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INNOVATIVE APPROACHES in MEADOW-RANGELAND and FORAGE CROPS Editor: Assoc INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN MEADOW-RANGELAND AND FORAGE CROPS Editor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyithan SEYDOSOGLU INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN MEADOW- RANGELAND AND FORAGE CROPS EDITOR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyithan SEYDOSOGLU Prof. Dr. A. Esen ÇELEN Assist. Prof. Dr. Gamze BAYRAM Prof. Dr. Canan ŞEN Assist. Prof. Dr. H. Şeyma YILMAZ Prof. Dr. Hanife MUT Assist. Prof. Dr. Medine ÇOPUR DOGRUSOZ Prof. Dr. Husrev MENNAN Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa OKANT Prof. Dr. İlknur AYAN Assist. Prof. Dr. Nizamettin TURAN Prof. Dr. Mustafa AVCI Assist. Prof. Dr. Sadık Serkan AYDIN Prof. Dr. Nuri YILMAZ Res. Asst. Semih AÇIKBAŞ Prof. Dr. Selim AYTAÇ Dr. Erdal KARADENİZ Prof. Dr. Uğur BAŞARAN Dr. Gürkan DEMİRKOL Prof. Dr. Veyis TANSI Dr. Mehmet CAN Prof. Dr. Zeki ACAR Dr. Sukru Sezgi OZKAN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine BUDAKLI ÇARPICI Dr. Timuçin TAŞ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdal ÇAÇAN PhD. Student Berna EFE Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdem GÜLÜMSER PhD. Student Feyza Döndü BİLGİN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fırat PALA MSc. Erdal Eren YELER Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gulcan DEMIROGLU TOPCU MSc. Elif UYANIK Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gülşah BENGİSU MSc. Hacer MİNTAŞ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Arif ÖZYAZICI Agriculture Engineer Mehmet TURHAN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sabahaddin ÜNAL Agriculture Engineer Muhammet ŞAHİN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serap KIZIL AYDEMİR Student Hilal CAN Copyright © 2020 by iksad publishing house All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development and Social Researches Publications® (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TURKEY TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E mail: [email protected] www.iksadyayinevi.com It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications – 2020© ISBN: 978-625-7687-41-6 Cover Design: İbrahim KAYA December / 2020 Ankara / Turkey Size = 16 x 24 cm EDITED BY PREFACE Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyithan SEYDOSOGLU…………………………1 CHAPTER 1 CLIMATE, DROUGHT AND PASTURE Prof. Dr. Canan ŞEN …….…………………………………………..3 CHAPTER 2 THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MICROBIAL AND COMPOUND FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS ON YIELD AND SOME OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) Prof. Dr. A. Esen ÇELEN MsC. Elif UYANIK..…….………………………………………….31 CHAPTER 3 FORAGE CHICORY (Cichorium intybus L.): A REVIEW Dr. Mehmet CAN Prof. Dr. İlknur AYAN Prof. Dr. Zeki ACAR Prof. Dr. Uğur BAŞARAN Agriculture Engineer Muhammet ŞAHİN …………..………..….….47 CHAPTER 4 THE EFFECTS OF THE TYPE AND HARVEST SEASONS OF ANNUAL FORAGE LEGUMES ON THE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO FORAGE QUALITY Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa OKANT Assist. Prof. Dr. Nizamettin TURAN …….…………………...…...85 CHAPTER 5 EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS ON FORAGE CROPS Assist. Prof. Dr. H. Şeyma YILMAZ…...……………...…………...111 CHAPTER 6 WEED MANAGEMENT IN FORAGE CROPS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fırat PALA Prof. Dr. Husrev MENNAN ……………...…..…….……………..123 CHAPTER 7 PERENNIAL WARM SEASON GRASS; CULTIVATION OF DALLISGRASS (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) PhD Student Feyza Döndü BİLGİN Prof. Dr. Mustafa AVCI ………………….……………………….157 CHAPTER 8 PERENNIAL WARM SEASON GRASSES; CULTIVATION OF RHODES GRASS (Chloris gayana L.) AND DALLISGRASS (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) PhD Student Feyza Döndü BİLGİN Prof. Dr. Veyis TANSI...………..………………..………………...177 CHAPTER 9 SILAGE CORN AND IMPORTANCE OF SILAGE CORN IN CATTLE FEEDING Dr. Timuçin TAŞ Assist. Prof. Dr. Sadık Serkan AYDIN ………………………...…..197 CHAPTER 10 CONSERVATIONAL TILLAGE SYSTEMS FOR FORAGE CROPS Assist. Prof. Dr. Medine ÇOPUR DOGRUSOZ Prof. Dr. Uğur BAŞARAN Prof. Dr. Hanife MUT Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdem GÜLÜMSER …...……….………………...219 CHAPTER 11 DETERMINATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND QUALITY VALUES OF EINKORN WHEAT (Triticum monoccocum) GENETIC RESOURCES IN NATURAL FLORA Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serap KIZIL AYDEMİR Student Hilal CAN …...……….………………………………….253 CHAPTER 12 PHOSPHATE DEFICIENCY STRESS IN Pisum sativum var. arvense L. GENOTYPES: A TWO-YEAR FIELD EXPERIMENT Dr. Gürkan DEMİRKOL Prof. Dr. Nuri YILMAZ ………………..…………………..………269 CHAPTER 13 THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE MEADOW-RANGELANDS, CULTIVATION OF FORAGE CROPS, AND LIVESTOCK IN BURSA, TURKEY Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine BUDAKLI ÇARPICI..…..……….………..293 CHAPTER 14 THE IMPORTANCE OF BEES IN RANGELANDS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gulcan DEMIROGLU TOPCU Dr. Sukru Sezgi OZKAN …..…………….………………………...315 CHAPTER 15 GREEN MANURING AND USE OF FORAGE CROPS IN GREEN MANURING Assist. Prof. Dr. Gamze BAYRAM …..