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Alan Moorehead Ryska revolutionen Sv. upplaga 1959 Översättning (från engelska): Hans Granqvist Innehåll Introduktion till denna utgåva .................................................................................................... 1 Förord ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Petrograd år 1916 ................................................................................................................... 3 2. Av Guds nåde ......................................................................................................................... 8 3. Den nya människan .............................................................................................................. 19 4. Revolten 1905 ...................................................................................................................... 32 5. Demokratin får sin chans ...................................................................................................... 39 6. Landsflyktingarna ................................................................................................................. 48 7. Kriget .................................................................................................................................... 57 8. Tyskland och den revolutionära rörelsen ............................................................................. 68 9. Marsrevolutionen ................................................................................................................. 80 10. Sovjeten kontra provisoriska regeringen ............................................................................ 94 11. Lenins återkomst .............................................................................................................. 102 12. Julidagarna ....................................................................................................................... 110 13. Kornilov gör revolt ........................................................................................................... 123 14. Bolsjevikerna tar makten .................................................................................................. 135 15. Den konstituerande församlingen ..................................................................................... 149 16. Brest Litovsk .................................................................................................................... 157 Om källorna ............................................................................................................................ 166 1 Introduktion till denna utgåva Denna bok, som kom ut 1959, är den första bok om den ryska revolutionen som var skriven av icke-kommunister och icke-socialister som kom ut på svenska. Föregångarna var (i tidsordning): Augustin Souchy, Den ryska arbetare- och bonderevolutionen (1920) – förf . anarkist Fredrik Ström, Ryska revolutionens historia i sammandrag (1924) – förf. var 1917 en av grundarna av Sveriges socialdemokratiska vänsterparti (föregångare till kommunistpartiet) Ryska revolutionens historia (1931) – sammanställd av en sovjetisk redaktionskommitté SUKP(b):s historia (1938) [ utdrag ] – den beryktade Stalin-versionen. Mooreheads bok har otvivelaktigt vissa brister. Ett exempel på detta nämner Lars B Svedgård i förordet till hans Trotskij-biografi, där han säger att boken varit värdefull ”även om Moorehead måste behandlas med viss varsamhet, då han ser som sin främsta uppgift att bevisa Lenins roll av tysk agent.”1 Talet om tyska pengar till stöd för bolsjevikerna har fått förnyad aktualitet efter Sovjet- unionens sammanbrott, men de flesta sansade historier verkar överens om att det förekom, men inte hade den omfattning som vissa försökt göra gällande (och att det f ö även förekom stöd till bolsjevikernas motståndare, ofta betydligt större).2 Boken har även andra brister, vilka har sin rot i att författaren ingalunda är någon anhängare till den ryska revolutionen, men samtidigt måste det sägas att den i många avseenden är bättre än nyare arbeten, t ex den inflytelserika Richard Pipes (Den ryska revolutionen) och historiker som inspirerats av honom, vilka ser ryska revolutionen som en ren statskupp genomförd av en liten minoritet som i stort sett helt saknade folkligt stöd. Moorehead är i detta avseende mycket mer sansad och konstaterar flera gånger att bolsjevikerna hösten 1917 hade ett avsevärt stöd, i motsats till de viktigaste politiska motståndarna (borgerliga partier, mensjeviker osv). Men detta är givetvis ett uttryck för att vi idag lever i en annan tid, där huvudmålet för många – av ideologiska skäl – är att manifestera