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Croatia and “Ethnic Cleansing”
Croatia and “Ethnic Cleansing” Croatia and “Ethnic Cleansing” Akiko Shimizu Introduction There is a computer set up in the permanent Holocaust exhibition in London’s Imperial War Museum, in which, along with Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses and the mentally disabled, “hundreds of thousands” of Serbian residents of the “Independent State of Croatia” (NDH) are listed as victims of genocide. However, in the permanent exhibition dealing with genocide, the massacre of the Serbs earns no mention. It appears that the museum accepts the massacres as fact, but their displays are seemingly set up so as to attract little attention. As this style of exhibition demonstrates, while there are not many who do not know of Auschwitz, there are very few who know of “Jasenovac”. “Jasenovac” is the name for a system of incarceration chambers and concentration camps which existed in the “Independent State of Croatia”. After World War II, it was estimated that between 600,000 and 700,000 people died in this, the largest of the incarceration facilities in Croatia. In the 1990s too, the “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, a major German daily newspaper, gave an estimate of 500,000, while the Holocaust Studies Centre in Washington’s Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that “at least 250,000” Serbians were killed by the “Croatian authorities” between 1941 and 1943. 1) However, the Republic of Croatia, which gained its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, has not acknowledged this massacre. In April 1991 (the fiftieth anniversary of Germany’s invasion of Yugoslavia), Tudjman, who became later the first President of Croatia, declared the number of victims to be 30,000. -
The South Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Nationalitaetenrecht: The outhS Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy Sean Krummerich University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, and the European History Commons Scholar Commons Citation Krummerich, Sean, "Nationalitaetenrecht: The outhS Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4111 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nationalitätenrecht: The South Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy by Sean Krummerich A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History College of Arts & Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor, Graydon A. Tunstall, Ph.D. Kees Botterbloem, Ph.D. Giovanna Benadusi, Ph.D. Date of Approval: July 6, 2012 Keywords – Austria, Hungary, Serb, Croat, Slovene Copyright © 2012, Sean Krummerich Dedication For all that they have done to inspire me to new heights, I dedicate this work to my wife Amanda, and my son, John Michael. Acknowledgments This study would not have been possible without the guidance and support of a number of people. My thanks go to Graydon Tunstall and Kees Boterbloem, for their assistance in locating sources, and for their helpful feedback which served to strengthen this paper immensely. -
Montenegro's Tribal Legacy
WARNING! The views expressed in FMSO publications and reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Montenegro's Tribal Legacy by Major Steven C. Calhoun, US Army Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. This article appeared in Military Review July-August 2000 The mentality of our people is still very patriarchal. Here the knife, revenge and a tribal (plemenski) system exist as nowhere else.1 The whole country is interconnected and almost everyone knows everyone else. Montenegro is nothing but a large family—all of this augurs nothing good. —Mihajlo Dedejic2 When the military receives an order to deploy into a particular area, planners focus on the terrain so the military can use the ground to its advantage. Montenegro provides an abundance of terrain to study, and it is apparent from the rugged karst topography how this tiny republic received its moniker—the Black Mountain. The territory of Montenegro borders Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Serbia and Albania and is about the size of Connecticut. Together with the much larger republic of Serbia, Montenegro makes up the current Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). But the jagged terrain of Montenegro is only part of the military equation. Montenegro has a complex, multilayered society in which tribe and clan can still influence attitudes and loyalties. Misunderstanding tribal dynamics can lead a mission to failure. Russian misunderstanding of tribal and clan influence led to unsuccessful interventions in Afghanistan and Chechnya.3 In Afghanistan, the rural population's tribal organization facilitated their initial resistance to the Soviets. -
A THREAT to "STABILITY" Human Rights Violations in Macedonia