…….……………………...335 CHAPTER 16 IDENTIFICATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMIC PROPERTIES OF ALFALFA POPULATIONS (Medicago sativa L.) IN SEMI-ARID CONDITION IN TURKEY PhD Student Berna EFE PhD Student Erdal Eren YELER PhD Student Hacer MİNTAŞ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sabahaddin ÜNAL ……..…….…………………..357 CHAPTER 17 INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING SOME CORN VARIETIES AS SILAGE Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdal ÇAÇAN …….…….……………………...…381 CHAPTER 18 COMPARISON OF SOME WINTER GRAIN SPECIES IN TERMS OF BIOMASS YIELD AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS Dr. Erdal KARADENİZ ……………………..……………...……..395 CHAPTER 19 IMPACT OF DIFFERENT PHOSPHORUS DOSES ON SEED YIELD AND FORAGE QUALITY OF PEA (Pisum sativum L.) Dr. Erdal KARADENİZ ………………...…………………..…..…409 CHAPTER 20 THE EFFECT OF TOPOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON RANGELAND VEGETATION Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Arif ÖZYAZICI Res. Asst. Semih AÇIKBAŞ ……………………..………………...425 CHAPTER 21 THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER DOSES ON SEED YIELD AND SOME QUALITY COMPONENTS OF FORAGE RAPE (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Arif ÖZYAZICI Res. Asst. Semih AÇIKBAŞ Agr. Eng. Mehmet TURHAN Prof. Dr. Selim AYTAÇ…....…………..……………...…………...453 CHAPTER 22 A STUDY ON FARMER’S CONSCIOUSNESS ON FORAGE CROP CULTIVATION Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gülşah BENGİSU.……..……………...…………471 Forages are the basis of sustainable agriculture. They include a wide variety of plant species ranging from grasses and herbaceous legumes. Climate change has the potential to impact the quantity and reliability of forage production, quality of forage, water demand for cultivation of forage crops, as well as large-scale rangeland vegetation patterns. Abiotic stresses, factors limiting crop productivity and sustainability worldwide. Several agronomical and physiological mechanisms are involved in stress tolerance of crop plants. To alleviate the negative effects of environmental stresses, plants increase the production of various compatible osmolytes. This book summarizes the highlighting the importance of forage crops, the present improvements and some of future directions for enhancing yield and nutritional quality under environment stress 1 conditions. Accordingly, Recent agricultural technologies that have greatly increased food supply have had inadvertent, detrimental impacts on the environment and on ecosystem services, highlighting the need for more sustainable agricultural production. Sincerly Yours Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyithan SEYDOSOGLU Siirt University 2 INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN MEADOW-RANGELAND AND FORAGE CROPS Prof. Dr. Canan ŞEN Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Field Crops, Tekirdağ/TURKEY E-mail: [email protected] CHAPTER 1 CLIMATE, DROUGHT AND PASTURE 3 4 INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN MEADOW-RANGELAND AND FORAGE CROPS INTRODUCTION The world has undergone constant climate changes since the beginning of time. But all scientists agree that climate changes will increase exponentially in the 21st century. It is assumed that the temperature will increase by 4 to 5 °C and the CO2 density will increase from 330 ppm to 555 ppm until the year of 2060 (Pittock, 1993). In recent years, global climate changes and agriculture have been the most two important duo in our world. During the recent years, many scientists have focused on the effects of increasing CO2, temperatures and precipitation on agriculture. For example, the FACE experiment in New Zealand, where I also had the opportunity to work for three months, began in the late 1990s, according to Newton et al. (2001). As the rest of the world, Turkey is also affected by climate change. It is said that climate change may cause adverse effects on agriculture, forestry and water resources especially in semi-arid and semi-humid regions such as Central Anatolia, South East Anatolia, Aegean and Mediterranean regions that are faced with the threat of desertification. According to researchers, climate zones appear to be shifting hundreds of kilometers poleward from the equator as happened before in the geological history of the earth; and Turkey may be exposed to the hot and dry climate zone prevailing in the Middle East and North Africa (Türkeş, 1998). Water is the most strategically important resource in the world. It is the source of life and increasing population, urbanization as well as industrial and technological developments increase the demand for water everyday. However, using water efficiently is of particular 5 importance for future generations. In pastures, plants meet their water needs from rainwater. In our world, food supply is as crucial as adequate water supply. Climate changes may cause food scarcity as well as adversely affecting productivity in agriculture. The most important need in nutrition is protein. And protein predominantly comes from animal products. Due to population growth, recent projections have suggested that the total world food production will
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