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Tese Final Joao Brges UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS JOÃO JOSÉ DE SANTANA BORGES ÁRVORES E BUDAS: ALTERNATIVAS DO MISTICISMO ECOLÓGICO E SUAS TEIAS POLÍTICAS Salvador, 2011 JOÃO JOSÉ DE SANTANA BORGES ÁRVORES E BUDAS: ALTERNATIVAS DO MISTICISMO ECOLÓGICO E SUAS TEIAS POLÍTICAS Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós -Graduação em Ciências Sociais da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal da Bahia, como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Miriam Marcilio Rabelo Salvador, 2011 JOÃO JOSÉ DE SANTANA BORGES ÁRVORES E BUDAS: ALTERNATIVAS DO MISTICISMO ECOLÓGICO E SUAS TEIAS POLÍTICAS COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA Profª. Drª. Miriam Marcilio Rabelo Orientadora Profa. Dra. Elena Calvo Gonzalez (USP) Profa. Dra. Ruthy Nadia Laniado (UFBA) Prof. Dr. Miguel ALmir de Araujo Lima (UEFS) Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Steil (UFRS) Data da Defesa: 16 de Janeiro de 2011. AGRADECIMENTOS A minha orientadora Miriam Marcilio Rabelo, por ter apostado neste trabalho, pelo incentivo e pela elegância na orientação, por ser um exemplo de êxito, leveza e versatilidade; por ter acolhido a minha travessia para Ciências Sociais e ter, com isso, resgatado minha paixão pelo conhecimento. Aos colegas e professores do ECSAS, nessa sintonia tão afinada e plural e ao mesmo tempo tão unificada, nessa escuta atenta com que sempre fui envolvido. Aos professores do Programa de Pos-Graduação em Ciências Sociais (PPGCS) em São Lazaro. À professora Ruthy Nadia Laniado, por aulas tão preciosas. Aos professores Carlos Alberto Steil (UFRS), Miguel Almir Lima de Araújo (UEFS) e Elena Calvo Gonzáles (USP) por terem aceito participar da Banca Examinadora. À CAPES, pelo apoio e suporte indispensáveis à concretização desse projeto de pesquisa. À Université Charles de Gaulle Lille 3, sobretudo ao Centre Recherche Individus Epreuves Sociétés e aos professores deste Centro de Estudos em Lille na França, que tanto enriqueceram minha experiência por ocasião do PDEE (Programa de Estagio no Exterior) da CAPES. À professora Armelle Giglio-Jacquemot, pelo essencial apoio na França, por ter compartilhado seus saberes em Antropologia Política e dado a certeza do caminho possível a ser feito. À sempre estimada Tânia Cordeiro, professora da UNEB, que sempre acompanhou minha trajetória intelectual, com suas bênçãos e amizade, em constante inspiração e dialogo, em anos de mestria. Às tias Telma, Tanira, Teço, Tana e Tanise, e também minha mãe Tânia, todas filhas de Terezinha, a quem dedico essa tese. A força que delas recebo “enternece a minha vida”. À minha família amada, dos Borges e dos Moitinho, meu avô Borges, tio Pina, tio Dio, tia Noelide, todos, primos e primas, em especial Isaura, minha querida Nenza, na certeza da torcida, na alegria dos encontros. A minha irmã Januaria, por “respeitar minha brumada e desconfiar do meu silêncio”, com quem compartilhei os momentos mais difíceis e mais belos destes anos. Sobretudo pelo amor. À sobrinha-filha Joana, por tanto esperar. Aos meus sobrinhos, João e Maria, que cobrem meus dias de risos e esperanças. Aos meus pais, Alael e Tânia, com muito amor e zelo. Ao meu irmão Juliano, pelo apoio e preocupação de alguém que, de irmão mais novo, tornou-se o mais maduro. Aos meus afilhados Emri, Havah e Abby, a quem aguardo todos os anos, em feliz saudade; A Déa, pelos momentos vividos. A Lais e João Pedro, crianças cheias de promessas e dons. Aos grupos de Figueira e Terra Mirim, aos professores de yoga, principalmente a Laura Campos, parceira inestimável de saberes e sonhos. Sem essas pessoas, nada disso teria sido escrito. Aos amigos todos, Ricardo Leal, Stella Soares, Mara, Canário, Elisaldo, Claudia, Julio César, Melina e tantos outros, sobretudo pelo respeito às diferenças, pelo carinho e os laços maravilhosos da amizade. Ao Deus (dos cem deuses). Há um lugar onde muito pode ser feito: onde há uma conexão direta entre as almas, onde não é necessário o contato físico, onde não é necessária a palavra, onde só uma coisa importa: AMAR. Com Amor sobe-se a montanha. Com Amor tiram-se as sandálias. Com Amor ingressa-se no templo abençoado. Com Amor alcança-se o céu. Com Amor envia-se uma escada da salvação. Com Amor recolhem-se os restos. Com Amor abraçam-se os que despertam. Com Amor guiam-se os que não compreendem. *Mira Alfassa, que passou a ser chamada A Mãe e partilhou com Sri Aurobindo o mesmo caminho espiritual. « A atual crise evolucion ária origina-se de uma disparidade entre as faculdades limitadas do homem – mental, ética e espiritual – e os meios técnicos e econ õmicos á sua disposiç ão » Sri Aurobindo Assim é que nos encontramos, gelados e trêmulos, numa escuridão que não sabemos se é noturna ou eclíptica, provisória ou definitiva. RESUMO A pesquisa apresenta o movimento místico-ecológico enquanto tipo-ideal, buscando compreender as relações entre visão de mundo, estilo de vida e atitude política de três grupos pertinentes a esse movimento. Num primeiro instante, procura-se formular a questão sobre a concepção de política reinante neste universo e suas implicações para uma sociologia da religião, na temática do misticismo na modernidade. Num segundo momento, a tese envereda-se pela exploração etnográfica das comunidades, no intuito de analisar-lhes o estilo, a forma e o ideal que as animam. Em seguida, e para compor o rol de elementos a fim de abordar a questão formulada no primeiro capítulo, estuda-se as relações de temporalidade que cada grupo estabelece, entremeadas por feixes de histórias de vida de seus agentes, bem como dos conteúdos doutrinários que as reflexões sobre o tempo nas comunidades permitem examinar. Num quarto momento, três categorias de análise são apresentadas, fornecendo o solo propício para pensar a política, a partir das noções de corpo, outro e mundo, presentes nas comunidades. E, por fim, no último capítulo, o enfrentamento com a questão política se dá, revendo as trajetórias políticas dos agentes, seus trânsitos, bem como as ações que os grupos desenvolvem, apontando para a sua aproximação com o campo da política. Palavras-chave : Misticismo. Modernidade. Religiosidade. Movimento social. Ecologia. Política. RÉSUMÉ Cette recherche présente le mouvement mystico-écologiste en tant que type-idéal, elle cherche à comprendre les liens entre vision du monde, style de vie et attitude politique de trois groupes pertinents de ce mouvement. Elle vise dans un premier temps à formuler la question de la conception politique dominante de cet univers et ses implications dans le cadre d´une sociologie de la religion sur le thème du mysticisme dans la modernité. Dans un deuxième temps, la thèse s´achemine ver l´exploration ethnographique des communautés dans le but d´en analyser le style, la forme et l´idéal qui les animent. Dans une troisième partie, afin de réunir une série d´éléments qui sert à aborder la question formulée dans le premier chapitre, on étudiera les relations temporelles établies par chaque groupe qui réunissent des ensembles d´ histoires de vie de leurs agents, ainsi que les contenus doctrinaires que les réflexions sur le temps dans les communautés permettent d´examiner. Dans un quatrième temps, trois catégories d´analyse sont présentées, fournissant une base nécessaire pour penser la politique, à partir des notions de corps, de l´autre et du monde, présentes dans les communautés. Et pour finir, la rencontre avec la question politique a lieu dans le dernier chapitre en considérant les trajectoires politiques des agents, leurs mouvements, ainsi que les actions que ces groupes développent, indiquant leur rapprochement avec le champ de la politique. Mots-clefs : Mysticisme.Modernité. Religiosité. Mouvement social. Écologie. Politique. SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO 11 2 O MOVIMENTO MÍSTICO-ECOLÓGICO 17 2.1 CONSIDERAÇÕES INICIAIS 17 2.2 UMA GENEALOGIA DO MISTICO MODERNO 20 2.2.1 O envelhecimento pré-maturo da Nova Era 20 2.2.2 Visão panorâmica do fenômeno 21 2.2.3 O misticismo em foco 29 2.2.4 Argumentos de um místico 41 2.3 O CUIDAR DE SI COMO TECNOLOGIA ESPIRITUAL 45 2.4 O CUIDAR DO MUNDO COMO OBSERVANCIA ESPIRITUAL 48 2.5 SOBRE ARVORES E BUDAS – GLOBALIZAÇÃO, VALORES MISTICOS E CONTESTAÇÃO SILENCIOSA 53 2.6 GLOBALIZAÇÃO: CONCEITOS, DIMENSÕES E DILEMAS 58 2.7 ATORES HEGEMONICOS E AS DEMAIS PEÇAS DO XADREZ 62 2.8 OS ATORES CONTRA-HEGEMONICOS: (DIS)POSIÇÕES DOS MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS 64 2.9 O MÍSTICO-ECOLÓGICO: UM MOVIMENTO TRANSNACIONAL? 68 2.10 DAS ESPECIFICIDADES DO MOVIMENTO: TENDENCIAS 72 2.11 EPILOGO DO PRIMEIRO CAPITULO 80 3 COMUNIDADE: Poderemos viver juntos? – Um estudo da forma, do estilo, do ideal. 82 3.1 CONSIDERAÇÕES METODOLÓGICAS 82 3.2 ASPECTOS CONCEITUAIS DE COMUNIDADE 83 3.3. TORNAR-SE PROFESSOR DE YOGA 85 3.3.1 A configuração do grupo em rede 87 3.3.2 Entre o conceitual e o existencial 93 3.3.3 Aproximações ao conteúdo doutrinário – elementos da ética yogi. 96 3.3.4. Formação religiosa pregressa, prenúncios de política 99 3.3.5 De como se chega ao yoga 103 3.3.6 Campo minado, turbulências na rede 107 3.3.7 Aspectos da comunidade no yoga: estética, ética e experimentações 112 3.3.8 Do ideal comunitário 117 3.3.8 Migrações 119 3.4 FIGUEIRA E A ÁRVORE DA ABUNDÂNCIA RESTRITIVA 122 3.4.1 Parêntesis comparativo: do indivíduo-no-mundo ao indivíduo-fora-do-mundo – os grupos em questão 130 3.4.2 Narrativas do silêncio 130 3.4.3 Conflitos sob a árvore da harmonia 134 3.4.4 Normas em questão: as restrições e os motivos sob a grande árvore da abundância 140 3.4.5 Do ideal comunitário em Figueira 148 3.4.6 De como
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