The Red-Blue Conundrum: an Archaeo-linguistic Approach to Red Dyes and Blue Flowers in Prehistory - supplementary data

Mikkel Nørtoft, MA, Indo-European Studies, University of Copenhagen

Supplementary data for " The Red-Blue Conundrum: an Archaeo-linguistic Approach to Red Dyes and Blue Flowers in Prehistory" in Archaeological Textiles Review (ATR) 59. For more issues of ATR, see the downloadable ATR archive at www.atnfriends.com

Contents

1.1.1 Boraginaceae in archaebotany ...... 2 1.1.2 Rubia sp. in archaeobotany ...... 4 1.1.3 Galium sp. in archaeobotany ...... 5 1.1.4 Potentilla sp. in archaeobotany ...... 7 Bibliography ...... 8

Boraginaceae in archaebotany

Fig. 29. Prehistoric finds of different Boraginaceae in this survey of archaeobotanical literature by period/culture. Red: Lappula sp. Blue: Arnebia sp. Pink: Alkanna/Anchusa sp. Green: Echium sp. Yellow: Lithospermum sp. (map by Mikkel Nørtoft).

- (2300-2200 BC), Shakhaevskaya ground, grave 4, 32, Rostov region, Russia (Lithospermum officinale, used as ornamentation on a headdress, local production) (Shishlina, Orfinskaya, and Golikov 2005). - Catacomb culture (c. 2500-2000 BC), Mandjikiny burial ground, Kalmykia and Peschany-V, Rostov region (Lithospermum officinale) used as embroidery and , local production) (Shishlina, Orfinskaya, and Golikov 2005). - Cucuteni A2 (4400-4200 BC), Poduri, pit, Bacău County, , (Lithospermum officinale) a goblet containing 22400 unperforated seeds found with other items in a larger pot with a bottom layer of red ochre (Solcan et al. 2014). - Cucuteni A2 (4400-4200 BC), Izvoare, 2 dwellings, Neamț County, Romania (Lithospermum/Buglossoides caeruleum) 1) Approximately 8000 nutlets deposited in a pot, of which 4000 perforated, 40 small beads of clay, 13 imitations of red deer canines, 25 seeds of T. diccoccum, 10 seeds of Hordeum vulgare nudum, two remains of ears of T. diccoccum and various remains of resin. 2) Approximately 1091 nutlets deposited in a pot (three - perforated, two - cut at one end, the rest unperforated), three clay objects (two burned and one unburned), six Hordeum vulgare nudum seeds and one Triticum dicoccum (Solcan et al. 2014). - Cucuteni B (c. 3900-3350 BC) Bodești/Frumușica, near a hearth, Neamț County, Romania (Lithospermum/Buglossoides caeruleum) deposited in a pot Approximately 75 unperforated nutlets (Solcan et al. 2014). - Mierzanowice culture (1750-1600 BC) Szarbia, site no. 14, grave, (Lithospermum officinale) a string of nutlets together with a wood tar cataplasm on a 30 year-old woman, and at 12 other Polish sites ranging from the to Early Middle Ages (not mapped here) (Baczyńska and Lityńska-Zając 2005). - Early Neolithic (c. 6000 BC), Drenovac, Morava valley and Šumadija, Central Serbia, natural vegetational environment (Lithospermum arvense) (Bogosavljević Petrović and Starović 2016, 15) - Early Neolithic (c. 6000 BC), Starčevo culture, Drenovac, Slatina - Turska Česma settlement, Central Serbia, (Lithospermum arvense, mineralised remains, trench XVI) (Stojanović and Obradović 2016, 87) - Medieval Uppsala (c. AD 1300-1400), Norrköping, (c. AD 1200-1400 and onwards), Skellefteå (AD 1290-1440), Sweden (Lithospermum