Macedoni Page 1 of 10 A THREAT TO "STABILITY" Human Rights Violations in Macedonia Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Human Rights Watch Copyright © June 1996 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 1-56432-170-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-77111 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was researched and written by Fred Abrahams, a consultant to Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. It is based primarily on a mission to Macedonia conducted in July and August 1995. During that time, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki spoke with dozens of people from all ethnic groups and political persuasions. Extensive interviews were conducted throughout the country with members of government, leaders of the ethnic communities, human rights activists, diplomats, journalists, lawyers, prison inmates and students. The report was edited by Jeri Laber, Senior Advisor to Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. Anne Kuper provided production assistance. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki would like to thank the many people in Macedonia and elsewhere who assisted in the preparation of this report, especially those who took the time to read early drafts. Thanks also go to those members of the Macedonian government who helped by organizing a prison visit, providing information or granting lengthy interviews. I. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Macedonia faces difficulties on several fronts. As a former member of the Yugoslav federation, the young republic is in a transition from communism in which it must decentralize its economy, construct democratic institutions and revitalize its civil society. These tasks, demanding under any circumstances, have been made more difficult by Macedonia's proximity to the war in Bosnia. -
Making Sense of Memory
Copyright © Museum Tusculanums Press Making Sense of Memory Monuments and Landscape in Croatian Istria1 Jonas Frykman Frykman, Jonas 2003: Making Sense of Memory. Monuments and Landscape in Croatian Istria. – Ethnologia Europaea 33:2: 107–120. When the actual terror is over, how do you reconcile without trying to pay back? With the falling apart of Yugoslavia, past, suppressed injustices remerged and were frequently used to connect the present with bitter memories. In the ethnically diverse region of Istria, however, it has been difficult for any group to claim its interpretation of history to be superior to others. Seeking to explain the Istrian case and within it the role of the esuli, the article juxtaposes the material discourse represented by monuments with the workings of memory and the dynamics which jostle sleeping, hidden, or private memory into public discourse. It is argued that in Istria, the absence of an ethnic “master narrative,” and the coexistence of many different groups sharing the territory has been useful for keeping nightmarish memory of ethnic violence at bay. Instead, place has come to matter more than history. Within landscapes and monuments, experiences of terror and narratives of martyrdom find a resting place, however uneasy. Prof. Dr. Jonas Frykman, Dept. of Ethnology, University of Lund, Finngatan 8, SE-223 62 Lund. E-mail: [email protected] “Say a hawk came out of the blue and seized one Memory is not really what people recollect, of your chickens. What can you do? You can’t get but how they manage to make sense of the past. -
The Impact of the Illyrian Movement on the Croatian Lexicon
Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 223 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) George Thomas The Impact of the Illyrian Movement on the Croatian Lexicon Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 S lavistische B e it r ä g e BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HEINRICH KUNSTMANN PETER REHDER • JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION PETER REHDER Band 223 VERLAG OTTO SAGNER MÜNCHEN George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 GEORGE THOMAS THE IMPACT OF THEJLLYRIAN MOVEMENT ON THE CROATIAN LEXICON VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1988 George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access ( B*y«ftecne I Staatsbibliothek l Mönchen ISBN 3-87690-392-0 © Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1988 Abteilung der Firma Kubon & Sagner, GeorgeMünchen Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 FOR MARGARET George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access .11 ж ־ י* rs*!! № ri. ur George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 Preface My original intention was to write a book on caiques in Serbo-Croatian. -
Introduction When the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – from 1929 Kingdom of Yugoslavia – Was Formed in 1918, One of I
