Index

Absoluteplace 28f. Boundary5,33, 89, 107,137 Aedes 155, 158 – sacred boundaries 85f. Aedicula 155f.,227,233 Building (activities) 3, 6–9, 15f.,19f., 25, Agency (human and non-human) 7, 83, 102, 37,53f., 57,59, 69–78, 80–87,90–92, 111, 125f.,128f.,135, 139, 218 123, 126–129, 133, 137,151, 155, 157f., Alea 106 160, 164f.,177,181, 192, 194, 200, Altar54, 79, 83–85, 115, 161–163, 225, 206–210,212–215, 219, 225–227, 227f.,230,233, 239, 247,249 232f.,237–243, 245, 247–254 Ambarvalia 150 Built environment 1, 3f., 19, 33, 136, 206 Amburbium 150 Amphitheatre 37 Canon 32, 90,195f. – textual amphitheatre 40 – canonical (writings)98, 100, 111–115 Ancestors (veneration of)125, 129, 136f. – canonization, canonisation 32 Appropriation3,40, 125, 128, 130,135, 155 Catechumens 73, 78–80,91f. Archiereus/eis 231 Cathedral 54, 72–74,80, 85 Architecture of death 124 Cemetery 124f.,132 Arena, see Circus;Amphitheatre Christians 16f.,30, 54, 64f.,69–72, 74 f., Asceticism,ascetic186, 189, 194–196, 80–83, 86–88, 90,92, 98–101, 106– 198, 200f. 108, 110–112, 117,164f.,186f.,194, – super-asceticism8,200 199f.,233, 252f. Astrologers 103, 108 – Christian city 8, 185f.,189, 200 Athletes’ guilds 225, 231–233 Christological controversies 186f.,199 Chronicle 164, 169, 171, 175, 179, 183 Baptism76, 79f.,85, 92, 188, 194 Church (religious building) 7, 9, 19, 54, 69– – Baptistery74, 79, 85, 211 93, 124, 158f.,169, 180f.,186, 189f., Basilica 5, 19, 33, 73, 87,151,165, 176, 192, 195, 200,207–211, 213f.,219, 252f. 208, 211 – Church (The) 28, 30, 32, 54, 63, 72, 75– Bath(bathhouse, bath buildings)5,9,191, 77,88, 112, 189f.,192, 194, 197,200 199, 212, 215, 219, 225–227,229–231, – children of the church(bnay qeyāmā)197 233, 236–243, 245, 247–249, 251–254 Circus 9, 37,155, 163, 191 Bath-gymnasium,see Gymnasion, gymnasi- Citification (of religion) 16 um Citizenship 2, 18f.,52f., 58, 60f.,91 – Bathing culture 225 –citizen-body 22, 52, 57,60, 91 Belief (religious) 2, 6–8, 32–34, 72, 85, City 88, 107,127,188 – city-space, see Urban space Bible, see Scripture – city-state18, 52f.,59f. Big Gods (religion) 34, 36 –earthly, heavenly6f.,15, 17,28f., 41f., Bishop, bishopric 5, 8, 28, 32f.,54, 72, 76, 55, 60f.,90f. 78, 86, 88, 91, 185–193, 195–200, –first city 22, 51f.,56, 61 209f.,212, 217f. – metropolis, megacity 8, 36 Body (humanand non-human) 9, 21, 26, – non-city,non-ville 15, 41, 43, 125 28f.,43, 93, 124, 200, 225 – of believers (mhaymnē)8,185, 189, 201 – citizen-body,see Citizenship – of people vs. of stones 19 262 Index

– post-city41 Eucharist 80,93 –quasi-cities 91 Euergetism76, 87 Cityscape 15, 53, 181, 192, 206, 210,212f., Evocatio 164, 171, 181 219 Extra-urban (practices) 7, 125 Cityscaping 15f.,18 Civic Faith, see Πίστις,fides – civic identity 53, 169, 214 Fanum 158 – civic religion 40 Fortification 210,212–214, 218 – civic theology 38–40 Forum 5, 15, 25, 160, 178f.,254 Civil war 25f.,151, 153 Foundation (of cities) 3f., 8f., 36, 44, 51, Civitas 15, 18f.,21–27,32, 33, 38–41, 43f., 169f.,177,209, 211, 213, 215, 217f. 51–53, 55–65, 78 – by