CONNECTING WORLDS -AND AGE DEPOSITIONS IN Dahlem TH ST Dorf BERLIN 19 -21 APRIL

Ethnologisches Museum Dahlem

Ethnologisches Museum Dahlem Lansstraße 8, 14195 Berlin

U 3 direction: U Krumme Lanke to U Dahlem Dorf Ethnologisches Museum (Dahlem)

Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Eurasien-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Im Dol 2-6, D-14195 Berlin, www.dainst.org, Phone +49 30 187711-311 EURASIEN-ABTEILUNG CONNECTING WORLDS BRONZE-AND DEPOSITIONS IN EUROPE BERLIN 19TH-21ST APRIL

Eurasien-Abteilung Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Berlin 2018 WELCOMING ADDRESS

Preface

On the occasion of the European Cultural Heritage Year (ECHY) 2018, which aims to make the shared European roots visible, the Eurasian Department of the German Ar- chaeological Institute organizes the conference

Connecting worlds - Bronze and Iron Age depositions in Europe.

Bronze Age and Early Iron Hoards and single depositions in rivers, lakes and bogs but also mountains and along old paths have been discussed over years. Whereas they were still in the 1970s considered as hidden treasures, in the last 30 years a lot of studies showed the regularities of hoard contents, the non-functional treatment of the objects and many other details which speak for ritual deposition. Meanwhile, most specialists would agree that if not all but the great majority of metal hoards was deposited by religious reasons in the broadest sense.

This paradigm change makes hoards a cultural phenomenon which links most regions in Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals and to the from Scan- dinavia to Greece between 2200 and 500 BC and in many regions also thereafter. This raises a number of questions which are not answered yet and require more research and discussion. How was it possible that the idea and the practice of deposition could spread over such large areas? What is the explanation for the different rhythms of de- position during the Bronze and Early Iron Age in these regions? Was the deposited me- tal really a considerable amount of wealth? How was deposition practice connected with other forms of destruction of wealth? Was there a difference between the deposi- tion practices in the Mediterranean and the rest of Europe?

35 invited archaeologists from 19 European countries will discuss new directions in re- search on Bronze Age and Iron Age depositions. Metal deposition as a widespread and long lasting social practice seems to be a perfect candidate of shared cultural Heritage in Europe. Facing the actual crisis of Europe in the West and in the East, the European Cultural Heritage Year can enhance the understanding of what unites Europe culturally in its broad diversity.

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Svend Hansen

3 PROGRAMME

Thursday, 19th of April 2018 16.30 Ondřej Chvojka (České Budějovice) Finds of Bronze Age metal hoards in and their Chair: Joni Apakidze (Tiflis/ Berlin) relations in the longue durée

9.30 Svend Hansen (Berlin) 17.00 Dragan Jovanovič (Vršac)/ Barry Molloy (Dublin) Introduction: Hoarding practices in Europe Bronze Age Depositions in Serbia

10.00 Christian Jeunesse (Strasbourg) 17.30 Wojciech Blajer (Kraków) Introduction: hoards and graves in the long term perspective Hoards in between the Carpathians and the Baltic Sea

10.30 Botond Rezi (Târgu Mureş) 20.00 Conference Dinner Fragmentation in hoards. What does it mean?

11.00 Coffee break Friday, 20th of April 2018 11.30 Sabine Reinhold (Berlin) Hording practices in the Caucasus between European and Near Chair: Daniel Neumann (Frankfurt) Eastern traditions – Old ideas and new contexts 9.30 Harald Meller (Halle) 12.00 Sergej Kuzmynich (Moscow) The Sky Disc of Nebra in the Context of the European Hoarding Practice Remarks on the Relation between Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Hoards in Northern Eurasia 10.00 Agnė Čivilyte (Vilnius) United by one idea: The Bronze and Iron Age metal depositions 12.30 Ol‘ga Koročkova (Ekaterinburg) in the Eastern Baltic Region Bronze Age Hoards in Transurals: Content, Chronology, Context 10.30 Flemming Kaul (Kopenhagen) 13.00 Lunch break A Late Bronze Age hoard of 2000 gold spirals from Boeslunde, Zealand, Denmark Chair: Tilmann Vachta (Berlin) 11.00 Coffee break 14.30 Josyp Kobal‘ (Užgorod) On the border of Central and Eastern Europe: 11.30 Katharina Becker (Cork) Bronze Age Hoards in the Transcarpathian Region () Hoards in Ireland. Development Variety

15.00 Oliver Dietrich (Berlin) 12.00 Tobias Mörtz (Berlin) One but not the same. Hoarding socketed axes Weapon sacrifices in the Bronze Age in Bronze Age 12.30 David Fontijn (Leiden) 15.30 János Gábor Tarbay (Budapest) Imagined and real – on the of depositional landscapes The Hajdúböszörmény hoard and related finds in Europe in the European Bronze Age

16.00 Coffee break

4 5 PROGRAMME

13.00 Lunch break Saturday, 21st of April 2018

Chair: Dirk Brandherm (Belfast) Chair: Udo Schlotzhauer (Berlin)

14.30 Xosé-Lois Armada (Santiago de Compostela) 9.30 Friederike Fless (Berlin) requested Atlantic Late Bronze Age interaction through metal hoards: challenges Address of welcome and results of a research strategy (read by Ana Bettencourt) 10.00 Alessandro Naso (Neapel) 15.00 Ana Bettencourt (Braga) Iron Age Hoards in Late Bronze Age Metal Depositions in the Northwestern : an Ontological Approach 10.30 Viktoria Fischer Christoforides (Genève) from Swiss lake dwellings: lost or immersed? 15.30 Beatriz Comendador Rey (Ourense) 11.00 Coffee break The Hoard of As Silgadas (Caldas de Reis):

Structured Actions and Interactions in the Landscape 11.30 Gerhard Tomedi (Innsbruck) Beyond Piller: Offerings on ritual , favissae and further 16.00 Coffee break deposits in the Iron Age in the Alpine area 16.30 Sylvie Boulud-Gazo (Nantes) / Francis Bordas (Toulouse)/ 12.00 Ioannis Mylonopoulos (New York) Henri Gandois (Paris)/ Muriel Mélin (Rennes)/ Marilou Nordez (Toulouse) Metal votive objects of “foreign” origin in Greek sanctuaries Bronze Age land hoards in : modes of immobilisation of the Geometric and Archaic periods and 12.30 Susanne Bocher (Mirow) 17.00 Muriel Mélin (Rennes)/ Stefan Wirth (Dijon) Votive practice in geometric and early archaic Olympia French River Finds from the Bronze and Early Iron Ages

13.00 Lunch break 17.30 Muriel Fily (Le Faou)/ José Gomez de Soto (Poitiers) The metallic hoards in the Bronze and Iron Ages in Brittany, France: Chair: Franz Schopper (/ Zossen) old and new discoveries 14.30 Denis Topal (Chişinău) from hoards: depositional practice of ceremonial akinakai

15.00 Biba Teržan (Ljubljana) Iron Age Depositions in Southeastern Alpine Area

15.30 Coffee break

16.00 Panel Discussion, directed by Andrew Curry (Berlin) Hoards: European Bronze Age Heritage with Kristian Kristiansen (Göteborg), Richard Bradley (Reading/ Berkshire), Marie-Louise Sørensen (Cambridge)

