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Africa Peace and Conflict Journal AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL • Promoting Human Security and Peace in the Pastoral Karimojong Communities in Uganda: Systems and Strategies to Mitigate Land Conflicts Maxie J. Muwonge • Drama Festivals: A Tool for Peace Education in Nairobi Secondary Schools Njageh Ann Rita Karimi • Child Soldiers in Postwar Liberia: The Challenges of Reintegration Awodola Bosede • Forgiveness, Reconciliation, and Judicial Process in Northern Uganda: The Lord’s Resistance Army and the International Criminal Court Michael Bartlet • Building Peace from Below: The Centre Ubuntu in Burundi Sylvester Bongani Maphosa • Causes of the Northern Uganda Armed Conflict: A Probit Analysis Charles Okello Ayai EDUCATION FOR PEACE AFRICA VOLUME 2 NUMBER 2 DECEMBER 2009 PROGRAMME APCJ_Winter09_IFC 2/4/10 2:50 PM Page 2 AFRICA PEACE AND Rachel Goldwyn, CARE International UK Michelo Hansungule, University of Pretoria CONFLICT JOURNAL Geoff Harris, University of KwaZulu-Natal Monica Kathina Juma, Africa Policy Institute Executive Editor Tony Karbo, University for Peace Amr Abdalla, University for Peace, Vice Rector Mary E. King, University for Peace Marion Keim Lees, University of Western Cape Managing Editor Gilbert Khadiagala, University of the Tony Karbo, Senior Programme Officer and Witwatersrand Associate Professor, University for Peace Terrence Lyons, George Mason University Africa Programme Pamela Machakanja, Africa University Guest Editor Erin McCandless, Journal of Peacebuilding and Susan Allen Nan, Institute for Development Conflict Analysis and Resolution Christopher Mitchell, George Mason University George Mason University Tim Murithi, Institute for Security Studies, EDITORIAL BOARD Addis Ababa Amr Abdalla, University for Peace Susan Allen Nan, George Mason University Bertha Kadenyi Amisi, Syracuse University Edith Natukunda, Makerere University Hizkias Assefa, Eastern Mennonite University Sulayman Nyang, Howard University Elham Atashi, Goucher College Martin Rupiya, Office of the Prime Minister, Johannes Botes, University of Baltimore Zimbabwe Benjamin Broome, Arizona State University Mary Hope Schoewbel, United States Institute Jean-Bosco Butera, University for Peace of Peace Kevin Clements, University of Queensland Craig Zelizer, Georgetown University Alyson Frendak, George Mason University Design and composition: Auburn Associates, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, United States Printing: Appi Sàrl, Gland, Switzerland ISSN 1659–3944 Copyright ©2009 University for Peace University for Peace Africa Programme Jean-Bosco Butera, Director PO Box 2794, Code 1250 Tony Karbo, Senior Programme Officer Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Elias Cheboud, Research Coordinator Tel: +251-11-6180991 Tsion Abebe, Programme Assistant Fax: +251-11-6180993 Rahel Getachew, Administrative and Web site: www.apcj.upeace.org Finance Assistant The mission of the University for Peace is to provide humanity with an international institution of higher education for peace with the aim of promoting among all human beings a spirit of understanding, tol- erance, and peaceful coexistence, to stimulate cooperation among peoples, and to help lessen obsta- cles and threats to world peace and progress in keeping with the noble aspirations proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations. —Charter of the University for Peace, Article 2, approved by the UN General Assembly in Resolution A/RES/35/55 Publication of the Africa Peace and Conflict Journal is made possible by the financial assistance of IDRC. PU_1464_APCJ_Winter_00i_108_Final 2/3/10 4:05 PM Page i AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL Guidelines for Contributors The APCJ is a refereed journal with a panel of international editorial advisors and readers. All articles are anonymously peer reviewed by at least two referees. We welcome the following types of contributions year round and will periodically issue calls for papers on specific topics: Articles and case analysis—critical case studies or thematic discussion and analysis of top- ical peace and conflict themes (7,000 words maximum, including endnotes; abstract, 150 words or less). Briefings/practice—training or intervention strategies, outcomes and impacts, policy review and analysis, country situational updates, and so on (2,000 words maximum). Book reviews—critical assessments of new books that integrate peace and conflict concerns (1,500 words maximum). Resources—reports, upcoming conferences and workshops, notices of new books and videos, e-communications, and Web sites that link peace and conflict studies (150 words maximum); documents, declarations, communiqués, and other relevant nongovernmental or multilateral or- ganizational statements (1,000 words maximum). The editors will consider only material that meets the following requirements: • Submissions must be