afratricide 60f. – civitas dei 41, 51,56, 64 – of buildings 70, 72, 85, 157,159 – civitas terrena 51 Freelance(religious) experts, expertise 30, Community (political, of citizens) 18, 23–25, 99, 106, 113, 115f. 36, 51–53, 55–58, 60–64, 87,91, 185, Frigidarium,frigidaria 239, 241, 243–245, 254 247,253 – textual 106–108, 112. Fundamentalistcity5 Competition3f.,19, 69, 105, 107,109f., Funerarypractices, rituals 123f.,126f., 113, 175 129–131, 136 – intra-religious competition 20 – monuments, see Tomb – religion-statecompetition 20 – temples, see Temple Conurbation 52 Countryside 43, 54, 100f.,109, 194, 196– Garrison town 206, 217 198 Genius loci 84 Criticalspatial theory16 Gens, gentes 61–63 Crucifixion64, 78, 113 Gnosticism111 Cultural geography 7, 123, 126–129, 135f. Gods, heroes, and mythological figures – Abel 7, 23, 51 – 53, 55–57,59, 61, 65 Dedication 54, 73, 115, 152, 159, 161–164, – Abraham 23, 113 238f.,243–245, 247–249, 254 – Adam 52 Density (urban) 1f., 22, 33, 111, 251 – Aesculapius237–239, 242–245, 247– Desacralisation 182 249 Desert 36, 82, 91, 135, 196 – Aglibol 156 De-urbanisation1 – Amor 81, 239 Deviance(religious) 193 – Apollo154, 243, 248 Devotion, see Topography of devotion – Artemis 173, 227 Diversity (urban, of lifeincities) 5, 24, 26f., – Asklepios /Asclepius 227,237–249 99, 109, 117,195 – Athena169, 176, 179 Divination 103, 176 – Baal/Bel 156, 164 Divisionoflabour 23, 36, 43 – Belos 155, 159 – Cain 7, 19, 22f.,29, 44, 51–53, 55–59, Eikon acheiropoietos (the Mandylion) 185 61–63, 65 Eleusinian Mysteries, see Mysteries, mystery – Christ 16, 25, 30–32, 40f.,62f., 65, cults 69–71, 73f.,76f., 79–81, 87,89f., 92, Equites singulares 152, 160f.,165 97,101f.,113, 115–117,185 Esplanade 237 – DeaAfrica 239 Index 263

– Enoch 22, 55, 61, 65 Healing (gods/cults/powers)9,41, 85f., – Eve52 102, 225, 236–238, 245, 248, 251, 254 –FortunaAugusta239, 245, 247,249 Heretics,heretical 53, 108, 114, 193 – Gorgons173 Heterogeneity (urban) 5, 22, 34, 111 – Helios 155, 159, 164 Hippodrome 87,169, 173–179 – Herakles /Hercules 169, 176, 228f.,232, Historicism 172, 176, 180 239, 243 Homogenization (of urban religious life) – Holy Spirit 75, 79, 90 194, 200 – Hygia /Salus 226, 238f.,245, 247f. Household 22–24, 27,99 – Iarhibol 156 – Joshua 189 Icon(religious, holy) 169, 172, 181–183 – Jupiter /Zeus 35, 83, 89, 149, 153, 180 – iconoclasm8,172, 181f. – Juventas35 Identity 6, 106, 169, 171 –Liber Augustus 245 – Christian Orthodox169 – Luna 155 – civic 53, 169, 214 – Malakbek 156 – religious 149 – Mars35 Imagery15, 18, 28, 39, 138, 165, 169f.,179 –Mercurius 239 Immigrants 3, 5 – Mithras9,109, 115–117 Intellectualisation, intellectualization (of reli- – Moses 106f.,113, 189 gion) 7, 100f.,109 – Osiris 134 Intericonicity 130,134 – Psyche 239 Investment9,86, 206, 216–218 – Quies 35, 43 Isomorfic (logic), isomorfism 24, 60 – Remus61, 86 – Res Patroios 156 Jerusalem temple 70, 72, 75, 77,79, 82 – Romulus 61 Jews, Jewish people 61–64, 75, 81, 106, – Satan 79 108, 186f.,193f.,198, 225, 243, 252 – Serapis 239 Judaism 81, 111 – Seth 