Ooppera Suomalaisen Kulttuuri-Identiteetin Rakentajana

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Ooppera Suomalaisen Kulttuuri-Identiteetin Rakentajana JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN THE ARTS 68 Pentti Savolainen Ooppera suomalaisen kulttuuri-identiteetin rakentajana Fredrik Paciuksen, Kaarlo Bergbomin, Aino Ackten ja Martti Talvelan vaikutus suomalaiseen oopperataiteeseen ja kulttuuri-identiteettiin Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston päärakennuksen salissa Cl maaliskuun 6. päivänä 1999 kello 12. JYVÄSKYLÄN � YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 1999 Ooppera suomalaisen kulttuuri-identiteetin rakentajana Fredrik Paciuksen, Kaarlo Bergbomin, Aino Ackten ja Martti Talvelan vaikutus suomalaiseen oopperataiteeseen ja kulttuuri-identiteettiin JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN THE ARTS 68 Pentti Savolainen Ooppera suomalaisen kulttuuri-identiteetin rakentajana Fredrik Paciuksen, Kaarlo Bergbomin, Aino Ackten ja Martti Talvelan vaikutus suomalaiseen oopperataiteeseen ja kulttuuri-identiteettiin JYVÄSKYLÄN � YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 1999 Editors Matti Vainio Department of Musicology, University of Jyväskylä Kaarina Nieminen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Cover picture Aulis Sallisen ooppera "Ratsumies" Savonlinnan oopperajuhlat, Kari Hakli ISBN 951-39-0396-6 ISSN 0075-4633 Copyright© 1999, by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä and ER-Paino Ky, Lievestuore 1999 ABSTRACT Savolainen, Pentti Opera as a creator of the Finnish cultural identity. The influence of Fredrik Pacius, Kaarlo Bergbom, Aino Ackte and Martti Talvela on Finnish opera and cultural identity. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1999, 280 p. Oyväskylä Studies in the Arts, ISSN 0075-4633; 68) ISBN 951-39-0396-6 Deutsche Zusammenfassung Diss. The purpose of this study was to show how opera as an art has influenced the development of theFinnish national identity. Two themeswere chosen to define this problem. The main theme deals with the activities of Fredrik Pacius, Kaarlo Bergbom, Aino Ackte and Martti Talvela as developers of Finnish opera. The study covers the time period from the early 19th century to the 1990's. The reason for choosing these persons as the leading characters is that they all have made a remarkable contribution to the creation of Finnish opera, and at the same time they have also regardedas of great importance the development of Finnish cultural identity. 1n addition they all have been great organizers and patriots of their time - even Pacius, despite his German origin. The second theme is the influence of opera on Finnish cultural identity: in which ways opera has been able to influence the development of cultural identity in Finland and elsewhere in Europe. 1n order to define the cultural-ideological background of the study, and to be able to compare Finnish cultural identity with European cultural identity, I have included a survey on the interdependence of opera and identity in some European countries, as in my opinion only in this way can we achieve a fruitful point of comparision and understanding of the significance of Finnishopera to thenational cultural identity. The analysis of these two themesis the main task in this dissertation. 1n order to be able to form a unified method of research on the work of each person I have a disposition compiled of ninetopics with which I have analysed their work starting with their musical background, studies, and preparation for the tasks being researched. I have also studied into the cultural-ideological background of their era, the goals of their activities and the institutions in which they have carried out their tasks. Finally I analyse each person as a personality, artist, organizer, and patriot finishing with an evolution of their work and activities in the opera. The summary draws together thepoints to form a coherent wide. The high point in the oeuvre of Pacius was the opera Kaarle kuninkaan metsästys (King Charles' Hunt). Kaarlo Bergbom founded the Finnish theater in 1872, and a year later the Finnish opera. Aino Ackte activity was concentrated in Olavinlinna despite the fact that she had founded with Edward Fazer and Oskar Merikanto the Finnish National Opera in 1911. Also Martti Talvela's activity based on his intemational success took place mainly in Olavinlinna. Key words: Cultural identity, Identity, Opera, The Savonlinna Opera Festival SISÄLLYS ABSTRACT ALKUSANAT ....................................................... 9 I JOHDANTO . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 1.1 Aiempi tutkimus .......................................... 11 1.2 Tutkimusongelma .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 1.3 Tutkimusmateriaali ja lähdepohja . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 II IDENTITEETTIKYSYMYS SUOMESSA JA MUUALLA EUROOPASSA . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 1 Identiteetti kansallisuuden symbolisoijana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 1.1 Identiteettikäsite ja kansankulttuuri .