An Anthology of Peace and Security Research 1 An Anthology of Peace and Security Research AnI nAnthologystitute for Peace and S ofecurity Studies in collaboration with Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Adanddis Ababa, Ethiopia Research November 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Institute for Peace and Security Studies (IPSS), Addis Ababa University and Fredrich Ebert Stiftung (FES). ISBN 978-99944-997-5-5 An Anthology of Peace and Security Research Institute for Peace and Security Studies in collaboration with Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia November 2010 An Anthology of Peace and Security Research TABLE OF CONTENTS i. Foreword i ii. Introduction ii iii. Acknowledgements v I. Ethnic Identity and the Relations of Amhara, Ormo and Tigray Students at Addis Ababa University Main Campus, By Abera Hailemariam CHAPTER ONE 2 1. Background and Statement of the Problem 2 1.1. Background 2 1.2. Statement of the problem 3 1.3 Objectives 5 1.3.1. General objective 5 1.3.2 Specific objectives 5 CHAPTER TWO 6 2. Review of Related Literature 6 2.1. Defining ethnicity and ethnic conflict 6 2.1.1 Defining ethnicity 6 2.1.2. Ethnic conflict and its sources 7 2.2. Ethnic identity and ethnic relations in the post 1991 Ethiopia 8 2.2.1. Federalism as a panacea to ethnic conflict 8 2.2.2 Controversy over the existing ethnic federalism 10 2.2.3. Effectiveness of ethnic federalism in preventing conflict: the Ethiopian 12 experience CHAPTER THREE 14 3. Research Deign and Methodology 14 3.1. Methodology 14 3.2. Research design 14 3.3. Selection of research setting 15 3.4. Context of the research setting 15 An Anthology of Peace and Security Research 3.5. Selection of research participants 16 3.6. Data collection tools 17 3.7. Data analysis and interpretation 18 CHAPTER FOUR 20 4. Data Presentation and Analysis 20 4.1. An over view of relations of Amhara, Oromo and Tigray Students 20 4.2. Ethnic affinity and group work in a class room setting 27 4.3. Ethnic relations and controversial issues in class discussions 33 4.4. Ethnic composition of students in dormitories: Homogeneity versus hetero- 38 geneity 4.5. Ethnic identity and role of students as promoters of public cause 46 4.5.1. Change in the political context4.5.2. Ethnicity 46 4.6. The trend of solving differences among students: Amicable vs. non amicable 52 ways CHAPTER FIVE 59 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 59 5.1. Conclusions 59 5.2. Recommendations 63 Reference 67 II. The Role of Local Governments in Conflict Management: The Case of Mieso Woreda, by Dereje Seyoum CHAPTER ONE 72 1.1 Introduction 72 1.2 Statement of the Problem 73 1.3 Research Question 74 1.4 Objective of the Study 74 1.5 Significance of the Study 75 1.6 Methodology 75 1.7 Sampling Technique 76 An Anthology of Peace and Security Research 1.8 Sources of Data 76 1.9 Delimitation of the study 76 1.10 Limitations of the study 76 1.11 Ethical consideration 76 1.12 Description of Mieso Woreda 77 1.13 Rationale for Selecting the Study Area 77 1.14 Organization of the Thesis 77 CHAPTER TWO 79 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND BACK GROUND 79 2.1 Defining Conflict 79 2.2 Conflict Management 79 2.3 Theories of Conflict 80 2.4 Approaches to Conflict Resolution 81 2.4.1 Mediation 81 2.5 Traditional Instruments of Conflict Resolution 82 2.5.1 Oromos. 82 2.5.2 Afars 82 2.5.3 Somalis. 83 2.6 Local Governments 83 2.7 The Emergence of Local Government Institutions 84 2.8 Local Government Institutions in Ethiopia 85 2.9 Conflict Management in Ethiopia 86 2.10 Conflict Management Institutions 88 2.11 Traditional Institutions 90 CHAPTER THREE 91 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSISS 91 3.1 Conflicts in Diama 91 3.2 The Conflict in Bordede 93 3.3 The “Invasion” of Mieso Town 95 3.4 Causes of Conflict in Mieso Woreda 97 3.4.1 Competition over Natural Resources 97 An Anthology of Peace and Security Research 3.4.2 Territorial Claim 99 3.5 Actors and Factors in the Conflict 100 3.5.1 Actors 100 3.5.2 Other Factors 102 3.6 Attempts to Resolve the Conflict 102 3.6.1 Local Government Attempts to Resolve the Conflict 102 3.6.2 Federal Government 105 3.6.3 Attempts by the Regional States 106 3.6.4 Traditional Conflict Management Mechanisms 107 3.7 Local Government Capability to the Manage the Conflict 108 3.8 Local Government and the People 109 CHAPTER FOUR 111 4.1 Conclusions and Recommendations 111 4.2 Recommendations 113 References 116 Proclamations 119 III. The Status of Private Security Companies in Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Ababa, by Solomon Hassen CHAPTER ONE 122 1.1. Introduction 122 1.2. Statement of the Problem 124 1.3. Hypothesis 124 1.4. Objectives of the Study 125 1.5. Methodology and Research Design 126 1.5.1. Selection of Research Participants 126 1.5.2. Data Generating Mechanisms 126 1.5.3. Design 127 Sampling 127 1.5.4 Data Analysis Strategy 127 1.6. Organization Of The Study 128 An Anthology of Peace and Security Research CHAPTER TWO 129 2. Definitions And Concepts 129 2.1. Privatization Of Security 129 2.2. The Emergence Of Private Security Companies 132 2.3. The Scope Of Private Security Companies 134 2.3.1. Military Service Providers 134 2. 4. Private Security Companies 135 2.5. Public–Private Security Relationship 136 CHAPTER THREE 137 3. Background Of Private Security Companies In Ethiopia 137 3.1. The History Of Policing In Ethiopia 137 3.2. The Development Of The Private Security Sector In Ethiopia 138 3.3. The Size Of The Private Security Companies In Ethiopia 140 3.4. Service And Market Dynamics 142 CHAPTER FOUR 143 4. An Assessment Of The Status Of Private Security Companies In Ethiopia 143 4.1. Wages And Working Conditions 143 4.1.2. Working Conditions 145 4.2. Education, Recruitment And Training 147 4.3. Economic Benefits And Employment Opportunities 149 4.3.1. Payment Procedures 151 4.4. Major Activities Of Pscs And Duties Of The Guards 152 4.4.1 Major Duties Of Security Guards 153 4.5. Industry Standards And Regulatory Issues 154 4.5.1 Monitoring And Review 154 4.5.2. The Issue Of Licensing Weapons 157 4.5.3. Professionalization And Market Mechanisms 158 4.6. Is There Any Working Relationship Between The Different Pscs? 160 4.7. Relationships Between The Police And Private Security Forces 161 An Anthology of Peace and Security Research CHAPTER FIVE 164 5. Lessons, Challenges And Recommendations 164 Reference 169 IV. Cross-Border Pastoral Conflict: The Case of Dassenetch and Nyangatom in Southern Ethiopia, by Teshome Mekonnen CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 174 1.1 Background Of The Study 174 1.1.1 General Aspect Of Conflict And Pastoralism In The Horn Of Africa 174 1.1.2 Pastoralism In Ethiopia 176 1.1.3 Pastoralism In SNNPR 176 1.2 Statement Of The Problem 177 1.3 Objectives Of The Study 178 1.3.1 General Objectives 178 1.3.2 Specific Objectives 178 1.4 Methodology 179 1.5 Limitations And Delimitations Of The Study 180 1.6 Scope Of The Study Area 180 1.7 Organization Of The Study 180 CHAPTER TWO: Review Of Literature 182 2.1 Theoretical Approaches To Pastoral Conflict 182 2.2 Causes Of Pastoral Conflict 183 CHAPTER THREE: Analysis Of Research Findings 186 3.1. Profile Of The Study Area 186 3.1.1 Geography And Administrative Arrangement 186 3.1.2 Demography And Ethnography 186 3.1.3 Economy 187 3.2. The Nature Of Conflict 187 3.2.1 The Extent And Distribution Of The Conflict 187 3.2.2 The Effects Of Violent Conflict 191 An Anthology of Peace and Security Research 3.2.3 The Changing Nature Of Conflict 192 3.2.4 Border 193 3.2.5 Types And Levels Of Conflict 194 3.3 Causes Of Conflict 196 3.3.1 Structural Causes Of Conflict 197 3.3.2 Proximate Causes Of Conflict 203 3.3.3 Immediate Triggers Of Conflict 207 CHAPTER FOUR: Potentials For Conflict Management And Peace Building 208 4.1 The Role Of Government 208 4.1.1 The Role Of Federal Government 208 4.1.2 The Role Of Local Government 209 4.2 The Role Of Civil Society 210 4.3 Socio-Cultural Values 211 4.3.1 The Role Of Elders 211 4.3.2 The Role Of Women 212 4.4 Poverty 212 CHAPTER FIVE: Conclusions 213 References 215 V. The Nexus Between Food Insecurity And Conflict: The Case Of Jille Timmuga Woreda, by Yohannes Buayalew CHAPTER ONE 220 1. Introduction 220 1.1 Background 220 1.2 Statement of the Problem 220 1.3 Research Question 221 1.4 Objectives of the Study 222 1.4.1 General Objective 222 1.4.2 Specific Objectives 222 1.5 Significance of the Study 222 1.6 Limitation of the Study 223 An Anthology of Peace and Security Research 1.7 Scope of the Study 223 1.8 Method 224 1.9 Sampling Design 224 1.10 Data Collection 226 1.11 Data Entry and Processing Mechanism 226 1.12Data Analysis 226 1.13 Structure of the Paper 227 CHAPTER TWO 228 Contexts 228 2.1 The National Context 228 2.2 The Regional Context 229 2.2.2 The Location of ANRS 230 2.2.3 The Demography of ANRS 230 2.2.4 The Climate of ANRS 230 2.2.5 The Natural Resource of ANRS 230 2.3 The Jille Timmuga Woreda 231 2.3.1 Location 231 2.3.2 Demography 232 2.3.3 Climate, Ecology and Land 232 CHAPTER THREE 233 3.