52 – Silvanus 174, 237 Kaisersaal 227–229, 233 – Sol Invictus 8, 149, 151–153, 155–157, Kingdom (Ancient Egypt) 160–165 – Middle 132 – Solomon 70, 73, 79, 82, 101, 113 – New 123, 126f.,132f.,135 – Tarquin 35 – Old 132, 134f. – Terminus 35 – Venus 239, 245 Landscape approach 129, 136f. – Vesta83 Literacy 2, 104, 106, 109, 117 –Victoria Augusta239 Liturgy 44, 69, 78, 80,85, 93, 115, 182, 190 – Zoroaster 113 Lived AncientReligion 7, 37,125f. Graffiti 131, 137 Graven images 81 Magic, magi, magus 98, 111, 130 Grouping 3, 16 Map (city‐)8,28, 30, 60, 181 – in-grouping, out-grouping 16 Martyrs, martyrdom, martyrium 19, 30, 32, Gymnasion, gymnasium 225f.,228–231, 41, 70, 186, 207,209f.,214, 216f. 252 – martyrdom literature40 –shrines (also saints) 19, 74,81, 90,207f. Hagiography,hagiographic 198 264 Index

Memory, memorialisation16, 32, 88, 131, Philosophy 5, 43, 85, 98, 102, 109, 111, 118 206 – Philosophers24, 27,173–177 Metonymic reach 52 – Philosophical schools 109 Metonymic space17 Pilgrimage (also sites of)4,7,70f., 76, 78, Military(the) 8, 130,149–151, 153, 159– 88–90, 92, 210,218 163, 165f.,206–212, 214, 217f.,237 Piscina 238 Minority (groups) 2 Πὶστις,fides 69–93 Miracle (urban) 31–33, 41, 64, 72–74, Placemaking (religious) 6 79f.,85, 92, 197 Plebs 5, 59f. Mithraea 99, 115f.,225, 250f.,254 Polis religion 37 Monasticism 91 Polytheism 6, 31, 33–36 – monasteries 91, 169, 188, 194, 196 Populus 22, 25f.,52, 57f.,63f. – monastic city91 Porticoes 157–160 –monastic life196 Praefurnium 249 – rules for the monks 194–196 Prayer 4, 32, 71, 73, 75, 78, 196, 216 Monumentalisation, monumentality 3, 5, 9, Procession 33, 54, 84, 128, 135 54, 207f.,215, 218f. Prophecy 5, 63, 108, 113, 173, 176–178, Mortuaryrituals 129 188 Mysteries, mysterycults 30, 85f.,97, 111, – prophetic imagery169 115f. Publica sacra 35 – Eleusinian mysteries 84–86 Public images16 Pylon 131 Nag Hammadi writings, codices104 Necropolis 7, 123, 126f.,132f.,135 Rational choicetheory37 Neighbourhood, neighborhood 5, 32, 36, Relics (cult of)6,30–33, 194, 196, 207, 173, 238, 241 209, 214, 217 Neolithic 1, 23 Religious agency,agents 2f., 5, 16, 99, 102, – revolution 1 111, 128f.,135, 139, 253 – urbanization 23 – authority 5–7, 9, 31, 38, 42, 99f.,103, Network 1, 3–5, 10, 31, 91, 102, 106, 109, 106f.,111, 113f.,185, 195–197,200, 209 111, 205, 214, 216f.,219 – communication 1–3, 5, 31f.,37, 253 Niche 101f.,227f.,239, 243, 249f. – community 57f.,70f., 73, 75–77,80, 84, Numen loci,see Genius loci 88, 91, 99, 107–112, 186f.,194, 197 – experts, specialists 30f.,99–118 Offerings (religious) 100, 102, 111, 115f., – ideas9,31, 69, 73–75, 80–82, 84, 88f., 190,248 92, 107,189, 195f. Oppidum52 – practices 1–5, 9, 36, 127–130,136–138, Oracle 103, 109, 113 216, 225, 229f.,248f.,254 Res publica, respopuli 25–27 Pagan, paganism 8, 19f.,30, 35f.,38, 53, Right to the city 30 106, 154, 164, 169f.,172, 180,182f., Roman empire7,61f., 69, 74,87, 93, 97, 187f.,205f.,214, 242, 252 169, 172, 174, 176, 183 Paideia 52, 97,102 Roman socialimaginary 18 Paignia 97f.,104 Rural 2, 5, 27,36, 100–102, 109, 195, Palaestra225, 227,229, 231, 236 197f.,205f.,216 Pastoralism 53, 65 – Christians 100 Patronage74, 149, 151, 164f. Index 265

