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The Culture of Power in Contemporary Ethiopian Political Life

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The Culture of Power in Contemporary Ethiopian Political Life Studies 10 omslag_edita 03-12-09 15.47 Sida 1 THE CULTURE OF POWER IN CONTEMPORARY ETHIOPIAN POLITICAL LIFE OF POWER IN CONTEMPORARY THE CULTURE The Culture of Power in Contemporary Ethiopian Political Life SARAH VAUGHAN AND KJETIL TRONVOLL SARAH VAUGHAN AND KJETIL TRONVOLL Sarah Vaughan is a Research Consultant and Honorary Fellow of the School of Social and Political Studies of the University of Edinburgh. Kjetil Tronvoll is a research fellow and Director of the Horn of Africa Programme at the For more than a decade, reforms designed to liberalise Norwegian Centre for Human Rights at the University of Oslo. Ethiopia’s economy, decentralise its state, and democratise its politics have sought to reverse a history of centralised autocracy and violent political conflict. Despite important advances, the capacity and the freedom of action of civil society and political opposition remain limited. The cur- rent period is critical in terms both of political stability and pluralism, and of pro-poor socio-economic development in Ethiopia. The study advocates an analysis of power that takes account of the political culture, knowledge, and be- liefs of Ethiopia’s diverse citizens. The authors argue that Sida involving all Ethiopians in decisions affecting their lives is studies one of the most significant challenges to socio-political transformation. THE SIDA STUDIES-SERIES OFFERS A SELECTION OF THE REPORTS AND STUDIES COMMISSIONED BY DIFFERENT no. DEPARTMENTS AT SIDA. THE SELECTION IS MADE TO REFLECT ISSUES OF RELEVANCE TO SIDA’S POLICIES AND PRACTICES, BUT EACH REPORT EXPRESSES THE VIEWS AND FINDINGS OF ITS WRITER(S). Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Address: SE–105 25 Stockholm, Sweden. Visiting address: Sveavägen 20, Stockholm. Tel +46 8 698 50 00, e-mail: [email protected]. Sidastudies no. www.sida.se Studies 10 omslag_edita 03-12-09 15.48 Sida 2 Previous issues in the Sida studies series: No 1 Moldova’s Transition to Destitution, Per Ronnås and Nina Orlova. Art. nr. D 0708 No 2 Beneficiary, Consumer, Citizen: Perspectives on Participation for Poverty Reduction, Andrea Cornwall. Art. nr. D 0718 No 3 Discussing Women’s Empowerment – Theory and Practice. Art. nr. D 0738 No 4 On Democracy’s Sustainability – Transition in Guinea-Bissau, Lars Rudebeck. Art. nr. D 0758 No 5 The Least Developed Countries and World Trade, Stefan de Vylder, Gunnel Axelsson Nycander and Marianne Laanatza. Art. nr. D 0792 Swedish version: De minst utvecklade länderna och världshandeln, Art. nr. D 0769 No 6 Programme Support and Public Finance Management – A New Role for Bilateral Donors in Poverty Strategy Work, Ulrika Brobäck and Stefan Sjölander. Art. nr. D 0882 No 7 One Step Further – Responses to HIV/AIDS. Art. nr. 1693en No 8 International Labour Migrants: Unsung heroes of globalisation. Bhargavi Ramamurthy. Art. nr. Sida2899en No 9 Migranter på den internationella arbetsmarknaden: Globaliseringens förbisedda hjältar. Bhargavi Ramamurthy. Art. nr. Sida2899sv The Culture of Power in Contemporary Ethiopian Political Life Sida Studies can be ordered by visiting Sida’s website: www.sida.se Sida Studies can also be ordered from Sida’s Information Centre. E-mail: [email protected] Tel. + The Sida Studies-series offers a selection of the reports and studies recently commissioned by different departments at Sida. The selection is made to reflect issues of relevance to Sida’s policies and practices, but each report expresses the views and findings of its writer(s). Sida Studies . Copyright: Sida Editor: Anne Sisask Graphic Design: Johan Nilsson/Kombinera Cover Photo: Thomas Raupach/Phoenix Printed by Edita Sverige , . - --- Art. nr. Sidaen The Culture of Power in Contemporary Ethiopian Political Life BY SARAH VAUGHAN AND KJETIL TRONVOLL Sidastudies Foreword by Sida The mission of Sida is to contribute to poverty reduction in partner coun- tries. Sustained poverty reduction requires equitable growth – but it also requires that poor people have access to political power and resources. To better understand the persistent and multi-dimensional aspects of poverty as well as the potential for and obstacles to poverty reduction and development, Sida decided to commission, on a pilot basis, a “power analysis” of Ethiopia during the preparation of the Swedish Ethiopian Country Strategy for ‒ in . The purpose of the study is to provide Sida and the Swedish Embassy in Ethiopia with a deeper understanding of the formal and informal political, economic and social power structures and power relations in Ethiopian society as well as their implications for poverty reduction and development in Ethiopia. The study may also help