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 1.2 Kansallinen identiteetti Suomessa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 1.3 Kansallinen identiteetti Euroopassa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 1.4 Kulttuuri-identiteetti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 1.5 Negatiivinen identiteetti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 III SUOMALAISKANSALLINEN HERÄTYS . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 1 Kansallisuuskysymyksen taustaa ................................ 50 1.1 1700-luvun kielellinen ja kulttuurinen aatetausta . .. .. .. .. 50 1.2 Kansallistunne herää -Adolf Ivar Arwidsson esitaistelijana ..... 52 1.3 Romantiikan virtaukset saapuvat Suomeen .. .. .. .. .. 53 2 Lönnrot, Runeberg, Topelius ja Snellman identiteetin rakentajina ..... 56 2.1 Kalevala - vanhansuomalaiskulttuurin dokumentti ............ 56 2.2 Kalevala kielen ja identiteetin rakentajana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 58 2.3 Runebergin ja Topeliuksen merkitys kansallisen identiteetin syntyyn .................................................. 60 2.4 Maamme-laulu kansallisuuden symbolina . .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 2.5 Snellmanin kieli- ja kirjallisuuspoliittinenohjelma . .. .. .. .. 68 2.6 Kieliasetus ja sen vaikutus kansalliseen identiteettiin .. .. .. 71 3 Suomalaisuus-ideologia synnyttää ooppera- ja teatteriharrastuksen .. 73 3.1 Ulkomaiset oopperavierailut ennen Suomalaista Oopperaa ..... 73 3.2 Ulkomaisia teatteriseurueita Suomessa . .. .. .. .. .. .. 76 3.3 Ensimmäiset oopperaesitykset suomalaisin amatöörivoimin .. .. 78 IV FREDRIK PACIUS JA SUOMALAINEN OOPPERA . .. .. .. .. 80 1 Pacius suomalaisen kulttuuri-identiteetin rakentajana .. .. .. .. .. 80 1.1 Musiikillista taustaa ....................................... 80 1.2 Pohjola kutsuu . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 82 1.3 Helsingin musiikkielämän organisaattorina . .. .. .. .. .. 84 2 Pacius oopperasäveltäjänä .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86 2.1 Kaarle-kuninkaan metsästys .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86 2.2 K ypron prinsessa ja Loreley . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 90 2.3 Yhteenvetoa ja päätelmiä .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 91 V KAARLO BERGBOM - NÄYTTÄMÖTAITEEN URANUURTAJA .... 93 1 Kaarlo Bergbomin nuoruus . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 93 1.1 Sukutaustaa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 93 1.2 Opiskeluvuodet . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 1.3 Opintomatka ulkomaille . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 2 Suomalainen teatteri .......................................... 10 3 2.1 Teatteriorkesterien aika .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 3 2.2 Ajatuksia teatterin perustamista .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 104 2.3 Lea, suomalaisen näytelmätaiteen herättäjä .. .. .. .. 108 2.4 Suomalaisen teatterin perustaminen hahmottuu .............. 109 2.5 Trubaduuri sytyttää Bergbomin oopperainnostuksen ......... 111 2.6 Kaarlo Bergbom perustaa Suomalaisen teatterin . .. .. .. .. 11 2 2.7 Suomalainen teatteri aloittaa toimintansa .................... 114 2.8 Teatterin ohjelmisto .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 115 3 Suomalainen ooppera aloittaa toimintansa .. .. .. .. .. .. 117 3.1 Kaarlo Bergbom aloittaa Viipurista ......................... 117 3.2 Ooppera esiintyy helsinkiläisyleisölle . .. .. .. .. .. .. 119 3.3 Oopperan menestys jatkuu .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 120 3.4 Kateus luo esteitä .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 123 3.5 Rahapula päättää oopperan toiminnan . .. .. .. .. .. 126 3.6 Suomalaisen oopperan taiteellinen tilinpäätös . .. .. .. .. .. 128 3.7 Oopperan taiteellinen taso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 130 4 Kaarlo Bergbomin persoona .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 131 4.1 Patriootti, johtaja ja ohjaaja .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 131 4.2 Suomalaisen kulttuurielämän rakentaja . .. .. .. .. .. 135 4.3 Yhteenvetoa ja päätelmiä .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 139 VI KULTTUURIELÄMÄN KEHITYS 1800-1900-LUKUJEN VAIHTEESSA . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 2 1 Kalevalasta karelianismiin . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 2 1.1 Kalevala synnyttää karelianismin .......................... 14 2 1.2 Kulttuurielämän kehitys vuosisadan lopulla ................. 145 1.3 Kansansävelmät identiteetin rakentajina .................... 146 1.4 "Laulusta me voimaa saamme ... " ........................... 148 1.5 Jyväskylän seminaari sekakuorolaulun kehittäjänä . .. .. .. .. 151 VII AINO ACKTE- LAULAJATAR JA ORGANISAATTORI .......... 154 1 Opintovuodet Helsingissä ja Pariisissa .......................... 154 1.1 Sukutaustaa ............................................. 154 1.2 Nuoruus ja opintovuodet .................................. 156 2 Menestystä kansainvälisillä foorumeilla .......................... 157 2.1 Pariisin Suuren Oopperan diiva ........................... 157 2.2 Metropolitanin menestys ................................. 159 2.3 Bayreuthin epäonni ....................................... 162 2.4 "Margarethasta Salomeen on pitkä
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