Visitors are welcome

6 7 ABSTRACTS Late Bronze Age metal depositions in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula: an ontological approach Prof. Dr. Ana M.S. Bettencourt Atlantic Late Bronze Age interaction through metal hoards: Landscapes, Heritage and Territory Laboratory, challenges and results of a research strategy Department of History at University of Minho, Braga, Prof. Dr. Xosé-Lois Armada Institute of Heritage Sciences (Incipit) Deposition of metal artefacts during the Bronze Age is a wider phenomenon at- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) tested in northwestern Iberia as well as all over Europe. In this area, the study of this phenomenon has been conducted using several approaches: typological, met- Research on the Atlantic Late Bronze Age metal hoards has traditionally come up allurgical, contextual and, finally, interpretative. against two major problems. On the one hand, the majority of studies adopt a In this paper, the main goal is to interpret the Late Bronze Age hoards - mainly geographically very restricted focus that makes it difficult to identify both their those containing axes – while bearing in mind the premises that they are inten- regional singularities and their general patterns. On the other hand, they tend to tional depositions to one or more selected places in the context of the Bronze Age assess each aspect of the phenomenon (typology, metal composition, geographic network landscapes. location…) while paying little attention to how they relate to each other. Using this approach, it will be taken into account the organisation/orientation of Our research strategy aims to examine the nature and extent of interaction be- the axes inside the hoards and the micro and medium contexts of its deposition, tween the Late Bronze Age communities of the European Atlantic façade (c. 1300- based on recent research. 850 BC) through the comparative study of metal hoards in selected geographical Interpretations related to the importance of some liminal places or mounds in areas. To achieve this aim, we prioritise a standardised data acquisition protocol natural pathways will explain in the context of the crescent amount of internal and in focus areas on the Atlantic façade (central Portugal, north of Galicia, Morbihan, external travels and exchanges that connected people in the Late Bronze Age. south-east of Britain…). From the analytical point of view, we aim to build a new corpus of chemical composition and lead isotope analysis of Late Bronze Age metal objects from the selected study areas which will be extended through the compila- tion of previous analytical data. Hoards in Poland between the Carpathians and the Baltic Sea In our presentation we will focus on the results generated in the framework of our Prof. Dr. Wojciech Blajer research projects. These new results, alongside other archaeological and analytical Institut of Archaeology of the Jagellonian University, Kraków information, provide new insights into the circulation and hoarding of metals in the Atlantic Late Bronze Age. In the Bronze and Early Iron Ages, bronze metallurgy in what is now Poland relied on imported raw material. From a typological perspective, most artefacts reveal local traits, although their prototypes usually originated from the Alpine-Danubian zone, and less often from the Tisa River basin and the Nordic circle. There are more Hoards and hoarding in Ireland. Development and Variety than 1,000 hoards of metal objects known, which date from the Early Bronze Age Dr. Katharina Becker until the end of the Early Iron Age (BrA-HaD). Hoards of finished objects comprised University College Cork of ring ornaments, axes, and are predominant, while scrap metal and cast- ing waste are relatively rare finds. For some of the finds the place of deposition is The depositional record of Bronze and Iron Age Ireland clearly forms part of the known, for example in wetlands, elevated places, or in the vicinity of large boul- pan-European phenomenon of deposition, sharing characteristics such as the dep- ders. Special arrangement of the artefacts within a hoard has rarely been recorded. osition of weaponry in watery contexts or the peak in frequency of deposition in The picture of hoards in the territory of Poland varies in time and space, and shows the Late Bronze Age. However, a range of characteristics, such as the high propor- both similarities and differences as compared with the neighbouring parts of Eu- tion of gold hoarding throughout the Bronze and Iron Age, the role of deposition rope; the same holds true for the relationships between hoards and stray finds and as the almost sole source of metal artefacts as well as the lack of scrap hoards make grave inventories. the Irish material an unusual case study. This paper will present an overview of the main characteristics of hoard, single find and burial depositions across time, from the Early Bronze Age to the Iron Age. In tracing contrast and similarities across con- text and material classes, interrelationships between different modes of deposi- tion can be recognized. Type and context-specific depositions in their function are suggested to be tools to negotiate cosmological concerns revolving around the objects, their materiality and meaning. Using the opportunity of the long-term perspective taken in this paper, it will be explored to what extent changes in the ar- ticulation of the practice over the course of the Bronze and Iron Age can be related to broader societal and economic developments.

8 9 Votive practice in Geometric and Early Archaic Olympia Bronze Age land hoards in France: modes of immobilisation Dr. Susanne Bocher and burial Schloss Mirow, Staatliche Schlösser, Gärten und Kunstsammlungen M-V Prof. Dr. Sylvie Boulud-Gazo (Nantes/ CReAAH, Rennes), Francis Bordas, M.A. (Université de Toulouse Jean Jaurès), The excavations at the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia revealed a great number of Henri Gandois, M.A. (Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne), metal finds that had been deposited there over several centuries. Due to the tapho- Dr. Muriel Mélin (CReAAH, Rennes) nomic conditions, metal objects have been extraordinarily well preserved through the ages. Dr. Marilou Nordez (Université de Toulouse Jean Jaurès). The earliest finds connected to rituals at altars date back to the Geometric Period. The many Bronze Age land hoards found in France vary greatly within time and Most finds are votive objects that had been produced for this special context, like in space. Differences in topography and climate, as well as the diverse landscapes bronze animals or tripod cauldrons. They were found in the debris of ritual remains within a vast area would have had an important impact on ancient ritual practices from open air altars, where they had been deposited and later levelled for the con- and it is therefore difficult to define these practices over such a long period. -How struction of other buildings in the sanctuary. ever, this constitutes a favourable situation for the study of non-funerary deposits In the early Archaic Period, the votive practices changed and a huge number of in this area occupied by people with different cultural affinities. parts of warrior equipment was found, deriving from war booty that had been ded- It is possible to identify the schemas that define the hoards’ makeup and to de- icated to the sanctuary of Zeus. These votive offerings had been first presented to tail the modalities of the treatment and/or burial of objects that can be unique to the public and were later deposited in unused ephemeral wells or in the fillings of different chrono-cultural entities using the significant corpus of Bronze Age land the stadium slopes. hoards. In this presentation, we do not aim to be all-encompassing, but aim to de- Whereas in the Archaic Period we have more information about historic events due fine the rules that seem to govern this practice during the different chronological to written sources describing the origin of votive objects in the sanctuary, it is re- periods and within specific geographical areas. We are particularly interested in markable that already in the Geometric Period the finds show not only connections using the study of larger corpora to determine periods during which this practice to other regions in Greece, but also to more distant places on the Southern Balkan increases, as the larger corpora make it possible to identify regular actions. Par- peninsula, the Adriatic region and Italy. Another interesting aspect of the Olympia ticular attention will be given to specific land hoards, such as Early Bronze Age axe metal depositions is that many of the finds bear traces of intentional damage or ingots (2200-1650 BC), palstave hoards and/or annular adornments from the At- even total destruction. The reason for this can be found in their sacrificial and ritual lantic Middle Bronze Age 2 (1500-1350 BC) or even hoards from the Carps tongue context. horizon corresponding to the Atlantic Late Bronze Age 3 (950-800 BC). The analyses and results on the treatment and origin of deposited votive metal ob- The codified actions used by women and men to constitute land hoards during jects in the sanctuary of Olympia will be set in the broader context of depositional the Bronze Age, the existence of widely accepted rules as well as the occurrence traditions of that time in order to compare and discuss the reason for similarities of specific manipulations form the basis of a discussion on the function and the and differences to other regions. interpretation of these hoards, that without a doubt vary from one cultural area to another throughout time. (Collective authorship: Sylvie BOULUD-GAZO (Maître de conférences en Protohistoire européenne, université de Nantes – LARA, Nantes/ UMR 6566 CReAAH, Rennes), Fran- cis BORDAS (Doctorant, université de Toulouse Jean Jaurès – UMR 5608 TRACES, Tou- louse), Henri GANDOIS (Doctorant, université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne – UMR 8215 Trajectoires, Nanterre/ Chercheur associé UMR 6566 CReAAH, Rennes), Muriel MÉLIN (Ingénieure d’étude – Chercheure associée UMR 6566 CReAAH, Rennes) and Marilou NORDEZ (Post-doctorante Programme ANR-DFG «Celtic Gold» - UMR 5608 TRACES, Toulouse/ université de Toulouse Jean Jaurès; Translation : Rebecca PEAKE).

