferred to ensure to a thatll the benefits come access and con- and judicious as it improves tional employment can get are transferred to all the n Loss reduction savings 3,356,867 $/year m * b trol) the earning potential of work- fair income stakeholders trol) ersthe by earning employing potential them of in work- fair income stakeholders o Total Client costs 2,856,305 $/year a * j = i multipleers by employing activities. Fthemarmers in p Profitability of solution 500,562 $/year n – o benefitmultiple by activities.reducing theirFarmers risk ofbenefit capital by and reducing appreciated their re-risk turnsof capital for improved and appreciated quality re- 5. …impact dynamics Willturns not for alter improved the dynamics quality of Will affect both the gen- of5. power…impact in the dynamics FSC? FSC,Will butnot italter gives the a dynamicschance for of dersWill equally affect both the gen- (WHOof power has in ownership the FSC? farmersFSC, but to itnegotiate gives a chancea better for ders equally of(WHO solutions?) has ownership pricefarmers and tofarm negotiate workers a better of solutions?) wagesprice andfor improvedfarm workers services better 6….take into consider- Thiswages will for not improved affect the services mo- Will affect both the gen- In any required case, the ation6….take mobility into consider-re- bilityThis factorswill not of affect farmers. the mo-For dersWill equally affect both the gen- workersIn any can required be mobilized case, the strictionsation mobility of FSC re- ac- farmbility workers, factors ofthis farmers. will re- For ders equally to workersoptimize canthe beavailability mobilized tors?strictions of FSC ac- ducefarm the workers, migrationthis as will they re- of towork optimize and demand the availability in the tors? willduce be the employed migration in multipleas they areaof work and demand in the activitiwill bees employed and crops. in multiple area 7. …coincide with cul- Thisactiviti willes not and alter crops. the cultural Women with better condi- tural7. …coincide and social with norms cul- orThis social will norms not alter of the the FSC cultural tionsWomen and flexibility with better in condi-in- andtural be and culturally social norms and or social norms of the FSC stitutiotions naland employment flexibility in can in- sociallyand be culturally acceptable? and performstitutioothernal employment roles easily can socially acceptable? perform other roles easily
49 | Page 48 | Page 49 | Page
Page | 48 Page | 49 (How) Does the sug- Description of the potential Gender dimension of the Suggestions to mitigate (How) Does the sug- Description of the potential Gender dimension of the Suggestions to mitigate gested solution … impact impact (how women and negative impacts gested solution … impact impact (how women and negative impacts men may be affected dif- men may be affected dif- ferently) ferently) 8. …cause for some This will lead to a gradual re- The participation of The gradual roll out of ser- 8. …cause for some Will not alter FSC structure actors’ exclusion from duction of the middlemen women in trading activities vices will help the move- actors’ exclusion from the FSC activities? and input suppliers on the is minimal, hence the em- ment of middlemen into the FSC activities? FSC by rolling out services ployment of men will be other activities 9. …….impact the en- Eventually, will lead to im- covering the whole FSC more affected vironment adversely? provement due to increased 9. …….impact the en- Reduces the negative effect Will affect both the gen- awareness among the actors vironment adversely? on environment due to con- ders equally Plastic crates on rental basis trolled use of farm inputs like 1. …impact the em- Will not change the employ- Will not affect women spe- irrigation and pesticides ployment situation of ment situations of exiting ac- cifically Training on the farm: FSC actors? tors in the FSC. May create 1. …impact the em- The training will improve the Employment opportunities additional jobs in the area of ployment situation of knowledge of fruit handling, will equally increase for crates handling FSC actors? which will lead to marginal women also 2. … increase or re- Marginally might increase Will not affect women spe- increase in farm labour re- duce the workload of the workload on all the actors cifically quirement FSC actors? initially to streamline all the 2. … increase or re- Training will eventually in- Will affect both the gen- The increased work load in activities. Automation at later duce the workload of crease the workload of farm- ders equally in terms of in- marginal and is a necessary stages to lift the crates at FSC actors? ers and farm labour. Accessi- crease/ decrease in work- intervention to reduce food market yard will decrease bility to training material will load. Female extension of- loss. The price incentive for the work load reduce the workload of ex- ficers should be included in better produce should jus- 3. …raise or increase Marginal increase in training Will not affect women spe- tension officers the sessions to ensure par- tify this the need for training to needs to all the actors cifically ticipation of women apply solutions? 3. …raise or increase Training will be required to Female extension officers the need for training to extension officers on usage should be trained for ensur- 4. …distribute benefits Traders will benefit from the Will not affect women spe- Since farmers will be en- apply solutions? of AV units and new content ing woman participation to the FSC actors? (in- additional quantity of fruits cifically couraged to bring their pro- and tailoring the infor- come access and con- available for sale. The inter- duce to market yards, a mation trol) vention will only sustain if mechanism to observe the 4. …distribute benefits Price incentive earned should Females will be paid Due to lack of transparency, benefits are transferred to the benefit transfer to farmer to the FSC actors? (in- be distributed among the ac- equally for the similar op- traders may not transfer the farmer should be identified come access and con- tors to ensure the viability of erations they carry out benefits to farmers. A 5. …impact dynamics The owner ship of the solu- Will not affect women spe- trol) the solution along with men mechanism to know or esti- of power in the FSC? tion lies with the government. cifically mate market prices should (WHO has ownership It will not change the dynam- be a part of training of solutions?) ics of the FSC actors 5. …impact dynamics Farmers will get a better bar- Training women empower 6….take into consider- An additional stage of trans- Will not affect women spe- Upon streamlining of the of power in the FSC? gain for his produce for im- them and create a level ation mobility re- portation to market yard ei- cifically activities of the FSC actors, (WHO has ownership proved quality, will not alter playing field strictions of FSC ac- ther by trader or farmer in the subsequent years, ad- of solutions?) the dynamics in larger sense tors? ditional stage of transporta- 6….take into consider- Increased travel for extension Increased Travel is a point The travel will be limited to tion will be removed ation mobility re- officers, the travel of farmers of concern for Female ex- mandal /block level which 7. …coincide with cul- Will not change any cultural Will not affect women spe- strictions of FSC ac- and farm labour will be re- tension officers is currently allocated to tural and social norms or social dynamics cifically tors? duced them. The number of trips and culturally and so- might increase as the train- cially acceptable? ing will be carried out be- 8. …cause for some Might cause loss of business Will not affect women spe- fore actors’ exclusion from to companies supplying pack- cifically interventions in different the FSC activities? aging materials currently modules. 9. …….impact the en- Reduce the usage of disposa- Will not affect women spe- 7. …coincide with cul- Will not alter the current cul- Women participation can To ensure participation of vironment adversely? ble packaging material. cifically tural and social norms tural and social dynamics be low women, female extension and will be culturally officers should be a part of and socially accepta- training contingent ble?
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an rined b mango mango Page Page | 53 ), |
help groups help groups 53 - of machinery, of machinery, mango of middle men. of middle end rot etc. - lack in negotiating a better better a negotiating in es during winds/storms, winds/storms, es during ed by contractors/ agents. agents. contractors/ by ed of stones, chopping & drying, drying, & of stones, chopping mango of the produce. There is a need for is a There for need of the produce. ickle industry also holds local im- local holds also industry ickle converted to an additional source of of source an additional to converted level. To address this apart from the the from apart Tothis address level. p , small scale jelly manufacturing units units manufacturing jelly scale small , removal handling policy lack of effective linkages which results in results which linkages effective of lack jelly and jelly pulpFSC harvest care. However, due to lack of incentive incentive of lack to due However, care. harvest the - to processing/ value addition as an enterprise. as an addition value processing/ diseases like anthracnose, stem anthracnose, like diseases - 20 %) can20 %) be farmers are being exploit being are farmers , - es, a viable linkage can be created. This leads to opti- leads This be can created. es, linkage a viable mango mango e post e of mango practices, desapping, grading for farmers as well as farm farm as well as farmers for grading desapping, practices, erarching strategy comprising of following aspects is pro- is aspects of following comprising strategy erarching location. Effective linkages to rotate crates across locations locations across crates rotate to linkages Effective location. scale due due scale ss the value chain will help farmers help will chain value the ss linkages mango harvest diseases by following IPM and eradication measures measures eradication and IPM following by diseases harvest - utilization of fruits that are currently being lost during harvest- during lost being currently are that fruits of utilization source limited a the there is general laxity in laxity is there general , SHG in taking up es can be used in making Amchur (dried & powdered raw (dried Amchur powdered & esin can making be used care ’s or mode of supplying crates on rental basis should be developed. be should basis on rental crates of supplying mode or inkages for value added products from culled fruits/ sorted fruits is a determining a determining is fruits sorted fruits/ culled from products added for value inkages mango level, to create value addition to pre harvest dropped dropped harvest pre to addition value to create level, To process raw mangoes to Amchur steps like like steps to Amchur mangoes raw To process : products fruit drop at marble stage (around 10 (around stage marble at drop fruit harvesting & produce handling produce & harvesting cluster ess in order to utilize the dropped in to ess utilize the dropped order cost of returning crates to crates returning of cost are slightly well aware of the importanc the of aware well slightly are the lar and prevalent in them as well. The causes for food loss are observed to be complex ranging from from ranging complex to be observed are loss food for causes The as well. them in prevalent and lar slices and pickles etc. The main problems for processing of such produce are produce of such for processing problems The main etc. pickles and slices pre harvest Training on at cluster level and at individual level to address post to address level individual at and level at cluster labor, focus on showing the impact of good practices in the videos and success stories of the farmers farmers the of stories success and videos in the practices good of impact the showing on focus labor, practices good adapted who additional c. investment and lossrequirements Food plan reduction strategy, and Fruit Fresh i.e. FSC’s two major of comprises Pradesh Andhra state of the in cultivation Mango like FSC’s important but minor Other Pulp FSC. strat- thesize, proposed smaller to their due not are chains considered supply food these Though portance. of theas chains most practices supply all food the the of food reduction loss also in helps egy addressing aresimi the at and economical awareness, of lack gap/ skill technical,
(SHG) at labour availability. availability. labour of availability the with processing the adopt can farmers Several required. are milling and dehydration self women as especially encouraged, be can units pickling scale Small labour. and machinery A tracking mechanism to know the price acro the price to know mechanism tracking A price for his produce and eventually will improve the transparency and reduce the hold the and reduce transparency the will improve and eventually hisprice for produce l market of Development Women or farmers for factor and for different different and for Market Linkages market efficient and of awareness to lack Due for any amount of additional of additional amount for any proposed solutions in the earlier section, an ov section, in earlier the solutions proposed posed. Extensionthrough ICT/ training Videos: in farmers The the FSC’s. both in gap a serious be to observed is building capacity and Training pulp FSC mango the modify to units scale small and SHG’s existing the training By fruits. bruised and damaged slightly proc current In quality. and product lostfruits theutility of mized Plastic crates are currently used on used currently are crates Plastic income. These wasted wasted These income. to region create in the be encouraged should and sorting. ing Transportation: (ii) Training on disease control to address pre address to control disease on Training (ii) capacity building in the following areas: following the in building capacity (i) Value added products for reducing food losses: The
OUTPUT IV-3: SUMMARY TABLE OF FOOD LOSSES, CAUSES, AND SOLUTIONS
Critical Loss Magnitude of losses in Cause of Intervention Loss Cost of Economic Social impli- Food secu- Environmen- Policy im- Point the FSC loss to reduce reduction interven- implica- cations rity impli- tal and climate plications losses tion tions cations change impli- % Weight USD % USD (USD) cations (MT) Harvesting 10 304,016 63,763,823 Improper Training 30 19129146 27800 for Additional Improved increased Judicious use - harvesting one district/ cost of train- price for awareness of resources methods year ing, slow re- produce, skill of food turns development safety Transporta- 15 255,374 53,561,611 Improper Plastic crates 20 10712322 2856304 for Initial cost Improvement Reusable tion- Fresh Handling on rental basis one district/ of capital, in usage of packaging, re- Fruit FSC and Packag- year Increased market yards, duced packag- ing tax earnings better price to ing wastes to govern- produce ment Ripening- Tra- 19 Unstandard- Research on Capital re- Easier to im- Reduced Decreased fruit ditional Pro- ized method standardizing quirement plement with spoilage of wastes leading cess the parameters for procur- minor modifi- fruits to reduced dis- ing stand- cations- as posal. ardized this is a cur- Can be an alter- thatching rent practice native to en- materials, with the ac- ergy intensive Training tors Ripening cost chambers Page | 52 52 | Page
Handholding of Enterprises: These models and interventions should be taken up in one FSC / District initially and upon successful The enterprises or companies considered for processing mango wastes are typically very small and the implementation, should be extended to the all the mango producing regions in the state by doing necessary members are with a limited skillset, especially in trade networks and business skills. Incubators in relevant changes and localization. institutes should look to hand-hold and nurture the business of such enterprises. Follow up- action plan: Most of the times, the local entrepreneurs considering to start food processing units are often discouraged A stakeholder meeting was conducted with the help of FAO on 1st February at Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, by the high cost of capital on the equipment. To facilitate such people institutes like College of Food Sci- in-order to critically appraise the report and to understand the relevancy and adoption of the interventions ence, ANRGAU or State Horticultural University should look into the feasibility of establishing an Incu- proposed in the report. The findings of the report were presented to the subsector specific group comprising bator with a pilot plant to help local entrepreneurs in establishing proof of concept for their product ideas. of experts from the State Horticulture University, post-harvest experts, horticulture officers, mango pack This will also create a bridge between the academia and entrepreneurs benefiting both by creating access house manager, framers who work mostly in the policy implementation stage and other stakeholders like, to research and subsequent commercialization. Agriculture Minister of the Andhra Pradesh state government and principal secretary-agriculture, who work Setting up of Mango Development Board: at policy formulation stage. As opined by many stakeholders during the study, there should be a body to monitor the supply chain and In the group discussion the findings and interventions were individually assessed for their adaptability and control the aspects of mango trade. A Mango Development Board on similar lines to that of Coconut and potential to address the food losses in the mango subsectors. Further to the evaluation of interventions, Grapes should be installed to develop mango trade and promote research in relevant areas. This will lead follow up action plans are discussed which are detailed in the below section. to optimization of pricing, demand, and production, thereby reducing the chances of a glut in the market Importance of Harvesting: Harvesting is an important factor in deciding the quantum of losses at all and subsequent food loss. A similar consideration, currently in the perusal of government should be expe- subsequent stages in both fresh fruit and pulp processing supply chains. The panel agreed to the finding dited. that there is increased need for sensitizing the actors about the importance of proper time and methods of harvesting and by doing so, both quantitative and qualitative food losses in the subsequent stages can be reduced to a great extent. Follow-up action plan/ Concept. Training on the farm with ICT tools: It was agreed by the panel that lack of training to the farmers and The qualitative and quantitative losses in mango are mostly observed during the stages of harvesting, trans- farm workers is one of the main reason leading to poor harvesting practices. The need for better harvesting portation and ripening. Reduction of these losses is important as they significantly impact the profitability and postharvest care is to be effectively communicated to the farmers in order to make them understand the of farmers and the environment. These losses can be reduced by interventions like training the farmers on effect on food loss. The possibility of creating new content and dividing it in the modules of Production & harvesting and post-harvest practices and research to improve the traditional ripening method. pre-harvest care, Harvesting care and Post-harvest care was discussed, so that the training content will be Creation of right content is an important factor for the effectiveness of the training. Therefore the content easily taken up by the trainers and delivered effectively. The panel members suggested the possibility of creation exercise should be carried out by experts from institutes like Central Institute of Post-Harvest En- using existing content created by Horticulture University during the earlier capacity building programs. gineering and Technology (CIPHET), State Agricultural and Horticultural Universities, Technology Pro- These can be used with required modifications, as most of the operations were well captured at that time. viders and Processing Companies by considering the local limitations and resource constraints. “Training Better practices followed by the local progressive farmers and benefits derived by them should also be the trainer” module should be developed to train horticulture and extension officers for effective dissemi- captured in the content for the training programs. The means of delivery to the farmers needs to be further nation of the training to the farmers. Research institutes like CIPHET, Indian Institute of Horticultural Re- explored. search (IIHR), Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFRTI) should work on optimization of Evaporative Cooling Chambers: Evaporative cooling chambers, which are also known as Zero energy parameters for traditional ripening methods like temperature changes, suitable insulating material, stacking cooling chambers are an effective and low cost means to reduce the field heat from the produce after har- of fruits and ethylene seeding with already ripened fruits etc. Similar Institutes should also develop tech- vesting. Currently there is no practice of pre- cooling in both fresh fruit and pulp processing supply chains nology for small scale units to process by products like mango kernel to edible/valuable products like mango to remove field heat after harvesting. It was rightly pointed by the post-harvest experts in the panel that the kernel fat. This helps in creating additional value and reduced stress on the environment. zero energy cooling chambers are greatly undervalued and there is an immediate need to promote this Processing companies like Jain Irrigation Systems Limited (Farm fresh) are currently extending their sup- technology owing to its very low cost and simplicity in design and operation. At farm level, these cooling port to promote High Density Plantations in mango. Similar Companies can extend support by offering chambers can be created with indigenous resources. This can help in reducing the food loss particularly farm services like pesticide sprays, scientific methods of harvesting and post-harvest handling. A public during long distance transportation in fresh fruit supply chain. private partnership model should be developed in consultation with government and such companies to Packaging designs: The need for improved and low cost design for packaging fruits particularly in fresh optimize the support and resources under various government schemes and along with contribution by pri- fruit supply chain was emphasized by all the panel members. It was agreed by the panel that best practices vate companies and farmers. This will help in reduction of unnecessary pesticide usage, reduced environ- in grading and packaging are currently followed in export supply chain and the same was validated by the mental impact, adopting integrated pest management and finally in improving the quality of the final pro- pack house expert in the panel. A low cost option of disposable plastic crate was considered by the panel duce. Employment generation and women empowerment can be achieved by giving proper support and and agreed on to the point that it adds a substantial disposal load. The panel agreed that the current corru- hand holding to Individuals, Farmer Producer Companies and Women Self-Help Groups in processing the gated fiber boards are inferior in design, as they are of improper ply and lack ventilation holes which leads Damaged/ Culled fruits on farm or during harvesting. to buckling of boxes by the time they reach terminal markets. The food losses in the long distance trans- portation can be reduced to greater extent if the farmers are trained on proper grading and packaging, to an
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extent where they themselves can complete the packaging of fruits in boxes after proper postharvest oper- Bibliography: ations like desapping. Document Title Author(s) Institution, Year Farm and post-harvest services firms: Availability of skilled labor and subsequently their retention after training is a major challenge that is being faced by farmers in both the food supply chains. This is limiting Horticulture statistics at a glance Horticulture statistics division, Depart- the availability of training to the manpower involved in farm operations. Similar models were tried in Chit- 2015 ment of Agriculture, Co-operation and toor by the export pack house, where in harvesting and transportation of fruits was carried out in scientific Farmers Welfare, Government of India, Oxford University Press. manner without farmers’ intervention. The need for starting such an enterprise to offer farm and post-har- Mango production in India Agriculture and processed foods export vest services by local entrepreneurs was well received and examples of similar entities currently in opera- development authority (APEDA) tion were discussed. The local farm workers and unemployed people can be absorbed into such entities and http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/Sub- can be trained in a scientific way. Support should be extended to such an enterprise by subsidizing the farm Head_Products/Mango.htm equipment and dedicated transport vehicles for horticultural produce. The possibility of imparting training Estimated irrigated and unirrigated Agricultural Census Division, Depart- under National Skill Development Council program is to be further explored. area by size classes under the crop ment of Agriculture, Cooperation & mango, Agricultural Census. Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture Incubators for promoting entrepreneurs: Currently the entrepreneurs in the small scale sector or self- & Farmers Welfare, 2010-2011. help groups are facing challenges due to limited access to modern technology and limited market linkages. AP Socio-economic Survey 2015- Planning Department, Government of This is limiting their potential to produce value added products from mangoes that are going as food loss. 16. Andhra Pradesh, 2015 Common Incubator facilities need to be created at multiple locations for promoting the processing of mul- A study on exports channels of Tripuraneni Jaggaiah, Priyanka International Journal of Sales & Market- tiple agricultural and horticultural commodities with the help of horticulture/ agriculture universities and mango products: the role of agri ex- M N K & Shreedhar ing Management Research and Develop- port zone (AEZ) in Chittoor district Deshmukh, ment (IJSMMRD); ISSN (P): 2249-6939; state government. It was emphasized by the panel that support to small entrepreneurs should be extended ISSN(E): 2249-8044 Vol. 4, Issue 4, Aug by leasing existing pilot plants in the universities at nominal costs for testing proof of concepts, providing 2014, 33-40. technical guidance and regulatory support and creation of market linkages. Brief industrial profile of Chittoor Andhra Pradesh, Micro, Small and Me- Apart from the above points, panel also stressed there was need for detailed study on greenhouse gas emis- district dium Enterprise (MSME) Development sions from mango cultivation and processing. The following action points were identified to suggest the Institute, Ministry of MSME, Govern- food loss reduction strategies. ment of INDIA. 2012 An economic appraisal of mango K. Vishwanatha Reddy and Ind. Jn. of Agri. Econ, Vol.65, No.2, • Harvesting is playing a deciding role in the quantum of losses across the sub sector. Training the processing plants of Chittoor dis- Pramod Kumar. April-June 2010. stakeholder viz. farmers and farm workers on better harvesting practices should be taken up on trict in Andhra Pradesh priority. The study on economics of mango P. Surendra Naidu Indian journal of applied research, Vol. 4, processing in Chittoor district Issue 6, June 2014, ISSN - 2249-555X. • Promotion of zero energy cool chambers by department of horticulture, especially in fresh fruit White paper On Agriculture, Horti- Departments of Agriculture, Horticul- supply chain by creating awareness in farmers and in traders that pre cooling of fruits leads to culture, Sericulture, Animal Hus- ture, Sericulture, Animal Husbandry, reduced transportation losses. bandry, Dairy, Fisheries and Agri- Dairy, Fisheries and Agricultural Market- cultural Marketing, 2014 ing • Preparing a database of available Institutes, pilot plants and technology centers and requirements Case study on Chittoor fruit pro- Foundation for MSME Clusters (FMC) for any additional equipment or facilities; List of available experts in technology and business cessing cluster http://www.clusterobservatory.in/clus- fronts for preparing a proposal for creation of well networked incubator. termap.php Nutritive Value of Indian Foods, Gopalan. C, Rama Sastri B.V., National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, This should be initiated at the local university or at state government level to bring all the collaborators on and Balasubramanian, S.C., Hyderabad.(2004) board. A pilot level study to understand the viability of farm and post-harvest services enterprises in a district with rich horticultural production, so that the same can be extended to other crops in the off season. Land Capability and Suitability in Raju, N. A IOSR-JHSS 20: 56-64,2015. Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh using remote sensing and GIS Techniques. Post-Harvest Profile Of Mango Directorate Of Marketing & Inspection, GoI, 2013. Energy input, output and economic R A Ram and A K Verma Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences analysis in organic production of 85 (6): 827–32, June 2015/Article mango (Mangifera indica) cv. Dashehari Carbon emission from farm opera- R. Lal Environment International 30 (2004) tions 981– 990
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Experts Consulted Title/ position Institution Mr. AM Subhani Assistant Director Department of Horticulture, Chittoor, ExpertsMr. Koteswara Consulted Rao Title/Horticulture position Officer InstitutionAndhra Pradesh Mr.Dr. AMS Rama Subhani Mohan AssistantAssistant Director Director DepartmentDepartment of Horticulture, of Horticulture, Chittoor, Viziana- Mr.Mr. Koteswara A. Rajashekaram, Rao HorticultureHorticulture Officer Officer Andhra Pradeshgaram, Andhra Pradesh Dr. S Rama Mohan Assistant Director Department of Horticulture, Viziana- Dr. Shiva Prasad Professor Sri Konda Lakshman Telangana State Mr. A. Rajashekaram, Horticulture Officer garam, Andhra Pradesh Dr. Shiva Prasad Professor Sri KondaHorticulture Lakshman University,Telangana StateHyderabad. Mr. B.Narasimha Varma, Chairman HorticultureAgriculture University, Hyderabad.Market Committee, Mr. B.Narasimha Varma, Chairman AgricultureGajapathinagaram, Market Committee, Vizianagaram Dis- Gajapathinagaram,trict Vizianagaram Dis- Mr. Y. V. Ramana Factory Manager trict Hayath Foods Private Limited, Chittoor. Mr.Ms. Y. A. V. Aruna Ramana FactoryQuality Manager Assurance ManagerHayath FoodsSun GoldPrivate Tropic Limited, Fruit Chittoor. Products Private Ms. A. Aruna Quality Assurance Manager Sun GoldLimited, Tropic FruitChittoor. Products Private Mr. K. Govardhana Bobby Managing Director Limited, SuveraChittoor. Processing Foods Private Lim- Mr. K. Govardhana Bobby Managing Director Suvera Processing Foods Private Lim- ited, Chittoor. ited, Chittoor. Mr.Mr. Amith Amith Khuslani Khuslani ManagingManaging Director Director Sri ManjunathaSri Manjunatha Fruit Canning Fruit Industries, Canning Industries, Chittoor.Chittoor.