Introduction When the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – from 1929 Kingdom of Yugoslavia – was formed in 1918, one of its most important tasks was to forge a common collective identity. Intellectual elites in the young state with great optimism agreed that education would play a crucial role in this process. It should come as no surprise, then, that a relatively rich tradition of scholarly research into the representation of collective identities in Yugoslav education has originated, precisely to account for the failure of the Yugoslav project in the long term. Recently, a growing body of scholarly research has established textbooks as one of the more rewarding sources for studying collective identity in education, focusing on ‘what knowledge is included and rejected in ... textbooks, and how the transmission of this selected knowledge often attempts to shape a particular form of national memory, national identity and national consciousness’.1 For the Yugoslav case this emerging research field so far has primarily examined textbooks which were used in the period directly preceding, during and following the disintegration of Yugoslavia.2 However, as the present article hopes to illustrate, textbook analysis can also provide the historian with interesting new elements for the study of collective identities in Yugoslavia’s more distant past. With its focus on national identity in Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian textbooks before the First World War, and later also in interwar Yugoslavia, the work of Charles Jelavich still occupies a somewhat -
Svetozar Borevic, South Slav Habsburg Nationalism, and the First World War
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 4-17-2021 Fuer Kaiser und Heimat: Svetozar Borevic, South Slav Habsburg Nationalism, and the First World War Sean Krummerich University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Scholar Commons Citation Krummerich, Sean, "Fuer Kaiser und Heimat: Svetozar Borevic, South Slav Habsburg Nationalism, and the First World War" (2021). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8808 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Für Kaiser und Heimat: Svetozar Boroević, South Slav Habsburg Nationalism, and the First World War by Sean Krummerich A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History College of Arts & Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Kees Boterbloem, Ph.D. Darcie Fontaine, Ph.D. J. Scott Perry, Ph.D. Golfo Alexopoulos, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 30, 2021 Keywords: Serb, Croat, nationality, identity, Austria-Hungary Copyright © 2021, Sean Krummerich DEDICATION For continually inspiring me to press onward, I dedicate this work to my boys, John Michael and Riley. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of a score of individuals over more years than I would care to admit. First and foremost, my thanks go to Kees Boterbloem, Darcie Fontaine, Golfo Alexopoulos, and Scott Perry, whose invaluable feedback was crucial in shaping this work into what it is today. -
The Book Art in Croatia Exhibition Catalogue
Book Art in Croatia BOOK ART IN CROATIA National and University Library in Zagreb, Zagreb, 2018 Contents Foreword / 4 Centuries of Book Art in Croatia / 5 Catalogue / 21 Foreword The National and University Library in Croatia, with the aim to present and promote the Croatian cultural heritage has prepared the exhibition Book Art in Croatia. The exhibition gives a historical view of book preparation and design in Croatia from the Middle Ages to the present day. It includes manuscript and printed books on different topics and themes, from mediaeval evangelistaries and missals to contemporary illustrated editions, print portfolios and artists’ books. Featured are the items that represent the best samples of artistic book design in Croatia with regard to their graphic design and harmonious relationship between the visual and graphic layout and content. The author of the exhibition is art historian Milan Pelc, who selected 60 items for presentation on panels. In addition to the introductory essay, the publication contains the catalogue of items with short descriptions. 4 Milan Pelc CENTURIES OF BOOK ART IN CROATIA Introduction Book art, a constituent part of written culture and Croatian cultural heritage as a whole, is ex- ceptionally rich and diverse. This essay does not pretend to describe it in its entirety. Its goal is to shed light on some (key) moments in its complex historical development and point to its most important specificities. The essay does not pertain to entire Croatian literary heritage, but only to the part created on the historical Croatian territory and created by the Croats. Namely, with regard to its origins, the Croatian literary heritage can be divided into three big groups. -
Istria to Veneto: a Culinary Route