10 11 Finds of Bronze Age metal hoards in Bohemia and their United by one idea: The Bronze and Iron Age metal relations in the longue durée. depositions in the Eastern Baltic Region Prof. Dr. Ondřej Chvojka Dr. Agnė Čivilytė University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice Lithuanian Institute of History, Vilnius

Hoards of metal artefacts, their fragments, ingots or raw material are a phenom- The depositions of metal artefacts from Bronze to the Early Iron Age in the East- enon in Bohemia throughout the Bronze Age, with various chronological as well ern Baltic region (Kaliningrad district, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) is undoubtedly as regional occurrences. There are two peaks in the density of metal hoarding in part of a Pan-European cultural phenomenon. This view has been confirmed by Bohemia; the first of them lies in the late phases of the Early Bronze Age and in a number of common patterns in the deposition of metal objects in the East Bal- the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (i.e. Br A2 – Br B1). Most of the hoards of tic with characteristic deposits of metal recovered throughout Europe such as the this epoch represent finds of ring- or rib-ingots, which are known from all settled pragmatic selection of items, the intentional fragmentation of items before depo- regions, but their most visible concentration is in South Bohemia. These hoards of sition, and the location of depositions in very special places. Hoards and individu- ingots are traditionally connected with the distribution of copper from to the al items found in the Eastern Baltic region can therefore be considered as part of central parts of Bohemia; most of them are located by the main rivers in Bohemia, European heritage. An interesting observation is that during both the Early Bronze which are assumed to be channels of long-trade routes at that time. Another hoard and Iron Ages hoards as well as deposits of individual items and ritualized burial category is represented by complexes of final products, which often include a lot places for metals are quite scarce. Even if this could be attributed to a shortcoming of imports. These therefore document intensive contacts of Bohemia with various of previous studies, an increasingly intensified cooperation with metal detectorists regions (e.g. Danube-regions, Alps, Carpathian-Basin, North Europe etc.). in recent years has clearly shown that the majority of the communities residing in Only very few metal hoards are known in the following phases of the Middle the region were not users of metal technologies, therefore this cultural area can be Bronze Age (Br B2-C2) in Bohemia. The reason for this is yet unknown, but one of referred to as non-metalliferous. It is ironic that, although metal production and the possible interpretations could be the more difficult dating of metal hoards at manipulation begins to appear in the of the Eastern Baltic Late Bronze Age, that time. In the last years, some hoards from the Middle Bronze Age were found, no unique Bronze Age Cultural Horizon or any artefacts characteristic to the region containing almost exclusively copper in the form of cake-shaped (plankonvex) in- at this time developed. The question then arises as to what extent the deposition gots (also common in the subsequent Urnfield Period). Only a few hoards from of metal artefacts is affected by interregional relations. Knowledge of metallurgy the stages Br B2-C2 with chronologically sensitive artefacts are known in Bohemia. and ritual practices related to its use by this time had spread throughout Europe. The second peak of Bronze Age hoards occurring in Bohemia lies in the Urnfield This also raises the question of to what extent the practices surrounding the depo- Period (i.e. Late and Final Bronze Age; Br C2/D – Ha B3), but there are considerable sitions of metals can be considered as reflections of local behavioural patterns and differences between regions as well as cultural groups (Upper-Danubian Urnfields to what extent they are reflections from the other cultural areas. Most of the hoards and Lusatian Urnfields) in Bohemia. For the beginning of the Urnfield Period (Bz consist of only imported items - this could be evidence of the origins of people C2/D) there are typical hoards of so called “Plzeň-Jíkalka horizon”, which are con- arriving from other regions and using these places as sacrifice locations. Recently centrated in South and West Bohemia, and “Velim-Chrást horizon” from the Lusa- discovered paleogenetic and paleozoological data support the conclusions that tian groups in East Bohemia. Hoards of fragments are very common in the regions there was migration of humans into the region, however, it still remains unclear of Upper-Danubian Urnfields in the period of Br D – Ha A1, while they are rare whether the people were migrating on a regular basis or whether these were eco- in eastern parts of Bohemia. Hoards of complete products, especially jewels, are nomically driven, smaller-scale processes related to search for . The most re- known for the Lusatian region. In the middle Urnfield Period in Bohemia, a concen- cent studies tend to support the latter version. It is clear however, that by this time tration of metal hoards is visible in the area of Elbe River in Northwest Bohemia, the people residing in the Eastern coast of the Baltic Sea were behaving in exactly while their occurrence is relatively scarce in other regions. The last phase of the the same manner as people residing everywhere else. They would collect their val- deposition of hoards in Bohemia belongs to the end of the Urnfield Period (Ha B3); uable metal items into hoards and dispose of them into swamps, rivers, and other hoards of this phase are known from almost all settled regions, however in lower water bodies. The actual motives for this global phenomenon are not easy to inter- concentrations, as in the phases Br D – Ha A1. pret. On the basis of sources written by Christian immigrants to the Baltic region, Almost no finds of metal hoards are recorded in Bohemia during the Early Iron Age, it is reasonable to partially link the ritual customs of pre-Christian times with those another period of occurrence of metal hoards is then the La Tène-Period with an- which prevailed in the area for a considerable period of time. This includes the ritual other type of hoard, especially iron tools, gold or silver coins and bronze jewels. deposition of metal artefacts. Irrespective of whether or not such intentions were realised, the depositions of the Bronze and the Early Iron Age are probably the most conspicuous archaeological reflections of behaviour codes of the ancient people, and represent the persistence of beliefs which emerged in their shared worldview. These codes are a message to modern mankind saying clearly that, regardless of the time we live in, we are all united by the fact that we can still understand this single, greatly important idea.

12 13 The Hoard of As Silgadas (Caldas de Reis): structured actions One but not the same: Hoarding socketed axes and interactions in the Landscapes in Bronze Age Romania Prof. Dr. Beatriz Comendador Rey Oliver Dietrich, M.A. Department of History, Art and Geography, Area of Prehistory, Freie Universität Berlin University of Vigo Socketed axes are among the most common finds of the Late Bronze Age in Eastern The hoard of As Silgadas (Caldas de Reis, Galicia) in northwestern Iberia is an out- and Southeastern Europe. Their preservation in high numbers is clearly connected standing find of around 27 kg of gold (current weight: 14.900 kg), with gold annu- to the custom of hoarding, as more than 80% of all known finds stem from hoards. lar ingots; massive, decorated vessels; and a gold comb and fragments of a cylin- The main distribution area of socketed axes lies in the Upper Tisza region and the drical collar with parallel bands cut in a gold sheet. The assemblage is comprised Carpathian Basin. Outside of this area finds get scarcer in the Eurasian steppes and of 41 artefacts dated in different chronologies, and the deposition chronology is the Lower Danube region, which coincides with the density of hoards. The territory still controversial, suspected to have been between 1800 and 1400-1000 BC. It was of modern-day Romania comprises parts of all these geographical regions and is found during agricultural works in 1940 and has since been the object of succes- therefore well suited for comparative studies of regional differences and intercon- sive studies (F. Bouza Brey, Mª. Ruiz Gálvez, A. Hartmann, V. Pingel, B. Armbruster, nections in the social practices connected with this artefact category. B. Comendador, etc.) almost exclusively focused on the objects themselves. Hence, Hoards within the main distribution area usually include a larger number of sock- it lacks an approach that takes into account current directions in the studies on eted axes in used, but still functional condition as well as fragments. They further Bronze Age and Iron Age depositions. show some clear chronological tendencies. First, the importance of socketed axes The aim of this work is to contextualize this find within the general framework of in hoards seems to have grown over time. Second, earlier hoards tend to be more the phenomenon of metalwork deposition across Atlantic Europe in Late Prehisto- diverse regarding their contents; socketed axes are combined with a multitude of ry. This new insight brings together multiple aspects under investigation, from the different artefact categories. Later hoards tend to be more reduced in their compo- gold composition, to artefact typology, the arrangement, landscape setting and sition, with socketed axes dominating. The later axes are often very small, in some also the skyscape. cases miniaturized. In many cases their alloy is very low in tin and can hardly have We envisage the opening of new lines of research that consider not only the arte- served as tools. They are the result of a transformation process of tools, which were facts, but also the locus, and other subjects like “mythemes” that could be analysed used at some stage in their biography within cultic contexts as votives, to inten- in the frame of a structuralist approach, looking for structured actions in the land- tionally made votives. scape. At the same time, it could be related to similar aspects from other sites, in At the southern periphery, the image is different. First, there are fewer hoards. What order to consider the interconnecting functions of metal deposition. is remarkable is that many hoards are formed from only one or two object catego- We propose to value the anthropological information related with “enchanted ries, often those of socketed axes and sickles. In many cases, hoards contain only moors” and “treasures”, as a new means to explore the ways in which social actions socketed axes and often series of axes deposited in a freshly cast condition. Ad- and interactions are made visible in the social memory and symbolic landscape. ditionally, these axes were never intended to be used, as they show socket-blade Finally, we reflect upon the “invisible” character of metal hoards as a relevant aspect ratios that would be characteristic for objects used for a considerable amount of of our heritage, their meanings in the contemporary world, and explore new ways time in the Carpathian Basin. They were made as votives from the start. to add visibility to this phenomenon by means of an anthropological approach to It seems that at the periphery of the southeast European “hoarding zone”, most these places and territories involving local communities. depositions were reduced to the central elements of hoards further to the north. The Carpathians are not considered to be a boundary for the hoarding phenom- enon, as they are not a boundary for the distribution of the main artefact types hoarded. They are, however, a filter of some sort: the idea of hoarding persists, but is changed and adapted. Another such change can be highlighted for the region to the east of the Carpathi- ans. Here, zones that produce hoards of largely complete socketed axes inter- change with zones where only single objects were deposited. The present contribution will address the points outlined here in detail and show how the general idea of hoarding socketed axes is dispersed, received and inter- preted within a large communication area.

14 15 The metallic hoards in the Bronze and Iron Ages in Brittany, Bronzes from Swiss lake dwellings: lost or immersed? France: old and new discoveries Dr. Viktoria Fischer Christoforides Dr. Muriel Fily Université de Genève Conseil départemental du Finistère, UMR 6566 CReAAH, Prof. Dr. José Gomez de Soto Directeur de recherche émérite, UMR 6566 CReAAH, Since 1854, the discoveries of pile dwellings in have generated very rich collections of archaeological items. Among the objects from the Bronze Age, Brittany has always been famous for its Bronze Age metal hoards due to their large the metal artefacts are emblematic of the Swiss “Sonderfall” (i.e. “special case”). In- size and especially due to Dr Jacques Briard’s research works in the second half of deed, thousands of bronze objects dating between the second half of the 11th the 20th century. The Bronze Age is seen as the richest period for this region. Some century B.C. and the 9th century B.C. (end of the Late Bronze Age, or B) of the hoards are very well known, as for example the Middle Bronze Age hoard of were discovered on the perimeter of the settlements. These objects accumulated Treboul and the Late Bronze Age Penavern’s hoard of Rosnoën. The various Late in the shallow water over a period of 250 years, while the lakeshore villages were Bronze Age hoards of carp’s tongue swords or the numerous Armorican type sock- inhabited. eted axe hoards of the Iron Age contributed to the region’s renown. The resuming of the archaeological excavations on the shores of Lake Neuchâtel The extent of this practice all over Europe and the mystery regarding their function (western Switzerland) in the second half of the 20th century renewed an interest and importance in the society have always fascinated people, archaeologists as in the study of older collections despite the scarcity of relevant contextual data. In- well as the general public. This leads to debates concerning the very different the- terpretations from the 19th century, portraying these bronze artefacts as uniquely ories on the role of these hoards. The interpretations sometimes reflect more of the consisting of lost objects or domestic litter has been reviewed in the light of these current people’s conception of society than that of our ancestors. discoveries. However, beyond the exact meaning of these actions, which can be seen step by Between 2002 and 2010, we studied a representative sample of more than 17 000 step at each new excavation or study, what really matters is the fact that this prac- bronze objects from western Swiss pile dwellings, of an overall weight of 274 kg in tice is shared by so many people and so many communities over vast distances in metal. The sample consists of ten archaeological collections coming from Lake Ge- Europe. neva and the Three Lakes region (Neuchâtel, Bienne, Morat). The objectives were, The method of apprehending these hoards has changed gradually: only the object firstly, to describe the collections within space and time and, secondly, to compare and its origin seemed important at the beginning of research, while in the 21th them to other categories of archaeological sites, such as deposits and river finds, in century the disposition of the artifacts in the ground, as well as the natural and order to propose an interpretation of this phenomenon in the broader European cultural environments or the deposition process became more significant. This context. change of consideration is also the result of rescue archaeology, which carries out The research of these sample objects has produced a set of time- and space-related excavations on large areas. It is also worth noting that in recent years, several digs patterns, showing a selective deposition of metalwork. These observations have were conducted following metal detections. Due to an important work done by led us to the conclusion that the majority of the studied bronzes were immersed the Regional Service of Archaeology of Brittany, which encourages people to de- intentionally, and did not consist uniquely of lost or forgotten domestic artefacts. clare their discoveries without touching anything, a lot of information could have Our comparisons with other types of archaeological sites led to the “decomposi- been saved. But the problem of illegal metal detection remains an issue at Europe- tion” of metal collections in “river finds” and “deposits”. These practices can there- an level as there is a colossal amount of lost data. fore be integrated in the broad European phenomenon of metal depositions. Of In the light of old and recent discoveries in Brittany, elements which makes this course, our object inventory is supplemented by lost or forgotten artefacts, but practice either unique or common in this region will be discussed and replace in a only in small proportions. more general Atlantic world’s context. Our findings also suggest that the voluntary immersion of bronzes in the perime- ter of the Swiss pile dwellings symbolises socially codified practices (i.e. ritualised practices), triggered by ideological, economic, and “political” factors. This complex- ity is inherent to the Late Bronze Age society, and the various activities witnessed in over two centuries in the pile dwellings have contributed to the wealth of these collections.

16 17 Imagined and real. On the nature of depositional landscapes Introduction: hoards and graves in the long-term perspective in the European Bronze Age Prof. Dr. Christian Jeunesse Prof. Dr. David Fontijn Université de Strasbourg, Institut Universitaire de France Universiteit Leiden The first hoards date back to the Late Paleolithic Solutrean Culture. But in Europe, If we want to make sense of metalwork deposition, perhaps one of the most puz- this practice became more common only at the end of the Early . The first zling aspects is to understand the way objects were buried in the landscape. Ne- important occurrences are those of the the Danubian adzes and axes, dating be- olithic and Bronze Age depositional landscapes all over Europe seem to defy the tween ca. 5100 and 4500 BC, and the Alpine axe blades, dating between ca. 4700 kind of boundaries we know from historical and modern landscapes – depositional and 4300 BC. Both show that important « Horsitten » already existed in non-metal- landscapes are fluid and have fuzzy boundaries. Conventional categorizations as lurgic societies. On the other hand, hoarding in the traditional, “prehistoric” man- wet vs dry often fail to explain the location of depositions and seem to go back to ner lasts until the end of the first millennium AD, which makes hoarding a typ- place categorizations that do not have that much to do with prehistoric reality. As ical “longue durée” phenomenon. The decline of this typical prehistoric practice an alternative, I argue that the evidence we have indicates that deposition sites was caused by the emergence of state societies. In the Neolithic- era, were understood as ‘relational’ rather than as ‘places’. Case studies demonstrate hoarding is typical of societies whose funerary practices are characterized by indi- that fuzzy and ambiguous boundaries are not a problem but rather an essential vidual graves and the use of grave goods reflecting gender and status. From the feature of deposition landscape, something which can be modeled and tested and beginning, at least part of the hoards contained types of valuables that are other- gives way to an entirely different view on Bronze Age landscapes. Following the wise deposited in elite graves. From the first, pre-metallurgical episodes, hoarding work of J.R. Searle, it is argued that they refer to concepts of landscapes that are practice has a dialectic relation with funerary practices. In the Danubian cultures, both imagined and real, and relate both to mundane experiences of life and to regions with a great density of hoards show a very low density of elite graves. In moral economies in which the deposited objects were included. other periods, for instance in the sequence relating the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of La Tène period in , some valuables are found, accord- ing to time, either in hoards or in graves and such contrasts (opposition between two neighboring regions or two successive periods in the same area) exist through- out all six millennia of the hoarding phenomenon. One can identify several cycles during which periods with intensive hoarding and periods with elite graves are, in a given region, mutually exclusive. The dialectic relation normally affected precious goods (like swords) but also, during some periods, exceptional goods. Depending on the period, those two types of goods were offered either to supernatural beings (hoard) or to members of the elite (grave). The use of exceptional, “sacred” goods in elite graves is typical of stratified societies. This occurs quite seldom, in rather small areas where the phenomenon lasts at most four to six generations. Its emergence means an abrupt break with the segmented / acephalous societies that represent the ordinary type of social organization in Europe from the Early Neolithic to the emergence of state organizations. It seems as if the latter would chase hoarding practices. Precious and exceptional goods acquire new statuses and other roles in the political, social and ritual fields.

18 19 Bronze Age Depositions in Serbia Bronze Age hoards in the Transurals. Dr. Dragan Jovanovič, City museum Vršac Composition, chronology and contexts Dr. Barry Molloy, University College Dublin Dr. Ol‘ga N. Koročkova Ural Federal University There are many known hoards of later Bronze Age date in the Central Balkans, and in this paper we will speak primarily about examples from the Vojvodina region of This paper details Bronze Age hoard finds in the Urals, whose differing and eco- Serbia, where they are particularly numerous. In recent years, critical evaluation nomically reversible hoards and votive objects can be found in European parallels. of the meaning of hoards at a European scale has been enhanced by integrating The hoards testify the formation of universal deposition practices of prestige arte- the study of find context, even at the coarse level of wetland vs. dryland. In Serbia, facts as well as a new worldview, which was accompanied by decisive changes in there are limits to this approach because many are old finds that were recovered the Bronze Age living environment. with little or no documentation of context. Nonetheless, it is clear that most finds The practice of hoarding reflects a universal behavior that experienced widespread are from dryland contexts and their general provenance most commonly lies close application during the Metal Ages. to major river courses. In this paper, we therefore focus on the character, compo- In the Urals, where the Bronze Age began during the second millennium BC, the sition and general context of hoards to consider how and why they were assem- tradition of hoards seems to have not appeared until the later Bronze Age, where bled and deposited in prehistory. Our approach considers how hoards can inform this changed drastically within the final years. A number of complexes were dis- us about traditions of craft and value by evaluating their creation and the means covered, which were designated in varying degrees to have been intentional dep- through which their contents were removed from an active service life. Using (lim- ositions. ited) contextual, typological, metallographic and metalwork wear analysis, we will Here, above all, the finds concern eight bronze and copper objects discovered near discuss some preliminary results of our ongoing research into these hoards. the municipal of Gladunina (Puchovaya) on the right bank of the Suer’ River (trib- utary of the Tobol), in the Rayon Belozersk, Oblast’ . Two further complexes were unearthed in the Prytovsker Dunes in the Iset’ ( of the Tobol River) river , in the Rajon Šarinsk, Oblast’ kurgan. The first of these two complexes contained two wedge-shaped objects, one inside the other. The second of these A Late Bronze Age hoard of 2000 gold spirals from complexes contained a flat axe, whose blade is deformed on two sides, as well as a Boeslunde, Zealand, Denmark pendant made of seashells and wedge-shaped objects. Dr. Flemming Kaul The depositional character of the presented sets of objects is obvious; the typol- The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen ogy of the metal objects and the geography are indicative of the early Alakul’sker Culture. The hoards are completely unique, but are nevertheless united by general In 2015, a hoard of 2000 gold spirals with an altogether weight of 644 g was uncov- characteristics. Their compositions reflect extremely rare artefacts for this period: ered at Boeslunde, Western Zealand, Denmark. The gold spirals date to Period V of spear-shaped objects, a socketed axe with a depression, a dagger with a slotted the , ca. 900-700 BC. The area around Boeslunde and the marked grip, and massive sickles. The compilations are comprised of highly valuable ob- hill Borgbjerg Banke is characterized by a large number of Late Bronze Age dep- jects, which also reflect the general characteristics of metalworking in this region, ositions, including heavy gold arm rings and gold vessels. Furthermore, the area thus characterising their standard, range, and specifics. Metalworking in the Urals has produced a concentration of bronze depositions, including a pair of lurs. The shows a complexity which emerged in the first half of the second millennium BC. 2000 gold spirals likely formed a part of a particular item of costume, thus being Here, alloys created using different technological traditions have been recorded considered as representing some sort of a priestly/princely garment. which indicate, on the one hand, Circumpontic technologies that were developed Some hoards of bronze ornaments were not just depositions of valuable bronzes, in the production centres of the Steppe, and, on the other hand, innovative devel- as demonstrated by examples of female bronze ornaments of Period II of the Nor- opments of the masters of the Semeina-Turbino tradition. dic Bronze Age (1500-1300 BC). Such hoards include belt plates, neck collars and The hoard of Glabunsk is perceived entirely as a reversible, economic hoard. The tutuli. In a couple of cases, the hoards include bronze tubes, which decorated the finds from Prygovsk could be similarly interpreted as depositions. They are differ- corded skirt. The woolen cords of the skirt are preserved inside the tubes, giving entiated by one mere factor, namely the autonomy of the complexes (!) – they are evidence that the deposition included dress parts proper. located six metres away from each other. Do other archaeological features with this type of proximity exist? Yes, they do! To a certain extent, this situation is rem- iniscent of the observations in the shrine from Šaytanskoe Orzero II, not far from Ekaterinburg, where dozens of complexes of metal artefacts were strewn over an area of ca. 1000 square metres. Among these were found several depositions with numerous objects, but the majority were composed of depositions containing only one, two or three artefacts, which stood upright, stuck within each other. A number of these complexes were located in the immediate vicinity of each other (less than 1 metre away), but others had more than 10 metres between them. The shrine was a place in which votive objects were offered. According to the radiocarbon dates, it was continuously used over a considerable span of time between 2000-1650 BC.

