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Archaeobotanical Maps The Red-Blue Conundrum: an Archaeo-linguistic Approach to Red Dyes and Blue Flowers in Prehistory - supplementary data Mikkel Nørtoft, MA, Indo-European Studies, University of Copenhagen Supplementary data for " The Red-Blue Conundrum: an Archaeo-linguistic Approach to Red Dyes and Blue Flowers in Prehistory" in Archaeological Textiles Review (ATR) 59. For more issues of ATR, see the downloadable ATR archive at www.atnfriends.com Contents 1.1.1 Boraginaceae in archaebotany .................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1.2 Rubia sp. in archaeobotany ........................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1.3 Galium sp. in archaeobotany ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.4 Potentilla sp. in archaeobotany ................................................................................................................................. 7 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Boraginaceae in archaebotany Fig. 29. Prehistoric finds of different Boraginaceae in this survey of archaeobotanical literature by period/culture. Red: Lappula sp. Blue: Arnebia sp. Pink: Alkanna/Anchusa sp. Green: Echium sp. Yellow: Lithospermum sp. (map by Mikkel Nørtoft). - Catacomb culture (2300-2200 BC), Shakhaevskaya burial ground, grave 4, kurgan 32, Rostov region, Russia (Lithospermum officinale, seeds used as ornamentation on a headdress, local production) (Shishlina, Orfinskaya, and Golikov 2005). - Catacomb culture (c. 2500-2000 BC), Mandjikiny burial ground, Kalmykia and Peschany-V, Rostov region (Lithospermum officinale) used as embroidery and beads, local production) (Shishlina, Orfinskaya, and Golikov 2005). - Cucuteni A2 (4400-4200 BC), Poduri, pit, Bacău County, Romania, (Lithospermum officinale) a goblet containing 22400 unperforated seeds found with other items in a larger pot with a bottom layer of red ochre (Solcan et al. 2014). - Cucuteni A2 (4400-4200 BC), Izvoare, 2 dwellings, Neamț County, Romania (Lithospermum/Buglossoides caeruleum) 1) Approximately 8000 nutlets deposited in a pot, of which 4000 perforated, 40 small beads of clay, 13 imitations of red deer canines, 25 seeds of T. diccoccum, 10 seeds of Hordeum vulgare nudum, two remains of ears of T. diccoccum and various remains of resin. 2) Approximately 1091 nutlets deposited in a pot (three - perforated, two - cut at one end, the rest unperforated), three clay objects (two burned and one unburned), six Hordeum vulgare nudum seeds and one Triticum dicoccum seed (Solcan et al. 2014). - Cucuteni B (c. 3900-3350 BC) Bodești/Frumușica, near a hearth, Neamț County, Romania (Lithospermum/Buglossoides caeruleum) deposited in a pot Approximately 75 unperforated nutlets (Solcan et al. 2014). - Mierzanowice culture (1750-1600 BC) Szarbia, site no. 14, grave, Poland (Lithospermum officinale) a string of nutlets together with a wood tar cataplasm on a 30 year-old woman, and at 12 other Polish sites ranging from the Neolithic to Early Middle Ages (not mapped here) (Baczyńska and Lityńska-Zając 2005). - Early Neolithic (c. 6000 BC), Drenovac, Morava valley and Šumadija, Central Serbia, natural vegetational environment (Lithospermum arvense) (Bogosavljević Petrović and Starović 2016, 15) - Early Neolithic (c. 6000 BC), Starčevo culture, Drenovac, Slatina - Turska Česma settlement, Central Serbia, (Lithospermum arvense, mineralised remains, trench XVI) (Stojanović and Obradović 2016, 87) - Medieval Uppsala (c. AD 1300-1400), Norrköping, (c. AD 1200-1400 and onwards), Skellefteå (AD 1290-1440), Sweden (Lithospermum arvense, seeds, near Medieval church) (Viklund 2014, 25) - Early Neolithic, early phase (6100-5700 BC), Orlovec III, Koprivec I, Bulgaria (Lithospermum arvense) (Krauß et al. 2014, 277) - Neolithic Crimea, Buran Kaya IV (c. 5836-5358 BC), east of Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine (Lithospermum officinale, seeds/fruits) (Salavert et al. 2014, 4) - Aceramic Neolithic (mid 7th millenium BC), Can Hasan III, Konya plain, Turkey (Lithospermum arvense, very common) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 214) - Neolithic (c. 4500-3700 BC), Dhali Agridhi, Idalion, Cyprus (Anchusa sp., frequent) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 216) - Aceramic Neolithic (c. 7500-6500 BC), Tell Abu Hureyra, Northern Syria, (Lithospermum sp. and Echium sp., abundant) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 216) - Franchthi Cave, Argolis, Greece (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 222–23) 1) Palaeolithic (11000-7000 BC), (Lithospermum, Alkanna, Anchusa, all frequent) 2) Mesolithic (7300-6000 BC), (Lithospermum, Alkanna, Anchusa, all frequent) 3) Early Neolithic (6000-5300 BC), (Lithospermum, Alkanna, Anchusa, few) 4) Middle Neolithic (5000-4300 BC), (Lithospermum, Alkanna, Anchusa, rare) 