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Strengthening the Practice of Peacemaking and Preventive Diplomacy in the United Nations: the UNITAR Approach

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Strengthening the Practice of Peacemaking and Preventive Diplomacy in the United Nations: the UNITAR Approach Strengthening the Practice of Peacemaking and Preventive Diplomacy in the United Nations: The UNITAR Approach Edited by Connie Peck and Eleanor Wertheim A publication of The United Nations Institute for Training and Research Palais des Nations 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland © UNITAR 2014 Support for the publication and distribution of this book was provided by The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or UNITAR All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the written permission of UNITAR “Opportunities should be created for United Nations staff, throughout their careers, to acquire professional mediation know- how commensurate with the preventive diplomacy and peacemaking responsibilities of the Organization and to train a large number of our regional specialists in these techniques. I appeal to Member States to support the existing training programmes for staff from the United Nations and regional and subregional organizations in these areas, most of which are funded from voluntary contributions.” – Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on enhancing mediation and its support activities (S/2009/189), 8 April 2009, p. 19. Contents Foreword vii Former Foreign Minister of Australia, the Honourable Gareth Evans 1 Training UN Staff and Diplomats: The UNITAR-IPI Fellowship Programme 1 in Peacemaking and Preventive Diplomacy Connie Peck 2 Understanding the Sources of Conflict 13 Peter Wallensteen 3 The Spectrum of Conflict-handling Mechanisms 23 Hizkias Assefa 4 The Interest-based, Problem-solving Approach to Negotiation 29 Diana Chigas and Eleanor Wertheim 5 Preparing for Negotiation and Mediation: Using Conflict Analysis 39 Eleanor Wertheim and Connie Peck 6 Managing Difficult Behaviours in Negotiation 49 Diana Chigas and Eleanor Wertheim 7 An Interest-based, Problem-solving Approach to 57 United Nations Mediation Connie Peck 8 Structuring More Inclusive Peace Processes with Particular 63 Reference to Women and Minorities John Packer and Antonia Potter Prentice 9 Designing the Negotiation/Mediation Table 73 Christopher Moore and Susan Wildau 10 Beginning the Mediation Process: Agenda Setting and Exploring 81 Interests Susan Wildau and Christopher Moore 11 Transforming Issues and Interests into Options and Agreements 87 Christopher Moore and Susan Wildau 12 Learning from Recent Peace Agreements 93 Peter Wallensteen 13 Challenges for the United Nations in Peacemaking 99 Francesc Vendrell vi Contents ______________________________________________________________________________________ 14 Lessons for Mediation from UN Envoys 105 Connie Peck 15 Principles of Reconciliation 115 Hizkias Assefa 16 Preventing Conflict Before It Becomes Violent 121 John Packer 17 Supporters of the UNITAR-IPI Fellowship Programme in 131 Peacemaking and Preventive Diplomacy Trisha Riedy and Connie Peck Resource Persons over the 20 Years of the Fellowship Programme 135 Comments from End of Programme Evaluations 141 Responses from Long-term Evaluations 147 Contributors 155 Foreword GARETH EVANS Connie Peck and her colleagues are insufficiently acknowledged international heroes. The Fellowship Programme that this book celebrates has played a critical role over the last two decades in developing the culture of conflict resolution and prevention that is genuinely now taking root in the United Nations system. New initiatives appear every year for recording lessons learned, supporting negotiation and mediation efforts, and building new and ever more effective institutional mechanisms. Without the 730 alumni of this Programme, many now in senior positions and crucial support roles, we would not be remotely so far advanced. The Honourable Gareth Evans I had a sense from the very beginning that big things were achievable. When I was Foreign Minister of Australia, back in 1992, Connie Peck—then a Reader in Psychology at one of our local universities—came to me with a proposal to examine how the UN might improve its effectiveness in conflict prevention and resolution. I liked her focus, energy and enthusiasm and found a way—I’m not sure in retrospect how on earth I managed this—to post her to the Australian Permanent Mission to the UN in New York as my Special Consultant to interview UN staff and diplomats and to develop a set of recommendations. There she discovered, among many other things, that the Organization seemed to be forever condemned to repeat its mistakes. There was virtually no systematic recording of institutional memory. Every effort at peacemaking started from square one: a formula for forever flying by the seat of one’s pants. Prevention measures were undertaken far too late or mostly not at all: everything learned was almost immediately forgotten. Equally startling was the complete absence of training for UN staff in negotiation and mediation, already an established field in academia and key to effective peacemaking and preventive diplomacy. The myth still prevailed that viii Foreword ______________________________________________________________________________________ mediators could only be born, not made. It was obvious, but utterly unacknowledged, that without systematic professional training in this area, the Organization would simply be unable to effectively address the myriad conflict-related problems it faced around the globe. Step by step, during her time in New York, Dr. Peck began working on ways to fill these critical lacunae in the UN system. Her first major effort is the subject of this book: the UNITAR-IPI Fellowship Programme in Peacemaking and Preventive Diplomacy, which she established in 1993 and is now 20 years old. This is a programme for experienced UN staff, personnel from regional organizations, and diplomats working with the UN, and it has established a stellar reputation for excellence. The Australian Government, I am proud to say, provided seed money to get it off the ground, and further support over the years, together with many other contributors. Norway, with the generosity and commitment for which it is famous, has now hosted the Programme for many years. The Fellowship Programme is by no means the end of the story. Under the umbrella of the wider UNITAR Programme in Peacemaking and Conflict Prevention, again a Connie Peck brainchild and legacy, the Fellowship Programme spun off into a number of other training programmes modelled on its curriculum. These include one specifically for participants from the African continent and another for representatives of indigenous peoples. To overcome the problem of a lack of institutional memory, Dr. Peck launched the UNITAR Programme for Briefing and Debriefing Special Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General to share and record the valuable experience of UN peacemakers and peacekeepers at the highest level. One part of this is an annual seminar to provide a regular forum for the exchange of ideas and experience amongst the most senior appointees in the UN system. A second part, aimed more at institutional memory, is a book, On Being a Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General (now in its second edition), brilliantly compiled from her extensive interviews with SRSGs. She has now condensed that volume’s most important lessons into the shorter Manual for UN Mediators: Advice from UN Representatives and Envoys. Both are available to all newly-appointed and serving SRSGs, their staff, as well as more generally to staff in the Departments of Political Affairs and Peacekeeping Operations. Connie Peck has further influenced the UN system in other writing. Some years ago, I had the honour of providing the Foreword for another of her books, The United Nations as a Dispute Settlement System: Improving Mechanisms for the Prevention and Resolution of Conflict. That work, as well as her next book, Sustainable Peace: The Role of the UN and Regional Organizations in Preventing Conflict, made specific proposals Foreword ix ______________________________________________________________________________________ for UN reform, many of which have since been adopted, including a dramatic increase in the staff and travel budget of the Department of Political Affairs, so that it can more effectively carry out its mandate in peacemaking and preventive diplomacy. And some of her most ambitious practical proposals have begun to see the light of day, for example, her call for the establishment of regionally-based “UN Conflict Prevention and Resolution Centres.” Initially considered a radical idea, centres such as the UN Office for West Africa, the UN Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia, and the UN Regional Office for Central Africa have now been established and are showing their worth. Other ideas have been articulated in Peck’s Increasing the Effectiveness of the International Court of Justice; many journal articles and book chapters (including her important contribution to my own 1993 book, launched at the UN, Cooperating for Peace: The Global Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond) and, ultimately, her authorship of the first-ever “Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on enhancing mediation and its support activities.” Connie Peck has now turned over the management of the UNITAR Programme in Peacemaking and Conflict Prevention
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