Sida to identify dif- ferent processes and initiatives in Ethiopian society, which could con- tribute to poverty reduction, democratisation, and increased respect for human rights and socio-economic development. Our hope is that the study will also be of interest to everybody interested in developments in Ethiopia. To quote the authors of the report: “This study foregrounds culture, convention, and systems of shared belief in the study of relations and structures of power. In doing so, it seeks to look beyond the so-called ‘for- mal’ or ‘modern’ political sphere, to investigate the way it is influenced by, and influences social developments more generally. … it seeks to move beyond the constitutional developments, and formal structures which pro- vide the waxen form of politics in Ethiopia, to illuminate its ‘golden’ alternate: the relations and systems of power and convention which underpin and give it life and meaning.” Hitherto, Sida’s experience of conducting power analyses has been rather limited. The first round of analyses includes Ethiopia, Kenya, Burkina Faso and Mali. All these analyses were carried out as an integral part of each country strategy process. At present, Sidas’s Division for Democratic Governance () is assessing the approaches used in these four analyses further to develop methods for these types of studies. Thomas Kjellson Acting Head of Division for Democratic Governance () Authors’ Foreword The paper was written in May and broadly represents the situation as it was perceived at that time. Whilst some revision and restructuring was carried out in , no attempt has been made to update it to take full account of developments subsequent to the initial writing. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................10 1 INTRODUCTION: PERSPECTIVES ON POWER AND CULTURE ..............................24 1.1 Reform from 1991–2001...............................................................................26 1.1.1 The dynamics of reform .....................................................................26 1.2 Power and collective perceptions of power ......................................................29 1.2.1 Some theoretical reflections ...............................................................29 1.2.2 ‘Political culture’ in Ethiopia.................................................................32 2 POPULAR PRACTICE: POWER IN THE VILLAGE AND COMMUNITY ......................36 2.1 ‘Traditional’ patterns of interaction...................................................................36 2.1.1 Customary democratic practices ........................................................36 2.1.2 Customary power-holders...................................................................38 2.2 The experience of state power at the local level................................................40 2.2.1 The wide influence of the kebele/wereda structure................................40 2.2.2 Implications and dynamics of local government reform..........................43 2.3 Implications and trends ..................................................................................45 2.3.1 At the limits of participation under federalism .......................................45 2.3.1.1 Women....................................................................................46 2.3.1.2 Occupational Minorities.............................................................48 2.3.1.3 ‘Peripheral’ Regions..................................................................49 2.3.1.4 ‘Ethnic’ conflicts and ethnicity under federalism...........................50 2.3.2 Human rights ....................................................................................53 2.3.2.1 Documented, reported, and alleged human rights abuses ............53 2.3.2.2 Government attitudes and responses .........................................56 2.4 Concluding remarks.......................................................................................57 3 ASSOCIATIONAL LIFE AND THE EMERGENCE OF CIVIL SOCIETY ........................60 3.1 Spiritual activity: religious institutions and organisation......................................60 3.2 Developmental Activity: NGOs as ‘civil society’..................................................62 3.2.1 NGOs and the EPRDF .........................................................................63 3.2.1.1 Policy directions.......................................................................63 3.2.1.2 Government–NGO relations .......................................................64 3.2.2 International NGOs (INGOs) .................................................................65 3.2.3 Ethiopian National NGOs (NNGOs) .......................................................65 3.2.3.1 Government oriented NGOs (GONGOs) and Development
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