arvense, seeds, near Medieval church) (Viklund 2014, 25) - Early Neolithic, early phase (6100-5700 BC), Orlovec III, Koprivec I, Bulgaria (Lithospermum arvense) (Krauß et al. 2014, 277) - Neolithic Crimea, Buran Kaya IV (c. 5836-5358 BC), east of Simferopol, Crimea, (Lithospermum officinale, seeds/fruits) (Salavert et al. 2014, 4) - Aceramic Neolithic (mid 7th millenium BC), Can Hasan III, Konya plain, Turkey (Lithospermum arvense, very common) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 214) - Neolithic (c. 4500-3700 BC), Dhali Agridhi, Idalion, Cyprus (Anchusa sp., frequent) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 216) - Aceramic Neolithic (c. 7500-6500 BC), Abu Hureyra, Northern , (Lithospermum sp. and Echium sp., abundant) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 216) - , Argolis, Greece (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 222–23) 1) Palaeolithic (11000-7000 BC), (Lithospermum, Alkanna, Anchusa, all frequent) 2) Mesolithic (7300-6000 BC), (Lithospermum, Alkanna, Anchusa, all frequent) 3) Early Neolithic (6000-5300 BC), (Lithospermum, Alkanna, Anchusa, few) 4) Middle Neolithic (5000-4300 BC), (Lithospermum, Alkanna, Anchusa, rare) 5) (4300-2800 BC), (Lithospermum, Alkanna, Anchusa, rare) - (including Argissa and Otzaki), Thessaly, Greece, (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 223) 1) Aceramic, Early Neolithic (c. 6200-5800 BC), (Lithospermum arvense, frequent) 2) Proto-, pre-Sesklo phases (6th millenium BC), (Lithospermum arvense, frequent) 3) Sesklo phase (5th mill. BC), (Lithospermum arvense, frequent) 4) Dimini phase, Late Neolithic (c. 3900-3400 BC), (Lithospermum arvense, rare) 5) Rahmani phase, Late Neolithic (c. 3300-2700 BC), (Lithospermum arvense, rare) - Late Vatya culture (Middle Age), Tiszaalpár-Várdomb, , (Lithospermum officinale) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 228) - Funnel Beaker culture (c. 2800 BC), Ksiaznice Wielkie, Kielce district, Poland, (Lithospermum officinale, Lithospermum arvense (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 231) - Middle , Százhalombatta-Földvár, Pest, Hungary, , (Lithospermum arvense, not charred) (Berzsényi 2009, 143) - Late Bronze Age, Kamid-el-Loz, West Bekaa, Lebanon, (Echium sp., millions of fruits in a vessel) (Pustovoytov, Riehl, and Mittmann 2004, 208) - Hunter gatherer culture (c. 7300-6600 BC), Uan Afuda cave, Central Sahara, Libya, (Echium sp., pollen, dominant, comprised more than 90% of the pollen found) (Mercuri 2009, 19) - Srubnaya-Albar phase (Bronze Age (c. 1890-1650 BC), Lake PW, Kammenyi Ambar, Trans Urals, Russia, (Echium vulgare) (Stobbe et al. 2016, 1694, 1699) - Pre-agricultural (c. 6000 BC), Nabta Playa, site E-75-6, Western desert, Southern , (Arnebia sp., frequent, charred) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 219) - Gothic Age (end of 5th - mid 6th century AD), Domagnano, San Marino, (Lappula squarrosa, mericarps bottom of well 1) (Mercuri et al. 2009, 80, 86) - Roman (2nd cent. BC- AD 40), Mutina, Modena, , (Lithospermum/Buglossoides arvensis (2nd cent. BC-4th cent. AD) and Anchusa/Borago (AD 15-40)) (Rinaldi, Mazzanti, and Bosi 2013, 221, 225).