20 21 Analogies between the hoards from Prygotosk and Šaytanskoe Orzero II are justi- to the largest metallurgical province of the Late Bronze Age, European and Eur- fied; some details – i.e. typology of the artefacts and contexts – even allow us to asian (west Asian). The border between these zones ran between the Dnepr and treat them as existing within the same chronological horizon. northern Donec between Crimea and Kuban’. Several types of depositions in the Urals (e.g. economic, reversible depositions and The European hoard zone has been analysed in works from G. Childe, G. Wilke, votive) indicate European parallels and testify to the formation of a newly-adapt- E. Sprockhoff, Y. Hundt, S. Hänsel, S. Hansen, etc. The amount of available research ed worldview. They were accompanied by significant lifestyle changes during the on the Eurasian zone is considerably less. This paper is dedicated to that area. This Bronze Age and resulted from an array of innovations (pastoralism, metalworking, zone differs from the European zone according to the following characteristics: a transportation) that stimulated a demographic process, informational networks as few hoards are known from every phase of the Late Bronze Age, blacksmith hoards well as migration. are minimally represented (with regard to weight and composition), and treas- (This study was funded by a grant from the RFFI 16-06-00174 a) ure/repository hoards, among others, are missing. Hoard deposits in Eurasia are mostly known from archaeological cultures of the steppe and forest steppe areas. The majority of these are concentrated in the Ural’ area (Abaševo, Srubnaya, Sus- kan-Lugovskaya and the Mnogovalikov Cultures). These complexes of the steppe On the Border of Central and Eastern Europe: belt – which, in the past, have been connected with the Seyma-Turbino or Abaševo hoards – originate elsewhere. The hoards of the dominate with Bronze Age Hoards in the Transcarpathian region (Ukraine) regard to weight, and with regard to composition, those from the early and final Dr. Josyp V. Kobal’ Late Bronze Age dominate. The following groups in the Eurasian zone can be differ- Transcarpathian Regional Museum, Užgorod entiated if one follows the economic orientation of European research on hoards. There are two groups of blacksmith hoards (first, scrapmetal and metal bar hoards Hoards are one of the most unique and significant monuments of the Bronze Age. dominate, which are characteristic for regions with active mining or metallurgi- The Transcarpathian region is distinguished by an unusually large accumulation cal activities: the western Ural’ area (), the Ural’ area, Kazakstan. The second of hoards, altogether 192 find complexes with ca. 2700 objects in total from the type of hoard is comprised of moulds, as, for example, in Topolevka in the southern stages Br A2/B1 up until Ha B3/Ha C1. Ural’ area, appearing extremely infrequently in Eurasian cultures), hoards of trad- The formation process surrounding the practice of depositing metal is connected ers (concentrations of finished or semifinished artefacts from blacksmiths), and with the emergence of the Stanovo/Suciu de Sus/Felsőszöcs Culture. A characteris- household or personal hoards (heteromorphic compilations of individual objects). tic, durable bronze craft developed from the stages Br A2/Br B1, in the background With regard to the origins of these hoards in the Eurasian zone, profane (economic) of which stood the Stanovo (Br B1-Br D) and Gava (Ha A1-Ha B3) Cultures as well as as well as religious hoards (votive) can be differentiated here, whereby the depo- rich, regional resources such as salt and gold. So far, 192 hoards can be attributed sitional process remains speculative. Profane depositions are certainly only iden- to six time periods, which roughly correspond to the stages Br A2-B1, Br C-Br D, Ha tifiable in that they are unearthed in buildings or settlement layers. These types A1, Ha A2, Ha B1, Ha B2-B3. Local forms are typical for the majority of the Hoards, of hoards are, for example, known from the Abaševo or Srubnaya Cultures. In the and foreign elements dominate western (i.e. Central European) types, especially 10th-9th centuries BC, the steppe and forest steppe areas experienced a massive during the stages Ha A-Ha B. More “eastern” metal objects – predominantly Transyl- decline in Late Bronze Age cultures, leading to a radical restructuring of archaeo- vanian – played a minor role (stages Br C-Br D). logical culture in the steppe as well as in the forest steppe belt. In the steppe, this Hoards found in dry contexts are characteristic of the Transcarpathian region (i.e. process occurred rather fluidly and developed evolutionarily. In the early nomadic in summit areas or hill- or mountain slopes) and elements are mostly deposited in steppe and mountain-forest cultures typical of the Late Bronze Age, blacksmith clay vessels in a significant depth of 0.7 m. Most of the hoards in the Transcarpathi- and trader hoards are replaced and comprise, rather, a fundamental component an region are largely connected with social and spiritual aspects of life. of , above all in the “kingly” . Hoards with metal objects during the Early Iron Age are concentrated in the archaeological cultures of the forest steppe zone in the Ural and western Siberian regions. In contrast to the Bronze Age hoards, these hoards display a votive character. These hoards rarely contain weapons, tools, equestrian equipment or jewellery. Their basic components are ornithomorphic, Remarks on the Relation between Late Bronze Age and Early zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figurines. In the Ural region, these hoards are Iron Age Hoards in Northern Eurasia connected with cult practices from ditch workers and metallurgists of the Itkul’sker Dr. Sergej Kuzminych Culture. In western Sibera, these hoards can be found mostly in areas of nature Institut of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow sanctuaries of the Kulay Culture and other arcaheological cultures. The hoards in the forest steppe belt of northern Eurasian do not emerge randomly. Hoards containing metal artefacts were spread throughout northern Eurasia in the They should be understood as social-religious expressions, which have their roots Early Metal Age. One can assume that there were many different causes for the in the bearers of the Seyma-Turbino pehnomenen and in the cultures of the Ural deposition of hoards; economic, social, religious, etc. The majority of these hoards and eastern Siberian regions. can be seen to have been deposited during the Late Bronze Age. There are funda- mental differences in the depositional strategy in parts of northern Eurasia; there are at least two hoard zones separated by two depositional locations – according

