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503129 1 En Bookfrontmatter 1..36 Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice Volume 30 Series Editor Hans Günter Brauch, Peace Research and European Security Studies (AFES-PRESS), Mosbach, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15230 http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/PAHSEP.htm http://afes-press-books.de/html/PAHSEP_Wallensteen.htm Peter Wallensteen Peter Wallensteen: A Pioneer in Making Peace Researchable With a Foreword by Jan Eliasson and a Preface by Raimo Väyrynen 123 Peter Wallensteen Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning/Department of Peace and Conflict Research Uppsala Universitet/Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden Acknowledgement: More on Professor Peter Wallensteen, his books, other publications and links to selected media are found at: http://afes-press-books.de/html/PAHSEP_Wallensteen. htm. ISSN 2509-5579 ISSN 2509-5587 (electronic) Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice ISBN 978-3-030-62847-5 ISBN 978-3-030-62848-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62848-2 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Book cover photo by Magnus Aronson, with permission. Copyediting: PD Dr. Hans Günter Brauch, AFES-PRESS e.V., Mosbach, Germany This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To the Future: Our grandchildren Etta, Aron, Morris, Nina, Tage and Holly Foreword Jan Eliasson, Chair of SIPRI, speaking at the Stockholm Forum on Peace and Development 2018. Photo: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) with permission Partnership in Peacemaking: My Collaboration with Peter Wallensteen The special Swedish envoy to civil society, Ambassador Olle Dahlén, introduced me to Peter Wallensteen in the mid-1980s. Dahlén was engaged in constructing the ecumenical Life and Peace Institute, a result of the global conference on Life and Peace that met in Uppsala in 1983. Peter was engaged with the Department of Peace vii viii Foreword and Conflict Research at Uppsala University. He provided lessons for how to build an institution concerned with global issues of war and peace. Peter and I have remained in close touch ever since. Under Peter’s leadership, the Department grew to become a leading academic center as well as a resource for the formation of Swedish and international policies in the field of peace, peace- building and conflict prevention. I am happy to see that his colleagues and suc- cessors have followed the same path. I was fortunate to become a regular lecturer at the Department’s annual International Program on Conflict Resolution (the PACS courses), funded by Swedish development aid. These programs have continued in different forms, now for more than thirty years. Peter and I shared an understanding in the importance of such courses to reach out to the world, and in particular, to the Global South, with scholarly based insights in topics such as conflict resolution, conflict prevention and international institutions. When I travel around the world, I very often meet persons who have participated in these courses. They have become members of government, heads of public agencies, leaders of civil society organizations, professors, teachers and journalists. Many have been involved in peace processes, mediation efforts and conflict man- agement. In that way, these courses have contributed to project the importance of academic training for global development. They have also been instrumental in demonstrating Sweden’s emphasis on global solidarity. The alumni network of persons with such experiences of Sweden’s international policies was also impor- tant when I was leading the Swedish campaign to win a seat at the UN Security Council for the period 1997–1998. When I was Sweden’s ambassador to the United Nations and then the first head of the Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA, today: OCHA) in 1988–1994, I could daily observe the negative impact of political conflicts and war on humani- tarian conditions. It would not just be enough to finding remedies to people’s suffering, it was also important to solve the disputes that led to the wars. Thus, I initiated a process that involved Peter and the Uppsala Department in creating dialogue on the Cambodian conflict. It was an issue of concern to the UN at the time. It was a crucial part of the ending of the Cold War. Solving this conflict was key to finding peace for Indochina and Southeast Asia. The Department arranged sessions with the different parties to this conflict. Thoughtfully, the discussions were not arranged in Sweden, but in the region. Peter suggested Malaysia as the location and the Universiti Sains Malaysia as the host. He brought with him his colleague Ramses Amer from the Department and the head of the small peace studies unit at that university Dr. Johan Saravanamuttu. The dialogues worked well, not the least as the Cambodian participants could see the benefits of peace when comparing their own situation to Malaysia’s economy after 30 years of independence. This encounter between the different sides of the conflict provided important inputs into the negotiations that resulted in the peace agreement in Paris in October 1991. This was an experience in what Peter termed “academic diplomacy.” Foreword ix When returning to Sweden in 1994, I took up an assignment with the OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) as Chair of the Minsk Group in the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh. A most difficult task, indeed, particularly as this was a geographical region where Russia wanted to retain its traditional role as the ultimate arbitrator. I helped find a formula for a cease-fire in 1994, but it turned out to be much more difficult to arrive at a solution to the conflict. Peter and his colleague Kjell-Åke Nordquist at the Department pursued this, notably by producing documents on an autonomy solu- tion that might have been satisfactory to all sides. In fact, I could do this in my dual role: I was not only the OSCE envoy for this conflict; I was at the same time Visiting Professor at the Department in Uppsala! I could hand the parties a document, which I termed an “academic” paper asking for their response. At least, it injected new ideas into the process. Solving conflict has always been hard. The work by Peter and his colleagues has been instrumental in demonstrating that solutions can be found, notably in his book Understanding Conflict Resolution. But they are not easy to come by. I believe, however, that this type of academic work is useful in negotiations. Thus, when I was the UN Special Envoy for the Darfur conflict in 2007–2008, I had a team in Stockholm working on solutions. To the staff, I recruited a young researcher from Uppsala, on Peter’s advice, Johan Brosché. He has now turned into one of Scandinavia’s leading scholars on the Sudanese conflicts as well as on African conflicts. However, realizing that conflicts are difficult to end and even more difficult to solve, leads to the logical conclusion that they have to be prevented before they become to complicated. To act early, before suffering, deaths and destruction were too high, would be healthier for all involved. These were matters that Peter and I discussed repeatedly in the early 1990s, and where he had lots of ideas of what could be done. When I was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs (1994–2001), I and my colleague Anders Bjurner launched a number of initiatives to make conflict prevention a central concern in Swedish policies for international affairs. Of course, this was also something dear to the Ministers themselves (Lena Hjelm-Wallén and Anna Lindh). One element in this was to create a special forum in the Ministry for discussion on possible peace and prevention initiatives (RFSI, the Council for Peace and Security Initiatives). Peter took an active role in this. As the minutes were dis- tributed throughout the Ministry, all officials became aware of what this entailed. We could pursue conflict prevention on many levels: in the UN Security Council as a member; with the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan; as well as in the European Union, which agreed to make conflict prevention an important tool in the Union’s international strategy. It was first used by Anna Lindh in EU’s handling of the crisis in Macedonia in 2001. An element in this was the comprehensive conference that the Ministry orga- nized together with the Department at the Krusenberg Manor outside Uppsala in August 1997.
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