Rubia sp. in archaeobotany

Fig. 15. Prehistoric finds of Rubia sp. in this survey of archaeobotanical literature by period/culture. Purple: Rubia peregrina Red: Rubia tinctorum (map by Mikkel Nørtoft).

- Neolithic Crimea (c. 5836-5358 BC), Buran Kaya IV, east of Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine (Rubia peregrina, seeds) (Salavert et al. 2014, 4) - Roman (3rd-6th cent. AD), Mutina, Modena, Italy, site 3, Palazzo Vaccari, (Rubia tinctorum) (Rinaldi, Mazzanti, and Bosi 2013, 221)

Galium sp. in archaeobotany

Fig. 16. Prehistoric finds of different Galium sp. in this survey of archaeobotanical literature by period/culture (map by Mikkel Nørtoft).

- (early Late Bronze Age) in Krasnosamarskoe, Samara river valley, collected concentrated group in one end of a house structure Galium sp. (G. verum?) (D. Anthony et al. 2016, 254, 256, 271, 274–75; Popova 2016, 340) - Pre-Cucuteni culture (4th millennium BC) in Poduri, Bačau district (Galium spurium, contaminating domesticated crops in vessels) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 226–27) - Linearbandkeramik culture in Pari-Altäcker dülö, Tolna, Hungary (Galium sp.) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 228) - Radial culture (Neolithic, 2nd half of 3rd millenium BC) in Zesɫawice, Kraków district (Galium aparine) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 231) - Early Bronze Age (c. 2000 BC), The Stumble, Blackwater Estuary, Essex (Galium sp.) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 237) - Late LBK (c. 5000-4500 BC?), Menneville and several other sites in the valley of the Aisne, (Galium aparine) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 238) - Neolithic Crimea, Buran Kaya IV (c. 5836-5358 BC), east of Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine (Galium aparine, Galium sp. (seeds)) (Salavert et al. 2014, 4) - Scythian-Sarmatian (5th-1st centuries BC), Zanovskoe, a floodplain of the Donets River, Eastern Ukraine, Lugansk oblast (pit 14), (Galium sp.) (Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, Telizhenko, and Jones 2012, 57) - Early MBA (c. 1600-1200 BC?), settlement Uhingen, Römerstrasse 91, Kreis Göppingen, East of Stuttgart, South (Galium aparine) (Karg 1988, 232) - Urnfield culture, Treffensbuch, Gde. Berghülen, Alb.Donau-Kreis, South-East of Stuttgart, South Germany (Galium/Asperula sp.) (Karg 1989, 248) - EBA/MBA (1767-1781 BC ()) at ”Siedlung Forschner” South of Ulm, Southern Germany (Galium verum, Galium palustre, Galium aparine, Galium spurium) (Karg 2016, 172) - , (house site) at Strandet Hovedgård, Ørum, Denmark (Galium aparine (charred)) (Robinson and Karg 2000, 377) - Neolithic (Early Neolithic 6100-5700 BC), Džuljuna I, Orlovec I, III, Koprivec I; Koprivec -, Samovodene VI, V (Late Neolithic 5400-4800 BC) in Ovčarovo, North-East Bulgaria (Galium aparine) (Krauß et al. 2014, 276–77) - Bronze Age (different sites) (2000-800 BC), house ditches, West Frisia, (Galium aparine, charred seeds, probably only vegetative parts eaten) (van Amerongen 2016, 3) - Neolithic (c. 6000 BC), Drenovac, Morava valley and Šumadija, Central Serbia, human context (Galium sp.) (Bogosavljević Petrović and Starović 2016, 15) - Hvar culture (5th millennium BC), Velištak, Eastern Adriatic, Southern Croatia, (Galium sp.), general layer, trench A, only one seed (Reed and Podrug 2016, 406) - , Lake FS (and Lake PW) (throughout period of c. 7500 BC - AD 1550), Kammenyi Ambar, Southeastern Urals, Russia, (Galium sp.) (Stobbe et al. 2016, 1698) - Roman (different sites, variously from 2nd cent. BC- 6th cent. AD), Mutina, Modena, Italy, (G. verum, G. palustre, G. aparine, G. mollugo, G. sylvaticum) (Rinaldi, Mazzanti, and Bosi 2013, 224, 225)

Potentilla sp. in archaeobotany

Fig. 17. Prehistoric finds of different Potentilla sp. in this survey of archaeobotanical literature by period/culture. Red: Potentilla erecta Blue: Unspecified Potentilla species Pink: (small) Potentilla anserina (map by Mikkel Nørtoft).

- Roman, (late 2nd century BC), Tollgate farm, Staffordshire, Britain, (from a well) (Potentilla erecta) (Thomas 2009) - Early Neolithic (6100-5700 BC), Orlovec III, Ovčarovo-Gorata, NE Bulgaria, (Potentilla sp.) (Krauß et al. 2014, 276– 77) - Late Neolithic (5400-4800 BC), Samovodene VI/V, Ovčarovo-Gorata, NE Bulgaria, (Potentilla reptans, Potentilla sp.) (Krauß et al. 2014, 276) - Bronze Age (different sites) (2000-800 BC), West Frisia, Netherlands, house ditches (Potentilla anserina, charred seeds, probably only vegetative parts eaten) (van Amerongen 2016, 3) - Funnel Beaker, Wolica Nowa (Polówka), site 1, Poland, (Potentilla sp./Fragaria sp., carbonized plant remains, fruit) (Mueller-Bieniek and Grygiel 2016, 759) - Viking Age, Gråbrødrekloster, Ålborg, Denmark, Potentilla erecta, (in a pit or hearth, charred seeds, perhaps in peat for fuel) (Robinson and Karg 2000, 377) - , Føvling, Denmark, (Potentilla sp., (flowers)), Bronze Age burial mound core (Robinson and Karg 2001, 331) - Age, Krasnosamarskoe settlement, (Potentilla anserina) (Popova 2016, 347) - Roman (AD 15-40), site 2, Cassa Risparmio, Mutina, Modena, Italy, (Potentilla erecta) (Rinaldi, Mazzanti, and Bosi 2013, 226)

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