22 23 French River Finds from the Bronze and Early Iron Ages The Sky Disc of Nebra in the Context of the Dr. Muriel Mélin, Université de Rennes European Hoarding Practise Prof. Dr. Stefan WIrth, Université de Bourgogne Prof. Dr. Harald Meller State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt European France features a high density of river systems structuring some of its State Museum of Prehistory Halle main geographical orientations, each of them sketching specific cultural affinities. Opening up to what French archaeologists used to call ‘la façade atlantique’, the The Nebra hoard is representative of the ending of the Early Bronze Age hoarding drainage basins of the Gironde, and Seine Rivers all empty into the Atlan- practise incentral . With its composition, the Nebra hoard refers to central tic Ocean, whereas the Saône-Rhône system feeds the . In the European hoards like the Apa and the Trassem hoard and at the same time Northeast, the and Moselle Rivers are of the , which also follows central German traditions. It was preceded by the older dagger and axe forms a part of the country’s eastern borders. No less than 2400 metal objects dat- hoards of the central German Únětice Culture. The dual deposition of the Sky Disc’s ing to the Bronze Age have been recorded as river finds in France until now. The accompanying finds is paralleled in the burialpattern of the Leubingen princely topic they stand for is, of course, not limited to the time span that we are going grave. The overall view on the central German developed Únětice Culture hoard to address in this paper; a wide range of river finds dating to other chronological finds and graves suggests the reconstruction of a military-like, highly hierarchical periods, from the Neolithic to the , may be taken into account for com- system in which weapons of non-representative function were deposited as mass parison. hoards. Only members of the leading elite, of which individuals from the so-called Several reaches of streams in France are well known for having provided remarka- “princely graves” had ultimate authority, were buried with their individualised ble quantities of archaeological material. This is particularly true of the Saone Riv- weapons. This form of organisation enabled the Únětice Culture to take up a me- er; many of the discoveries were made during its redevelopment into a navigable diating as well as a controlling position and to monitor the flow of goods between waterway from the mid-19th century onwards. The constant surveillance of river the north and the south. The increasing amount of weapons as grave goods, in par- dredging in the second half of the 20th century has considerably enriched both ticular swords, as well as the suddenly extensively distributed bronzes in the north, public and private collections and the underwater excavations directed by Louis marks the collapse of the social structure of the Únětice Culture at the transition to Bonnamour, curator of the archaeological collections of Musée Denon at Chalon- the Middle Bronze Age. Behind this change, exemplified by the Nebra hoard, lies sur-Saône, have contributed to the Saône River’s reputation within the wider Eu- thus the collapse of a highly hierarchical social system that had ensured stability in ropean context. the area of the Central Uplands from the Harz to Silesiafor over 300 years. In this paper, we aim to present an overview of the data from this important corpus of finds in France. Using a selection of objects and focusing on some case studies, we will highlight continuities and discontinuities within the archaeological record and will discuss the individual and collective behavior underlying the presence of Weapon sacrifices in the Bronze Age numerous Bronze and Early Iron Age metalwork finds in a watery context. This will Tobias Mörtz, M.A. also be the opportunity to comment on the debate initiated by the late Alain Te- Freie Universität, Berlin start during two meetings held at the European Archaeological Centre of Bibracte, in 2011 (see Testart A., dir., Les armes dans les eaux. Questions d’interprétation en The deposition of weapons is a recurring phenomenon throughout Bronze Age archéologie, Paris, 2013, 488 p.). Europe, in which mainly swords and spears were thrown into bodies of water or buried in bogs. Through repetition, great amounts of artefacts accumulated, e.g. in the River Thames in London or in the River Elbe at the Porta Bohemica. How- ever, there are only a few discoveries that comprise large numbers of weapons that were suddenly abandoned. Most of these were found in Western Europe, es- pecially in southern Britain. This talk will present hoards like Blackmoor in Hamp- shire or Broadward in Shropshire and suggest an interpretation as booty offerings. Subsequently, this assumption shall be discussed for comparable discoveries from other parts of Europe as the finds from the Ría de Huelva in Andalusia and Pila del Brancón in Veneto. Although no direct connection is implied, coinciding social fac- tors for the deposition of these many weapons are probable and will be debated in the last part of this talk.

24 25 Metal votive objects of “foreign” origin in Greek sanctuaries Hording practices in the Caucasus between European and Near of the Geometric and Archaic periods Eastern traditions – Old ideas and new contexts Dr. Ioannis Mylonopoulos PD Dr. Sabine Reinhold Department of Art History and Archaology, Columbia University Eurasia-Department, DAI

The paper will attempt to show that the practice of depositing remarkable numbers Looking at the distribution of metal depositions in Eurasia, we can easily make of (metal) offerings in the form of hoards was not a common ritual practice in the it out as a distinct European phenomenon with only a few episodes occurring at ancient Greek world and that, when it did happen, especially in sanctuaries, it was the eastern and southeastern periphery. Hording as a ritual and social practice usually in the context of creating space for new dedications. The lecture will focus in Bronze Age societies seems to fade away somewhere in Eastern Europe and is on the dedication and ritual deposition – the latter not in the sense of conscious hardly found beyond the Urals or the Caucasus. “destruction” of wealth in form of a burial – of metal objects of so-called “foreign” or- The Caucasus in particular is, however, a very prominent province of metal hoard- igin in Greek sanctuaries during the Geometric and especially the Archaic periods. ing. Hundreds of depositions that resemble European hoards in structure closely Although “foreign” objects cannot be unequivocally associated with a non-native have been found in the Northwest Caucasus on both sides of the mountain range. dedicator, there is probably no other category of votive offerings that can better This presentation will discuss the appropriation of this ritual practice that was in- illuminate the phenomenon of interconnectedness in the ancient Mediterranean troduced in this area from outside and will follow the trajectories of metal hoarding world and beyond and all the possible avenues for cultural miscommunication or both north and south of the Great Caucasus. New finds from within the last years even indifference. Such dedications will be placed in the context of a much larger and a thoroughly changed context for some of the Caucasian hoards open up new network of exchange of ideas, technologies, and people. Finds from well-known perspectives of the process of adaptation and the dialectics of local and imported sacred sites such as those of Zeus in Olympia, Apollo on Delos, and Hera on Samos ritual practices will be discussed alongside metal offerings of foreign origin found in rather locally significant sanctuaries, such as the one of Athena in Thessalian Philia. Fragmentation in hoards: What does it mean? Dr. Botond Rezi Iron age hoards in Italy Mureș County Museum, Târgu Mureș Prof. Dr. Alessandro Naso Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II The eastern part of the Carpathian Basin, namely Transylvania, represented a unique region, where an opulent and diverse metallurgy developed. The ritual de- From the Bronze Age onward, metal hoards were largely documented in the ar- struction of objects was unknown in the largely clean hoards of the Early Bronze chaeological record of the Italian peninsula, ranging from the depositions of few Age. Regardless of the type, every object from this period is intact, without the objects to the huge complex of San Francesco at Bologna, which consists of 14838 slightest trace of intentional fragmentation. The Middle Bronze Age hoards exceed bronze objects for a total weight of 1418 kg. Several interpretations have been sug- mostly through their decoration. In comparison with the upcoming periods they gested for the metal hoards, which may be the deposits of scrap metal to be reused appear in a relatively small number and the fragmentation is not a general char- and/or the deposition of treasures, belonging to both individuals or communities. acteristic of the finds or the period. Besides the number of artefacts, the weight An exhaustive interpretation of the hoards requires a close comparison between and the typological distribution of the Late Bronze Age hoards, the fragmentation the single hoard and the general knowledge about its findplace; new light can is one of the most important characteristics of the finds. More than two-thirds of be shed on the hoard from San Francesco at Bologna using the exceptional the material is damaged to a certain degree. It is probable that the damaged and finds dating to the early Iron Age recently uncovered during the archaeological entirely destroyed artefacts are mostly the result of premeditated and intentional excavations carried out in in the central area of modern-day Bologna. action, sometimes indicating the entire fragmentation process to which an object has been exposed. In the later stages of the Late Bronze Age, the structure of the finds changed again; a significant decrease in number of the hoards and the num- ber of the artefacts can be noticed, which had an impact on the fragmentation as well. Although it was still a common practice, its intensity and typological variety was considerably reduced. Thus, the pattern of fragmentation changes accordingly to different chronological periods and to hoarding models. Intriguing questions arise when observing the hoards over a longer period of time. Knowing that sharp chronological limits cannot be drawn, and lately parallel evolu- tions have been becoming more plausible, one can ask whether the shift between different hoarding models can be emphasized by specific finds. Was the continu- ous evolution of the hoards cut short by a “threshold discovery”, pointing towards a new hoarding practice?

26 27 A significant issue of the fragmentation theory is the problem of the “missing ob- Iron Age depositions in the South-Eastern Alpine Area ject”, which never obtained a permanent place in the structure of these finds. Is Prof. Dr. Biba Teržan their absence a coincidence or can they be somehow integrated in the general University of Ljubljana patterns of the fragmentation customs? A study of the missing counterparts from the broken objects can take us one step closer in outlining these very specific prac- The period of transition from the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age, between the de- tices. Similar to the different aspects of the hoarding phenomenon (structure, size, mise of the and the advancement of Hallstatt era, brought about typology etc.) the detailed analysis of the missing counterparts ensures a total- thorough changes all over Europe. These alterations affected the average person’s ly different picture for each time period. The scale and the degree of damage of life in a quite significant manner and can be recognised, for example, in the new the missing parts changes according to the development phases, giving us some- settlement patterns and burial rites as well as in the economic aspects or religious times a double hoarding image, in which the existing and missing parts could have sphere and, last but not least, also in the depositional practices. played different roles as well. The contribution presents an overview of the recent research on Early Iron Age dep- Thus, the paper will seek answers to questions regarding the geographically and ositions in the area, comprising the hinterland of the northern Adriatic, the south- chronologically defined fragmentation, the usage of a violent behaviour against eastern Alpine region and all the way to the Pannonian Plain. The varied geography the formal destruction of objects, and finally whether the cause of fragmentation of these regions was mirrored during the Early Iron Age period in the cultural vari- can be seen as a social trend or system of values and as such in a ritual damage. ety of the area, which can be recognised, among other things, also by the diverse deposition of metal objects. In contrast to the well-known and numerous hoards of the discussed area from the Urnfield period, only few of them are attested in the The Hajdúböszörmény hoard and related finds in Europe Hallstatt period. The main characteristics of the four clearly recognisable types of Dr. János Gábor Tarbay Early Iron Age deposition will be discussed, which differ both in their compositions Hungarian National Museum, Department of Archaeology of objects as well as in their spatial placement, either with regard to the landscape or in relation to the settlement areas. We would like to propose the interpretation The Ha B1 period brought with it some signigicant changes in the Carpathian Ba- for each of the Early Iron Age deposition practices, especially with relation to their sin. During this period, this region became densely populated, the uniform Gáva specific/symbolic significance for the Iron Age communities in the area. style became dominant and a new metalwork and deposition practice were formulated. One of the most emblematic assemblages of this era is the hoard from Csege halom (mound) near Hajdúböszörmény which has been known to researchers since the 19th century. This unique hoard, which consists of at least 30 bronze swords, two bell helmets and a metal feasting set of situlae, cauldrons Beyond Piller: Offerings on ritual pyres, favissae and further and cups, symbolises the emergence and power of a certain group of individu- deposits in the Iron Age in the Alpine area als who identified themselves through warriorhood and luxury consumption. The Prof. Dr. Gerhard Tomedi Hajdúböszörmény phenomenon did not stand alone. Hoards with similar patterns Leopold-Franzens-Universität of selection appear in the Eastern Carpathians, weapons and metal vessels of the uniform style of the Solarbarge spread through the wider geographical area and In the diachronous evaluation of the Middle Bronze Age depot of the Piller (com. beyond to the western and northernmost regions of Europe, representing a new Fliess, upper Inn-valley, North ) and the Early Iron Age so-called “Kathrein- era of supra-regional connections. fund”, also from Fliess, certain basic patterns in the selection of artifacts may be recognized, which probably provide insights into the motivations for the collec- tion. One could think of “group-oriented societies” based on a modification of a model by Colin Renfrew. However, this is only one paradigm that should by no means be applied overall to other deposits, because of course profane hoards and self-endowments can be also clearly recognized. Furthermore ritual pyres, which are richly provided especially with costume accessories, form counter-worlds to grave fittings.

28 29 Swords from hoards: depositional practice of ceremonial akinakai Dr. Denis Topal High Anthropological School, Chişinău

It could be suggested that weapons are one of the most sensitive indicators of the cultural changes of ancient societies. A special place in the culture of the early no- mads is occupied by the so-called ceremonial forms of swords and daggers or blad- ed weapons. There are known at least 54 items from 43 locations (2,5%). The analy- sis of the variation rows or series of such features as “total length’ and “blade length” simply showed this series is far from the normal distribution (or Gaussian distribu- tion). And due to the features of scatter plot, it could be allocated five groups: dag- gers (with a blade length of up to 21 cm), short swords (21-38 cm), average swords (38-54 cm), long swords (54-80 cm) and extra-long swords (with the blade length over 80 cm). The ceremonial forms are represented by all five functional categories, but at the same time they show a slightly different distribution — the most part belongs to the group of average (38-54 cm, 50%) and long (54-80 cm, 27%) swords. It can be assumed that the Scythian akinakes represents a unified tradition from 7th to 4th centuries BC. So, the akinakes dissolves as a type of weaponry along with the disappearance of the Classical Scythian culture. The akinakes appears with the emergence of Early Scythian culture, but it is likely that the tradition of decorating swords with gold in a nomadic milieu appears shortly before the Scythian akinakes (Ptichata Mogyla near Belogradets in Bulgaria). At the same time, most of the cer- emonial forms are associated with the Classical Scythian culture, and the peak is connected with the final phase in the third quarter of the 4th century BC. Unlike the other swords, the ceremonial exemplars are geographically distributed rather une- venly. The bulk of Scythian ceremonial swords and daggers (39 ex. or 73%) comes from the Northern (steppe (23 ex.), forest-steppe (11 ex.), Crimea (5 ex.). Almost all of the finds are associated with funerals, mainly aristocratic burials and (with one exception) male burials. Only one sword, a scabbard and a chape were found in hoards (famous treasure from Vettersfelde), Ziwiye treasure from Iran and Oxus treasure from Tajikistan on the periphery of Scythian world. These hoards rep- resent various periods: Early Scythian (Ziwiye), Middle (Vettersfelde) and Classical (Oxus). It could also be noticed that these hoards are located on the periphery of Scythian world and that’s not accidental. Firstly that shows us the limits of Nomadic world. And on another hand this phenomenon is a part of general Eurasian pat- tern, where the grave goods and hoards represent alternative forms of depositional practice.

30 31 Venues and public transport

Hotel Ellington Nürnberger Str. 50-55, 10789 Berlin ( +49 30 683150) Ethnologisches Museum Dahlem Lansstraße 8, 14195 Berlin Ristorante Il Mulino Adolf-Martens-Straße 2, 12205 Berlin (+49 30 8327793)

Hotel Ellington From Tegel International Airport (approx. 35min) Bus X 9 from Flughafen Tegel (Airport Berlin)To Ernst-Reuter-Platz (4 stops, direction: S+U Zoologischer Garten) U 2 from Ernst-Reuter-Platz to Bahnhof Wittenbergplatz (2 stops) 400 m walk to Ellington Hotel Berlin Alternative connection: Bus 109 from Flughafen Tegel (Airport Berlin) To Kurfürstendamm 700 m walk to Ellington Hotel Berlin

From Schönefeld International Airport (approx. 50min.) S 9 to Zoologischer Garten (18 stops) 850 m walk to Ellington Hotel Berlin

Venue: Ethnologisches Museum (Dahlem) Not Ethnologisches Museum in Unter den Linden! U 3 from Augsburger Straße (direction: U Krumme Lanke) to U Dahlem Dorf 300 m walk to Takusstraße 40, Ethnologisches Museum (Dahlem)

Ristorante Il Mulino Dahlem Dorf/ Ethnologisches Museum Ristorante Il Mulino M 11 from “Dahlem Dorf” (2 Stations, direction: S Schöneweide) to „Unter den Eichen/ Drakekstr.“ (Berlin) 300 m walk to Ristorante Il Mulino

Ristorante il Mulino Hotel Ellington S1 from Berlin Lichterfelde West to Bahnhof Schöneberg (direction: S Frohnau, 5 stops) M46 from Bahnhof Schöneberg to Europa-Center (direction: S+U Zoologischer Garten, 9 stops)

Impressum Redaktion: Regina A. Uhl Gestaltung und Satz: Anke Reuter Druck: PinguinDruck, Berlin Auflage: 250

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