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GAC El Gran Ejercito Pagano #MakingHistory X ANNIVERSARY EDITION GAC: EL GRAN EJERCITO PAGANO INGLES FB.COM/MUNUR.ORG/ WWW.UROSARIO.EDU.CO/MUNUR/ GET READY TO MAKE HISTORY Index: PRESENTACIÓN 4 DE LA MESA PERGAMINO ENVIADO A 5 LOS REINOS ANGLOSAJONES, AÑO 866 CONTEXTO 6 HISTÓRICO ORGANIZACIÓN 8 POLÍTICA OBJETIVO 9 DEL BANDO ENFOQUE 10 DEL COMITÉ MÉTODOS DE BATALLA, 15 TREGUAS Y ALIANZAS PREGUNTAS 18 ORIENTADORAS 19 REFERENCIAS CENTRO 20 DE CRISIS PROCEDIMIENTO Y 24 ACLARACIONES DE UN COMITÉ DE CRISIS PRESENTACIÓN DE LA MESA Delegados, reciban un cordial saludo por parte de la mesa directiva del bando Inglés. Nosotros somos Juan Pablo Torres León, estudiante de segundo semestre de Jurisprudencia de la Universidad del Rosario y Leandro Quezada Villalobos estudiante de quinto semestre de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Lima. Teniendo como precedente los comités de crisis, para nosotros es muy grato poder acompañarlos en esta versión de MUNUR X en donde, los comités de crisis son espacios para retarse a sí mismos y desarrollar múltiples aptitudes académicas y que también podrán disfrutar el mundo histórico de la batalla entre vikingos e ingleses. Queremos que se sientan lo más cómodos y tengan toda la conanza para que esta experiencia sea única y fructífera para ustedes, pues es importante que dentro del modelo siempre mantengan y mejoren sus calidades académicas y humanas. Recuerden siempre ser claros con sus acciones e intenciones, pues de nada sirve una idea bien generada si esta no puede ser bien comprendida por estar mal expresada. Este comité presenta retos que requieren de mucho criterio y nos invitan a evaluar y ponderar nuestras decisiones en casi todo momento, disfruten, pero, siempre sean críticos. Juan Pablo Torres León Leandro Quezada [email protected] [email protected] 4 PERGAMINO ENVIADO A LOS REINOS ANGLOSAJONES, AÑO 866 Estimados reyes, condes, soldados y demás presentes. Estamos reunidos para hablar sobre cómo nuestro pueblo, nuestra gente, nuestras tradiciones y precedentes se están viendo afectados por las incursiones de los daneses en nuestras tierras. La toma de acciones y decisiones para coordinar la defensa de nuestro territorio es fundamental para evitar que, esas personas danesas, esos vikingos quieran seguir atentando contra nosotros para degenerar nuestra cultura y aprovecharse de nosotros. No es momento de celebrar, no es momento de sentarnos a conversar sobre quien va ser rey en cada territorio, no, estamos acá para luchar por nuestra amada Inglaterra, si tenemos que responder a los ataques lo haremos, pero no sucumbiremos en el miedo de esa población que solo quiere acabar con nosotros. Siendo así, nosotros, Alfredo El Grande y Ethelredo I, convocamos a que este Witenagemot tome acciones para responder a las incursiones vikingas en nuestro territorio inglés y así acabar de una vez por todas con los daneses que solo quieren destrucción. Contexto A nales del siglo VIII, mientras Carlomagno creaba un inmenso imperio en el continente europeo, Inglaterra se hallaba dividida en siete reinos surgidos de sajones, anglos y jutos, los pueblos que habían invadido Gran Bretaña cuando declinaba el Imperio romano. De todos ellos sobresalía el oreciente reino sajón de Wessex, hasta el punto de que sus monarcas se creían soberanos de los ingleses. Sus reyes avanzaron hacia el norte, ocupando incluso el reino anglo de Northumbria, cuyos habitantes "lloraban por su libertad perdida" convencidos de que para ellos había acabado la historia. Pero no fue así. En 787, según la Crónica anglosajona, atracaron tres naves en la costa de Wessex y de ellas salió un grupo de hombres aguerridos procedente del otro lado del mar del Norte. Los llamaron wicingas, "ladrones del mar", es decir, vikingos, un nombre que los identicaba perfectamente ya que se dedicaban al pillaje y el saqueo en medio de crueles rituales. Regresaron cinco años más tarde, en 793, pero ahora a la costa de Northumbria, donde saquearon el prestigioso monasterio de Lindisfarne, y un año después hicieron lo mismo con el de Jarrow. 5 CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO Reinos anglosajones (650- 800 AD) División La Inglaterra Anglosajona está subdividida por medio de una heptarquía la cual, contempla la conformación de los siete reinos anglosajones principales. Los Cuatro principales reinos son: Wessex Anglia Oriental Mercia Northumbria Bernicia Deira Los reinos menores son: Kent Sussex Essex Existen otros reinos y territorios que, si bien hacen parte de Gran Bretaña, no son principales dentro del contexto, estos son: Reino de Ynis Weith Meonwara Surrey Reino de los Iclingas Lindsey Hwicce Magonsaete Pecsæte Wreocensæte Tomsæte Haestingas Anglos Medios. (Map of Anglo-Saxon England, c. AD 800, 2018) 6 CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO Incursiones Vikingas Durante los siglos VIII y IX Europa Occidental y las Islas Británicas fueron asoladas por los asaltantes y colonos Escandinavos quienes eran conocidos como Vikingos. Estos comenzaron con ataques a las islas británicas que se dieron nales de siglo octavo, en su mayoría a iglesias y monasterios que eran vistos como fuentes de riqueza para los asaltantes. Las Crónicas Anglosajonas determinaron que el monasterio de Lindisfarne fue saqueado en 793 siendo así que durante cuarenta años los ataques fueron suspendidos hasta que en el 835 retomaron estos y empezaron a ser más seguidos. En la década de 860 los asaltos pasaron de ser algo pequeño a algo de gran escala, pues los daneses organizaron una invasión con el denominado Gran Ejército Pagano (así lo denominan los ingleses) reforzado con el Gran Ejército de Verano. Fue así donde los vikingos fueron tomando y destruyendo las principales ciudades de Gran Bretaña, sacudiéndose hasta dejarlos sin nada, solo hubo un reino que logró resistir los ataques de los daneses, el Reino de Wessex el cual al mando de Alfredo hostigó a los vikingos hasta rmar un tratado de paz en el que se dividían las tierras, pero siempre manteniendo un espíritu de estar preparados para la guerra, esto reconoció que gran parte de Inglaterra estaba en manos danesas. Las conquistas escandinavas en Inglaterra dejaron profundas marcas en las áreas afectadas, en la estructura social, dialecto, topónimos y nombres personales, como ejemplo tenemos el área de la Danelaw, cuyo nombre deriva del inglés antiguo Dena lagu ("ley de los daneses"), consecuencia de la división del territorio. Los daneses no resolvieron la totalidad de esta amplia área de manera intensiva, pero su poderosa aristocracia militar dominó durante un período suciente para dejar su huella en las costumbres locales en el tiempo y hasta la actualidad. Las incursiones vikingas sucedieron a nales del siglo VIII, en el siglo noveno se desarrollaron incursiones a gran escala dentro de Gran Bretaña y también en el Imperio Franco. Egbert, Rey de Wessex derrotó una gran fuerza vikinga en 838 que se había mezclado con los británicos de Cornwall y Aethelwulf donde la victoria fue en 851 sobre un ejército vikingo que había asaltado Canterbury y Londres y había puesto a la fuga del rey de Mercia. Las incursiones destructivas se denotan para Northumbria, East Anglia, Kent y Wessex. (John S. Morrill, 2019) 7 ORGANIZACIÓN POLÍTICA Witenagemot El Witenagemot, fue una institución política en la Inglaterra Anglosajona que funcionó entre los siglos VII y Xi. El nombre etimológicamente en el antiguo ingles signica “Asamblea de Hombres Sabios” donde, el “Witan” hace referencia a un hombre sabio o en su efecto a un consejero y el “Gamot” representa a una Asamblea. En esta institución se reunían las personas más importantes del reino, entre esas se encontraban los obispos, abades1, ealdormen2, y consejeros del rey Sus orígenes yacen en las asambleas germánicas creadas para vigilar las concesiones reales de las tierras. Cada Rey de una ciudad importante (Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex y Wessex) convocaba miembros para que asistieran a estas asambleas y discutieran los temas que fueran más convenientes. Los que eran convocados tenían la tarea fundamental de aconsejar sobre la administración y organización del reino, las discusiones giraban en torno a impuestos, jurisprudencia y seguridad. El apoyo de los miembros del Witan era imperante para determinar quién iba a ser nombrado rey. 1 Superior de un monasterio con facultad de conferir órdenes menores a sus monjes 2 SFuncionario real de alto rango y magistrado anterior de un grupo de condados. Ordena al 8 ejército del condado y a los distritos bajo su control a nombre del rey OBJETIVO DEL BANDO Se tiene en cuenta que la existencia de líneas privadas que cada personaje tendrá si bien debe ser importante para que cada uno persiga sus objetivos personales, la naturaleza del comité es un enfrentamiento bélico, donde se instará a los delegados a perseguir un objetivo común, que, para los efectos del comité, será, ganar la guerra, es decir, defender a toda costa el Reino de Gran Bretaña de las incursiones del Gran Ejército Pagano y acabar con estos. Dentro del comité existirán situaciones alternas que, si bien tienen que ver con el objetivo principal, tendrán que desarrollarse en paralelo. El Centro de Estrategia se encargará de manejar las batallas que en la línea histórica sucedieron y con ellas en su respectiva discreción pueden colocar nuevos escenarios que desarrollen la historia de una manera más violenta o más pacíca. De igual manera los escenarios que se vayan presentando no solamente adecuarán la guerra, sino que habrá caminos que sean correspondientes a los ámbitos sociales, políticos y económicos entre el bando, todo referente a que se debe mantener una imagen correcta y apta para derrotar al enemigo. Conociendo bien lo que se puede llegar a presentar, es de suma importancia ver que para ganar la guerra se demuestre conocimiento en materia de que todo aquello que trascienda en las batallas que se vayan presentando no generen pérdidas y que las ganancias que se lleven a cabo sean fructíferas en aras de que el bando vaya más allá de solo derrotar a los vikingos.
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