5) Late Neolithic (4300-2800 BC), (Lithospermum, Alkanna, Anchusa, rare) - Sesklo (including Argissa and Otzaki), Thessaly, Greece, (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 223) 1) Aceramic, Early Neolithic (c. 6200-5800 BC), (Lithospermum arvense, frequent) 2) Proto-, pre-Sesklo phases (6th millenium BC), (Lithospermum arvense, frequent) 3) Sesklo phase (5th mill. BC), (Lithospermum arvense, frequent) 4) Dimini phase, Late Neolithic (c. 3900-3400 BC), (Lithospermum arvense, rare) 5) Rahmani phase, Late Neolithic (c. 3300-2700 BC), (Lithospermum arvense, rare) - Late Vatya culture (Middle Bronze Age), Tiszaalpár-Várdomb, Hungary, (Lithospermum officinale) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 228) - Funnel Beaker culture (c. 2800 BC), Ksiaznice Wielkie, Kielce district, Poland, (Lithospermum officinale, Lithospermum arvense (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 231) - Middle Bronze Age, Százhalombatta-Földvár, Pest, Hungary, , (Lithospermum arvense, not charred) (Berzsényi 2009, 143) - Late Bronze Age, Kamid-el-Loz, West Bekaa, Lebanon, (Echium sp., millions of fruits in a vessel) (Pustovoytov, Riehl, and Mittmann 2004, 208) - Hunter gatherer culture (c. 7300-6600 BC), Uan Afuda cave, Central Sahara, Libya, (Echium sp., pollen, dominant, comprised more than 90% of the pollen found) (Mercuri 2009, 19) - Srubnaya-Albar phase (Bronze Age (c. 1890-1650 BC), Lake PW, Kammenyi Ambar, Trans Urals, Russia, (Echium vulgare) (Stobbe et al. 2016, 1694, 1699) - Pre-agricultural (c. 6000 BC), Nabta Playa, site E-75-6, Western desert, Southern Egypt, (Arnebia sp., frequent, charred) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 219) - Gothic Age (end of 5th - mid 6th century AD), Domagnano, San Marino, (Lappula squarrosa, mericarps bottom of well 1) (Mercuri et al. 2009, 80, 86) - Roman (2nd cent. BC- AD 40), Mutina, Modena, Italy, (Lithospermum/Buglossoides arvensis (2nd cent. BC-4th cent. AD) and Anchusa/Borago (AD 15-40)) (Rinaldi, Mazzanti, and Bosi 2013, 221, 225). Rubia sp. in archaeobotany Fig. 15. Prehistoric finds of Rubia sp. in this survey of archaeobotanical literature by period/culture. Purple: Rubia peregrina Red: Rubia tinctorum (map by Mikkel Nørtoft). - Neolithic Crimea (c. 5836-5358 BC), Buran Kaya IV, east of Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine (Rubia peregrina, seeds) (Salavert et al. 2014, 4) - Roman (3rd-6th cent. AD), Mutina, Modena, Italy, site 3, Palazzo Vaccari, (Rubia tinctorum) (Rinaldi, Mazzanti, and Bosi 2013, 221) Galium sp. in archaeobotany Fig. 16. Prehistoric finds of different Galium sp. in this survey of archaeobotanical literature by period/culture (map by Mikkel Nørtoft). - Srubnaya culture (early Late Bronze Age) in Krasnosamarskoe, Samara river valley, collected concentrated group in one end of a house structure Galium sp. (G. verum?) (D. Anthony et al. 2016, 254, 256, 271, 274–75; Popova 2016, 340) - Pre-Cucuteni culture (4th millennium BC) in Poduri, Bačau district (Galium spurium, contaminating domesticated crops in vessels) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 226–27) - Linearbandkeramik culture in Pari-Altäcker dülö, Tolna, Hungary (Galium sp.) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 228) - Radial pottery culture (Neolithic, 2nd half of 3rd millenium BC) in Zesɫawice, Kraków district (Galium aparine) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 231) - Early Bronze Age (c. 2000 BC), The Stumble, Blackwater Estuary, Essex (Galium sp.) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 237) - Late LBK (c. 5000-4500 BC?), Menneville and several other sites in the valley of the Aisne, France (Galium aparine) (Zohary and Hopf 2000, 238) - Neolithic Crimea, Buran Kaya IV (c. 5836-5358 BC), east of Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine (Galium aparine, Galium sp. (seeds)) (Salavert et al. 2014, 4) - Scythian-Sarmatian (5th-1st centuries BC), Zanovskoe, a floodplain of the Donets River, Eastern Ukraine, Lugansk oblast (pit 14), (Galium sp.) (Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, Telizhenko, and Jones 2012, 57) - Early MBA (c. 1600-1200 BC?), settlement Uhingen, Römerstrasse 91, Kreis Göppingen, East of Stuttgart, South Germany (Galium aparine) (Karg 1988, 232) - Urnfield culture, Treffensbuch, Gde. Berghülen, Alb.Donau-Kreis, South-East of Stuttgart, South Germany (Galium/Asperula sp.) (Karg 1989, 248) - EBA/MBA (1767-1781 BC (dendrochronology)) at ”Siedlung Forschner” South of Ulm, Southern Germany (Galium verum, Galium palustre, Galium aparine, Galium spurium) (Karg 2016, 172) - Single Grave Culture, (house site) at Strandet Hovedgård, Ørum, Denmark (Galium aparine (charred)) (Robinson and Karg 2000, 377) - Neolithic (Early Neolithic 6100-5700 BC), Džuljuna I, Orlovec I, III, Koprivec I; Koprivec -, Samovodene VI, V (Late
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