original and not under consideration for publication by another jour- nal or organization or have been published previously. • Submissions should be prepared in word-processing software, preferably Microsoft Word 6 or later. • For notes and references, use the short-title system (not the author-date system) as per Butcher’s Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Copy-editors and Proofreaders, 4th edn (2006). Include full name; brief bio(s) with institutional affiliation of author(s); and contact details, in- cluding mailing address and telephone number. Submit to [email protected] and [email protected]. The editors reserve the right to alter all manuscripts to conform with APCJ style, to improve ac- curacy, to eliminate mistakes and ambiguity, and to bring the manuscript in line with the tenets of plain legal language. PU_1464_APCJ_Winter_00i_108_Final 2/3/10 4:05 PM Page ii AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL: ISSN 1659-3944. Published in June and December by the University for Peace Africa Programme, PO Box 2794, Code 1250, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the University for Peace, El Rodeo de Mora, Ciudad Colón, Costa Rica. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION RATES: African subscriptions, US$50 for institutions, US$25 for individuals. International subscriptions, US$100 for institutions, US$50 for individuals. ELECTRONIC ACCESS: Visit www.apcj.upeace.org or e-mail the managing editor at [email protected]. COPYRIGHT: © 2009 University for Peace Africa Programme. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to reprint ma- terial from this publication must be mailed to Managing Editor, UPEACE Africa Programme, PO Box 2794, Code 1250, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, or e-mailed to [email protected]. PU_1464_APCJ_Winter_00i_108_Final 2/3/10 4:05 PM Page iii AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL Volume 2 Number 2 December 2009 CONTENTS Guest Editor’s Note: Holistic Peacebuilding in Africa v From the Managing Editor viii Articles Promoting Human Security and Peace in the Pastoral Karimojong Communities in Uganda: Systems and Strategies to Mitigate Land Conflicts 1 Maxie J. Muwonge Drama Festivals: A Tool for Peace Education in Nairobi Secondary Schools 16 Njageh Ann Rita Karimi Child Soldiers in Postwar Liberia: The Challenges of Reintegration 30 Awodola Bosede Forgiveness, Reconciliation, and Judicial Process in Northern Uganda: The Lord’s Resistance Army and the International Criminal Court 42 Michael Bartlet Building Peace from Below: The Centre Ubuntu in Burundi 58 Sylvester Bongani Maphosa Causes of the Northern Uganda Armed Conflict: A Probit Analysis 72 Charles Okello Ayai PU_1464_APCJ_Winter_00i_108_Final 2/3/10 4:05 PM Page iv iv AFRICA PEACE AND CONFLICT JOURNAL Briefings Challenges and Conflicts to Customary Land Tenure in Teso Region in Uganda 86 Esibo S. Omaada Women, Camps, and (In)Security 98 Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso Bookshelf Peace and Conflict in Africa, edited by David J. Francis 104 Reviewed by Maneshka Eliatamby Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa, by Dambisa Moyo 106 Reviewed by Martha Mutisi PU_1464_APCJ_Winter_00i_108_Final 2/3/10 4:05 PM Page v Guest Editor’s Note: Holistic Peacebuilding in Africa This issue of the Africa Peace and Conflict Journal demonstrates that peace is not a one- dimensional phenomenon, built alone by one person or based entirely on a single as- pect of human relations. Just as conflict is complex—involving individuals and groups, grassroots and leadership, economic and identity dynamics, historical and future vi- sions, and everything in between—peacebuilding as well engages the myriad of human experience. Holistic peacebuilding acknowledges the psychology, sociology, anthropology, po- litical, international, legal, communications, and human rights components of con- flict and peace. The articles in this issue collectively represent various dimensions of holistic peacebuilding, presenting perspectives by experts in African conflict analysis and scholars of conflict resolution practices in Africa. They touch on the varied ele- ments of peacebuilding, including human security, arts, education, judicial systems, reintegration of combatants, grassroots communities, and economics. The variety of the approaches represented here is connected by a common thread: no one approach by itself holds the solution to protracted conflict. Education and youth programs are only possible where human security supports physical survival. Forgiveness and reconciliation cannot be divorced from reasonably open economic opportunity for all. Elders within communities carry a weight that national courts might not within the grassroots context, while national courts have influence far be- yond the localized role of community elders. Peacebuilding takes more than a village; it
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