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Studies on the Growth and Flowering Behavior of Different Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Genotypes

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 1981-1989 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 6 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.244 Studies on the Growth and Flowering Behavior of Different Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Genotypes G. Indian1*, Eslavathkhamdar Naik1, M. Deenavarman2, K. Jagathesan3 and T. Janani3 1Fruit science, Department of Fruit Crops, 2Floriculture and Landscaping, Department of Floriculture and Medicinal Crops, 3Vegetable science, Department of Vegetable Crops, HC&RI (TNAU), Periyakulam, Tamilnadu, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Growth and inflorescences characteristics of 30 mango genotypes were studied during the period of 2017 to 2018.The evaluation of new cultivars adaptation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) provides tools to assist and improve the mango production in different climatic K e yw or ds conditions. The study was conducted to evaluate the phenological and reproductive development of different mango genotypes. The variables like total tree height, tree Mango, spread, tree girth, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, Date of panicle emergence, Genotypes, panicle length, panicle width, number of male and perfect flowers, perfect flower Growth, percentage and sex ratio were recorded during the period of study. The average tree height Flowering (8.36 m), tree spread (8.99 m) and stem girth (103.97 cm)was found to be observed Article Info maximum in Sundar Langra. The maximum leaf length, leaf width and petiole length was observed significantly in Alphonso (32.85 cm), Sindhu (10.24 cm) and ArkaAruna (6.28 Accepted: cm) respectively. Results pertaining to panicle emergence suggest that Malpacharisi, 18 May 2020 Sendhuram, Arka Aruna and Imam pasandhad very early emergence of panicle (before Available Online: 10 June 2020 January).The maximum percentage of perfect flowers per inflorescence was recorded significantly in Sothuparaivadumangai (31.43 %). Among the genotypes PKM 1exhibited significantly maximum sex ratio (hermaphrodite flowers to male flowers) (1:5.43). It is concluded that some genotypes like SundarLangra, ArkaAruna, Sendhuram and Alphonso were superior in most of the traits. Introduction majorfruit crop of India and occupies an area of 2.263 million hectares with an annual Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the most production of 19.68 million tonnes and the popular fruit crop in the orient particularly in productivity is 8.71 MT/hac. The export India, where it is considered as the best choice potential of India is 52761 MT of fresh and among all indigenous fruits. It is a tropical dried products of mango with the benefit cost fruit originated from Indo-Burma region and of Rs.44,366 Lacs (APEDA, 2016-17). The grown almost all part of the world. It is a area, production and productivity of mango in 1981 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 1981-1989 TamilNadu is 160.49 thousand hac, 1.157 study will enable the effective utilization of million tonnes and 7.19 MT/hac (India stat mango genetic resources especially breeding 2016-17). Different cultivars of mango varied programme for improvement of this crop. in their performance and these differences are governed by various genetic, cultural and Materials and Methods environmental factors. The growth of the mango trees is usually given by cycles with The present investigation was conducted at short repetitions throughout the year and it is Horticultural College and Research Institute depending on the cultivar, climate conditions (HC&RI) of TamilNadu Agricultural and management. The knowledge about the University, Periyakulam, TamilNadu, during growth pattern of the mango trees is essential the period of 2017 and 2018. The experiment for establishing effective methods to handle was carried out on thirtymango genotypes the culture and it allows the phenotypic namely, Alphonso, Amarapali, ArkaAruna, characteristics expressions of each genetic ArkaPuneet, Au Rumani, Banganapalli, material. Among the mango trees Duraipandi, Iswarya, Imam pasand,Javari, phenophases, the flowering is a complex Komangai, Kovankachi, KundurPacharisi, phenomenon as long as its duration and it KuruviNeelum, Mallika, Malpacharisi, may be extended earlier by natural conditions Mohandhas, NathamPalamani, Neelum, or artificial inductions, it depends on climatic P.K.Patti, Pedharasam, PKM 1, PKM 2, conditions and previous crop productivity. Ratna, Samba Kooja, Shajahan, Sendhuram, The mango trees have higher productions in Sindhu, Sothuparai Vadumangai and Sundar regions with cold and/or dry period preceding Langra available at the experimental orchard flowering, humid soil and maximum air of the Horticultural College and Research temperature between 30 °C and 33 °C during Institute (HC&RI), Periyakulam. Plants of the fruit development. Temperatures above 35 these mango genotypes were ten years old, °C cause injury in plants and temperatures healthy and free from diseases and pests. from 8 °C to 10°C during the cold period of These plants were maintained under uniform the year may be regarded as the lower limit cultural practices to ensure yield of quality for the successful mango production. A fruits. Observations were made on vegetative temperature regime of 25 °C during the day and flowering characteristics like tree height, and 15 °C during the night as prevails during tree spread, Stem girth, Leaf length, Leaf this period was found to be the optimum for width, panicle length and width, number of flower induction. Prior to flowering, farmers male and perfect flowers and Perfect flower do not irrigate in order to enhance drought per cent among the different mango stress to support flower induction. The genotypes. The collected data on different knowledge of the phenology of mango parameters were analyzed by using analysis cultivars can be used for genetic breeding or of variance (ANOVA) based on randomized even for cultivation in new planting areas and block design (RBD). The data’s were on the range of processes linked to agronomic recorded by following methods. management of the supply chain. Looking to above fact, it was realized to ascertain the Tree height (m) performance of different cultivars of mango growing under the agro-climatic conditions of Tree height was measured with the help of Tamilnadu for different phenological and bamboo and measuring tape from base as reproductive development among mango ground level to the apex of the tree and cultivars. The information generated from this expressed in meters. 1982 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 1981-1989 Stem girth (cm) x100 The trunk girth was measured at 30 cm height from the ground level with the help of a Sex ratio (Perfect to male flowers) measuring tape and expressed in centimeters. The ratio of male flowers to hermaphrodite Tree spread (m) flowers was calculated as follows. (keeping the perfect flowers as constant one). The tree spread was measured by measuring the canopy spread in East-West (E-W) and Sex ratio = North-South (N-S) directions with the help of Number of perfect flowers per panicle: measuring tape. Average it and it was expressed in meter. Leaf length (cm) Results and Discussion Average length of randomly selected 15 Tree growth parameters leaves from five shoots excluding petiole was taken from third and fourth positions from the The height of tree is one of the most tip of bearing shoot was recorded as leaf important quality parameters which reflect the length and measured in centimeter. growth and quality of mango tree. Among the genotypes, SundarLangra exhibited the Leaf width (cm) maximum tree height (8.36 m), tree spread (8.99 m) and stem girth (103.97 cm). Average width of randomly selected 15 leaves However, minimum tree height (3.57 m), tree from five shoots was taken from third and spread (3.35 m) and stem girth (25.13 cm) fourth positions from the tip of bearing shoot were recorded in Samba Kooja, P.K. Patti and were recorded as leaf width. The leaf width Javari respectively (Table 1). The variation in was measured in the upper, middle and lower plant height among the different varieties portion of the leaf, averaged and expressed in could be due to the variation in genetic make- centimeter. up under the present set of environmental and edaphic conditions. High variability in plant Petiole length (cm) height amongst the mango varieties have also been determined by Chanana et al., (2005). Average length of petiole of randomly This variation with respect to plant spread selected 15 leaves taken from third and fourth among the different cultivars may be due to position from tip of the each bearing shoot spreading and intermediate spreading habit of was measured and expressed in centimeter. the cultivar. Similar results have also been reported by Rymbai (2012). The variation in Percentage of perfect flowers per vegetative growth characters with respect to inflorescence stem girth among mango varieties might be due to variation in genetic make-up. The more The percentage of perfect flowers was or less similar result has been reported by calculated by using the following formula. Srivastava et al., (1987). Per cent of perfect flowers = 1983 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 1981-1989 Leaf growth parameters dormant for about three months during winter. The reproductive flushes are also usually The maximum leaf length (32.85 cm) leaf asynchronous in tropics. Synchronized width (10.24 cm) and petiole length (6.28 cm) flowering flushes, throughout the canopy in was observed significantly in Alphonso, sub tropics, are primarily due to lower night Sindhu and ArkaAruna, respectively, while temperature (5-10 oC). In places of less night the minimum leaf length (15.88 cm) and leaf temperature (10-18 oC) as in tropics, width (2.64 cm) was observed in Samba asynchronous reproductive flushes are Kooja. The petiole length (2.55 cm) was common.
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