Istria to Veneto: A Culinary Route 9 Days Istria to Veneto: A Culinary Route Food lovers, raise your taste buds to the next level on this culinary and cultural journey that traces Croatia's Istrian Peninsula, Slovenia's Julian Alps, and Italy's Friuli-Venezia- Giulia region. Take in the best sites in this trio of countries, experiencing rich historical sites and spectacular national parks on moderate hikes. Go wine tasting, learn how to hunt truffles, taste olive oil, and sample regional delicacies in the Mediterranean as you've never seen it before, far from the crowds. Luxurious hotels awaiting at the end of each day make for a dreamy finale. Details Testimonials Arrive: Zagreb, Croatia "The trip was exceptional. We saw a part of the world we had never Depart: Venice, Italy experienced. The accommodations were wonderful and the food fantastic. Duration: 9 Days Perfection!" Robert B. Group Size: 4-16 Guests Minimum Age: 15 Years Old "Amazing trip of a lifetime! Would recommend to anyone who loves to hike, Activity Level: Level 2 eat, drink wine and enjoy a good laugh." . Tyler A. REASON #01 REASON #02 REASON #03 Easy to moderate walking tours Enjoy Tuscan-style landscapes and This custom designed MT Sobek take travelers through hard culinary specialties of Croatia's trip allows plenty of leisure time to find orchards, vineyards, up-and-coming gastronomical to swim in the Adriatic Sea and hillsides, and medieval villages region, Istria, with far less visit artisan shops and galleries. across 3 countries in 9 days. tourists than in neighboring Italy. -
GENS VLACHORUM in HISTORIA SERBORUMQUE SLAVORUM (Vlachs in the History of the Serbs and Slavs)
ПЕТАР Б. БОГУНОВИЋ УДК 94(497.11) Нови Сад Оригиналан научни рад Република Србија Примљен: 21.01.2018 Одобрен: 23.02.2018 Страна: 577-600 GENS VLACHORUM IN HISTORIA SERBORUMQUE SLAVORUM (Vlachs in the History of the Serbs and Slavs) Part 1 Summary: This article deals with the issue of the term Vlach, that is, its genesis, dis- persion through history and geographical distribution. Also, the article tries to throw a little more light on this notion, through a multidisciplinary view on the part of the population that has been named Vlachs in the past or present. The goal is to create an image of what they really are, and what they have never been, through a specific chronological historical overview of data related to the Vlachs. Thus, it allows the reader to understand, through the facts presented here, the misconceptions that are related to this term in the historiographic literature. Key words: Vlachs, Morlachs, Serbs, Slavs, Wallachia, Moldavia, Romanian Orthodox Church The terms »Vlach«1, or later, »Morlach«2, does not represent the nationality, that is, they have never represented it throughout the history, because both of this terms exclusively refer to the members of Serbian nation, in the Serbian ethnic area. –––––––––––– [email protected] 1 Serbian (Cyrillic script): влах. »Now in answer to all these frivolous assertions, it is sufficient to observe, that our Morlacchi are called Vlassi, that is, noble or potent, for the same reason that the body of the nation is called Slavi, which means glorious; that the word Vlah has nothing -
Territorialisation and De-Territorialisation of the Borderlands Communities in the Multicultural Environment: Morlachia and Little Wallachia
Acta geographica Bosniae et Herzegovinae 2014, 2, 45-53 Original scientific papaer __________________________________________________________________________________ TERRITORIALISATION AND DE-TERRITORIALISATION OF THE BORDERLANDS COMMUNITIES IN THE MULTICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT: MORLACHIA AND LITTLE WALLACHIA Borna Fuerst-Bjeliš University of Zagreb Faculty of Science, Department of Geography Marulićev trg 19, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia [email protected] The area of research refers to the Croatian - Bosnian and Herzegovinian borderlands, the contact area of three different imperial traditions in the Early Modern period; Ottoman, Habsburg and Venetian. That was the meeting place of East and West, Christianity and Islam and maritime and continental traditions. Frequent border changes were followed by migrations and introduction of new (other) social and cultural communities. The Border- land represents an area of multiple contacts and a multicultural environment. Historical maps reveal the process of territorialisation and de-territorialisation of the Borderland communities, as well as the process of construction and deconstruction of spatial (regional) concepts. Spatial concepts of Morlachia and Little Wallachia, constructed under the distinct social-political conditions of the threefold border, were dissolved by the change in these conditions. Key words: Borderlands, Early Modern period, Morlachia, Little Wallachia, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, regional identity, history of cartography INTRODUCTION: THE SPATIAL-TEMPORAL CONTEXT The Early Modern period in the history of Croatia and its neighbouring countries was burdened by frequent changes in the borders between three great imperial systems, and by diverse religious and cultural traditions. During three centuries - the 16th to the 19th – that was a territory defined by the border areas of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic.