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Normans Saxons Danes Normans saxons danes Continue This article is about historical events in Anglo-Saxon England. For early stages of this history, see the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. For Anglo-Saxon culture and society see Anglo-Saxons. For an academic journal, see Anglo-Saxon England (magazine). The history of England since the 5th and 11th edi-year history of the It consisted of various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 927, when King Æthelstan (927–939) united him as England. It became part of the short-lived North Sea Empire Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway in the 11th century. Anglo-Saxon members of Germanic-speaking groups who moved to the southern half of the UK island from nearby north-west Europe. Anglo-Saxon history thus begins during the period of sub-Roman Britain after the end of Roman control, a century (conventionally identified as the seven main kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex), their Christianity during the 7th and ending the Normandy conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066. Anglo-Saxon identity survived even after the conquest of Norman,[1] became known as the English under Normandy rule, and through social and cultural integration with the Celts, the Danes and Normans became modern English people. Terminology Bede completed his book Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English) around 731. Thus the term for English (Latin: gens Anglorum; Anglo-Saxon: Angelcynn) was at the time used to distinguish Germanic groups in Britain from those on the continent (Old Saxony in northern Germany). [1] [a] The term Anglo-Saxon came into use in the 8th century. Historian James Campbell suggested that it wasn't until the late Anglo-Saxon period that England could be described as a nation state. [2] It is certain that the concept of Englishness has evolved only very slowly. [3] [4] Historical context Main articles: Sub-Roman Britain and the end of Roman rule in Britain As The Roman occupation of Britain comes to an end, Constantine III withdrew the remains of the army in response to the Germanic invasion of Gaul with the passage of the Rhine in December 406. [5] [6] Roman-British leaders faced a growing security challenge from naval raids, in particular picts on the east coast of England. [7] adopted by Roman-British leaders was to ask for the help of Anglo-Saxon mercenaries (known as foederati) to whom they sent territory. [7] [8] In about 442 Anglo-Saxons mutinied, apparently because they were not paid. [9] The Roman- British responded by appealing to the Roman commander of the Western Empire, Aëtius, for help (a document known as the Moaning of the British), although Honorius, the Western Roman emperor, wrote to the British civitas or about 410 telling them to look at their own defenses. [10] [11] [12] [13] This was followed by several years of fighting between the British and the Anglo-Saxons. [14] The fighting continued until around 500, when, at the Battle of Mount Badon, the British inflicted heavy defeat on the Anglo-Saxons. [15] Migration and creation of kingdoms (400-600) Main articles: Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain and Heptarchy See also: Migration period 2. It is believed that the oldest Germanic visitors were eight cohorts of Batavians connected to the 14th [16] [17] [18] There is a recent hypothesis that some of the original tribes identified by the Romans as British may have been speakers of the Germanic language, but most scholars disagree with this due to the lack of recording of local languages in Roman artifacts. [19] [20] [21] It was quite common for Rome to swell its legions with foederati recruited from the German homeland. [22] This practice has extended to the army serving in Britain and the graves of these mercenaries, together with their families, can be identified in Roman cemeteries during this period. [23] Migration continued with the departure of the Roman army when the Anglo-Saxons were recruited to defend Britain; and also during the period of the Anglo-Saxon first uprising in 442. [24] If the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is to be believed, the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that eventually merged to become England were founded when a small fleet of three or five ship invaders arrived at different points around the coast of England to combat sub-Roman British, and conquered their lands. [25] The language of migrants, old English, came over the next few centuries to prevail throughout what is now England, at the expense of British Celtic and British Latin. Map of British ossues in the 6th century In the same period there has been a migration of Britons to the Arms Peninsula (Brittany and Normandy in the modern-day initially around 383 during roman rule, but also c. 460 and in the 540. 460s migration is thought to be a response to the fighting during the Anglo-Saxon revolt between about 450 to 500, as well as migration to Britonia (modern Galicia, in northwestern Spain) around the same time. [26] Historian Peter Hunter-Blair explained what is now seen as a traditional view of Anglo-Saxon arrival in Britain. [27] He proposed mass immigration, with the proceeds of fighting and managing sub-Roman Britons from their lands and into the western limbs of the islands, and into the Breton and Iberian peninsulas. [28] This view is based on sources such as Bede, who mentions Britons who have been killed or go into eternal non-resution. [29] According to Härke, there is a more modern view of coexistence between The British and the Anglo-Saxons. [30] [31] [32] He suggests that several modern archaeologists now re-evaluate the invasion model, and have developed a co-existence model largely based on the laws of Ine. The laws contain several clauses that provide six different wergild levels for Britons, four of which are lower than freeman's. [33] Although it was possible for Britons to be rich free in an Anglo-Saxon society, they generally appear to be in a lower position than the Anglo-Saxons. [32] [33] Discussions and analyses are still ongoing on the size of migration and whether it was the small elite Group of Anglo-Saxons that came and took over the leadership of the country, or the mass migration of people who had overwhelmed the British. [34] [35] [36] [37] The emerging view is that there could be two scenarios, with large-scale migration and demographic changes in key areas of settlement and elite dominance in peripheral regions. [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] South Britain in AD 600 after the Anglo-Saxon settlement, showing the division into several small kingdoms according to Gildas, the initial vigorous British resistance led by a man named Ambrosius Aurelianus,[46] since then victory has fluctuated between the two nations. Gildas records the final victory of the British at the Battle of Mount Badon in c. 500, and this could mark the point at which Anglo-Saxon migration was temporarily stemmed. [15] Gildas said that this battle was forty-four years and one month after the arrival of the Sasov, and was also the year of his birth. [15] He said a time of great prosperity followed. [15] But despite the calm, the Anglo-Saxons took control of Sussex, Kent, East Anglia and parts of Yorkshire; while the Western Saxons established the Kingdom of Hampshire under Cerdic, around 520. [47] It was supposed to be 50 years before the Anglo-Saxons made further significant progress. [47] In the meantime, the British have exhausted themselves from the civil war, internal disputes and general for Gildas' book De Excidio Britanniae (Ruin of Britain). [48] The next major campaign against the British was in 577, led by Ceawlin, king of Wessex, whose campaigns managed to take Cirencester, Gloucester and Bath (known as the Battle of Dyrham). [47] [49] [50] This extension of Wessex came to an abrupt end when the Anglo-Saxons began to fight each other and resulted in Ceawlin retreating to its original territory. He was then replaced by Ceol (who was perhaps his nephew). Ceawlin was killed the following year, but the anals don't specify whom. [51] [52] Cirencester subsequently became an Anglo-Saxon kingdom led by the Mercians and not by Wessex. [53] Heptarchy and Christianity (7th and 8th Centuries) Main articles: Northumbria, Mercia, Offa of Mercia, Heptarchy and Christianity of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms Until 600, a new order of kingdoms and subcorpocos was developed. The medieval historian Henry of Huntingdon conceived the idea of heptarchy, which consisted of seven major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (Heptarchy a literal translation from Greek: hept – seven; arks – rule). [54] Anglo-Saxon England heptarches Anglo-Saxon and United Kingdom c. 800 The four main kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England were: East Anglia Mercia Northumbria, including Bernicia and Deira Wessex Minor Kingdom: Essex Kent Sussex Other minor kingdoms and territories Haestingas Hwicce Kingdom of Iclingas, Precursor of the State of Mercia Isle of Wight, (Wihtwara) Lindsey Magonsæte Meonwara, Meon Valley area Hampshire Pecsæte Surrey Tomsæte Wreocensæte At the end of 6 May 2004, the Commission decided not to opaquely discuss the situation. Æthelberht from Kent, whose land has spread north to the River Humber. [55] In the early years of the 7th [56] After the death of Æthelberht in 616, Rædwald from East Anglia became the most powerful leader south of the Humber. [56] Aldfrith Silver Coin of Northumbria (686-705). REVERSE: +AldFRIdUS, pellet in anulet; RUB: A lion with a fork tail standing on the left After the death of Northumbria's Æthelfrith, Rædwald provided military assistance to Deiran Edwin in his battle to take over the two dynasties of Deira and Bernicia in the united kingdom of Northumbria.
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