Study Itinerary:Itinerary:
DateDate PlacePlace ActivityActivity 22-Apr- 2016 to Vizianagaram • Interaction with the Assistant director- horticulture, horticulture officer. 22-Apr- 2016 to Vizianagaram • Interaction with the Assistant director- horticulture, horticulture officer. 23- Apr-2016 • Interaction with farmers, traders- Kothavalasa Mandal 23- Apr-2016 • Visit• toInteraction pack house, with local farmers, jelly processing traders -unitsKothavalasa Mandal 26-Apr-2016 Vijayawada • Visit• toVisitmango to packmarket house, yard, localNunna jelly processing units 26-Apr-2016 Vijayawada • Visit• toVisitExport to mango pack house,market VHT yard, plant Nunna 16-May-2016 to Chittoor • Interaction• Visit withto Export Assistant pack Director house, – Horticulture.VHT plant 2116--MayMay-2016-2016 to Chittoor • Interaction• Interaction with Horticulture with Assistant officer. Director –Horticulture. 21-May-2016 • Visit• toInteractionUHDP mango with plantation, Horticulture interaction officer. with the farmer. • Visit• toVisitGalla to foodsUHDP Pvt mango Ltd. plantation, interaction with the farmer. • Interaction• Visit withto Galla President, foods Chittoor Pvt Ltd. Mango Processors Association • Visit to Sun gold Fruit processing Industries, Interaction with QA manager • • Visit toInteractionHayat Foods with Pvt President, Ltd Chittoor Mango Processors Association • Visit• toVisitSuvera to Sun Foods gold Pvt Fruit Ltd. processing Industries, Interaction with QA manager • Visit• toViBangarupalyamsit to Hayat Foods Chittoor Pvt mangoLtd market yards- Interaction with traders • Interaction• Visit withto Suvera Farmers Foods- Bangarupalyam, Pvt Ltd. Chittoor, Mapakshi • Visit• toVisitVHT to plantBangarupalyam tirupathi, mango Chittoormarket mango yard tirupathimarket yards- Interaction with traders • Interaction• Interaction with quarantine with Farmers inspector,- Bangarupalyam, VHT plant supervisor, Chittoor, traders, Mapakshi transporters. 16-May-2016 to Vizianagaram • Load• Visittracking to VHTstudy- plantSarakallu tirupathi, village; mango Manjunathamarket fruit yard canning tirupathi industries pri- 18-May-2016 vate• limited,Interaction Suvera with foods quarantine private limited, inspector, Chitto VHTor market plant yard. supervisor, traders, transporters. • Interaction with Farmers, Traders, Transporters, Farm workers, processors. 16-May-2016 to Vizianagaram • Load tracking study- Sarakallu village; Manjunatha fruit canning industries pri- 15- Jun-2016 to 17- Chittoor • Interaction with MPEO, Bheemali 18-May-2016 Jun-2016 • Visit andvate Interaction limited, Suvera with Jelly foods Processors private limited, Chittoor market yard. • Interaction• Interaction with Farmers, with Farmers, Traders –Traders,Bheemali Transporter and L. Kotas,\ Farm workers, processors. 15- Jun-2016 to 17- Chittoor • Interaction• Interaction with farmers with -MPEO,MerakamudidamBheemali mandal Jun-2016 • Visit• toVisitAgriculture and Interaction Market Committee, with Jelly GajapathinagaramProcessors • Visit• toInteractionNellimarla with Industrial; Farmers, mango Traders processing – Bheemali units. and L. Kota\ 16- Jul-2016 to 17- Delhi • Visit• toInteractionAzadpur fruit with market farmers- Merakamudidam mandal Jul- 2016 • Interaction• Visit withto Agriculture traders, market Market workers Committee, Gajapathinagaram • Interaction• Visit withto Nellimarla small retailers, Industrial; modern mangoretailers processing units.
16- Jul-2016 to 17- Delhi • Visit to Azadpur fruit market Jul- 2016 • Interaction with traders, market workers • Interaction with small retailers, modern retailers 58 | Page
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