– population 27,100–102, 109, 195, 197, Supersessionism 19, 61 206 Synoecism 23f. – religion 36, 198 Temple (building) 9, 19, 35, 39, 40,54, 72, Sacralisation 3 77,81–87,89, 99, 103, 118, 123, 126– – Sacralised economy 216 128, 131, 134, 136, 151–165, 180, 182, Sacred landscape 128 192, 230, 233, 236–239, 254 Sacred space9,157,205 – spiritual, inner temple 70f.,75f., 89 Sacred spring 225, 236, 240 – temple of Jerusalem, see Jerusalem temple Sacred travel207,219 – templum Solis, see Solar cult Sacrifice26, 30, 54, 61, 63, 83f.,165, 173, Textual community 106f. 209, 239, 249 Theatre6,9,19, 37–40,191 Salvation 28, 69, 78, 80,86, 112, 183, 190, – theatre-cum-temple 40 245 – theatrical theology 39f. Sanctuary76f., 82, 84f.,216, 231, 237– Theologia tripertita 39 239, 241–243, 248 Thermae (thermal buildings), see Bath School (philosophical),see Philosophy – Thermalism225, 236 Scribes 133 Tombs7,70, 74,83, 123–138 Scripture (Jewish,Christian) 17,32, 55, 70, Topography of devotion 8, 149, 151–153, 72, 75f.,79f., 82, 89, 92, 98, 107,114, 155, 166 191, 196 Tower of Babel 19, 23 Societas (civium) 22, 26, 58 Transcendence 4 Solar cult, worship 149–166 Transmission 37,123, 128–130,132–134, – ludi Solis 163 139 – pontifices(dei) Solis (collegeof) 153, 162 Typological reading 51f.,56, 60, 64f. – templum Solis 151–165 Space(types of) Urban (The) 1, 4, 6, 18–20, 27,205 – absolute29 – culture 23, 51–53, 65 –abstract 35 – ideal206, 213, 215, 218f. – disordered 99 – imagination 3f., 18., 28, 42–44, 183 – Firstspace, Secondspace35 – life, lifestyle 6, 17,20, 23, 28, 41, 44, 53, –of religious competition 19, 111 125f.,191, 199, 205, 208, 214f.,252, – perceived,conceived, lived 35, 135 254 – revolutionary43 – planning 2, 8, 35, 215 –sacred, see Sacred space – religion 1f., 5f., 15f.,29–31, 33f.,36f., – urban, see Urban space 40f.,51–54, 100, 125f.,189, 192, 200 Spatiality 16f.,20, 24, 28f.,35, 41–43 – religious approach 18, 29, 33, 37f. Spatial turn 17,20 – space1,3,6,9f.,15f., 18f.,20f., 24, 28, Spatiology 21 31–34, 39f.,41, 97,208, 210,217f.,242 Spectacles 6, 31, 33, 37f.,40, 87,254 – turn 20 Statehood, stateness 25f. Urbanisation, urbanization 205, 216–218 Statues 8, 81, 83, 131, 164, 169–180, Urbanised sanctuaries 205 182f.,225f.,229, 239f.,242f.,245,247 Urbanism 6f., 17,19f., 22f.,34, 37,41, 43, – prophetic power/capacity 172f.,176 51 f.,65, 205f. Supernatural monitoring 36 Urbanity 1, 3f., 6, 9, 16f.,20f., 23, 31, 37, Superorganism (cityas) 22f. 42, 205, 214f. Urbs 4, 19, 21, 26, 38–40,52, 55, 65, 231 266 Index

Vera religio 29, 36 Walking Dead project, approach 7, 123, 126, Vignettes 132 128, 137f. Violence(sacred, religiously motivated) Wall (city walls) 4, 61, 91, 149, 151, 153, 53f.,64 159f.,165, 173, 181, 207–214, 238 Visio Dei 42 Workadayreligion 249 Voluntaryassociation 58, 60,99, 101, 116, 118 Xenodocheion 191f. Votive (monuments, inscriptions) 161f., 225, 237,243, 247–249