avståndstagande från och smutskasta den ryska revolutionen och dess viktigaste företrädare och förespråkare. Eftersom man inte gillar socialistska revolutioner så strävar man efter att framställa sådana i så dystra färger som möjligt, för att i möjligaste mån vaccinera mot revolutionens virus. Sett ur ett sådant perspektiv är Mooreheads bok trots allt ett ljus i mörkret. Martin F (september 2018) 1 Se Lars Svedgård: L. D. Trotskij 2 Se t ex Synpunkter på Catherine Merridales bok Lenins resa till revolutionen 1917.som handlar om en nyutkommen bok om främst en aspekt av den ryska revolutionen- 1 Förord denna bok har jag försökt att på en gång kortfattat och rakt på sak berätta om den ryska revolutionen 1917 och de händelser som ledde fram till den. Det är självklart att min relation inte kommer att tillfredsställa alla. Ett mera omstritt ämne finns inte, och meningsmotsätt- ningar som fanns hos dem som levde i Ryssland vid tiden för revolutionen har under de gångna fyrtio åren inte dämpats. Vardagliga fakta blir ofta stridsäpplen för kämpande ögon- vittnen och historiker, och även de samvetsgrannaste vetenskapsmän kan bli oense om en tolkningsfråga. Denna bok framträder därför inte med anspråk på att vara ett definitivt eller uttömmande arbete. Den har bara till syfte att på ett så lidelsefritt och objektivt sätt som möjligt ge den vanliga läsaren en skildring av en viktig politisk omvälvning, som alltjämt ligger lite för nära för att kunna räknas som historia och kanske ändå lite för långt bort för att man ska kunna minnas vad som inträffade. Jag skall berätta något om de egenartade omständigheter som har gjort att min bok har kommit till. För ungefär tio år sedan började dr Stephan T. Possony, som är lärare i modern historia vid Georgetownuniversitetet, att tillsammans med en liten grupp studenter granska revolutionär teknik, framför allt den bolsjevikiska omstörtningstekniken. Här var ett ämne som grep in i och överskuggade alla andra. Ryska revolutionen bidrog sannolikt mer än någonting annat till att Förenta staterna efter det första världskriget kastade sig in i världs- politiken. I själva verket kom den ryska revolutionen att påverka alla länder under 1920-talet, och det är lätt att se att den också övade inflytande på den världsekonomiska depressionen och på den politik som ledde fram till andra världskrigets utbrott. Nazismens maktövertagande i Tyskland var intimt förknippat med arvet efter Lenin. Utan Stalins löfte om stöd skulle Hitler knappast ha vågat störta världen in i en ny bloddrypande konflikt 1939. De amerikanska trupper som nu är stationerade i Europa och Fjärran östern, den kinesiska Kuomintang- regeringens fall, det kalla kriget, Korea, de ständigt på nytt inträdande kriserna i Mellersta östern, kapplöpningen om robotvapnen — allt detta föddes ur den storm som 1917 sopade bort den ryske tsaren. Dr Possony och hans medhjälpare inriktade sina forskningar på de ryska kommunisternas särpräglade sätt att tänka och reagera. Hur var det möjligt för en uppriktig kommunist att finna sig i den bolsjevikiska politikens alla kastningar — att acceptera slavlägren, förräderi- rättegångarna, den förkvävande byråkratin och ändå förbli partiet trogen? Det verkade som om svaret fanns just i 1917 års revolution. För en hängiven kommunist betyder oktober- revolutionen nästan lika mycket som återuppståndelsen betyder för den kristne. I det ögon- blicket började ett nytt liv, och Lenin, det nya systemets byggmästare, betraktas ännu i dag i Ryssland som hjälte utan motstycke, en profet, en Messias, ett gudabenådat geni, vars motiv kännetecknades av ojämförlig renhet och osjälviskhet. Det verkar vara så, att om en kommu- nist bara accepterar denna religiösa tro på Lenin och revolutionen är det inte svårt för honom att överse med de mängder av felgrepp som partiledarna har begått: alla kan de förklaras som individernas tillfälliga svagheter och misstag. Det verkligt viktiga är att partiet självt fortfarande är oanfrätt, moraliskt och intellektuellt ofelbart, fyllt av förvissningen om att det uppställda målet kommer att nås och till slut göra människor lyckliga. Possonys forskargrupp ansåg tiden kommen att undersöka grunden till den ortodoxt kommunistiska inställningen till Lenin och revolutionen genom att gå tillbaka så långt som möjligt, till de ursprungliga källorna. Ett verkligt givande forskningsmaterial fann gruppen i tyska utrikesdepartementets hemliga papper, vilka som följd av det andra världskrigets utgång har blivit tillgängliga för forskningen. Under krigets slutskede beslagtog de allierade en stor del av ”Wilhelmstrassearkiven”, och ett urval av dessa — dokument från skedet 1933-1941 2 — har senare utgivits eller kommer att utges (både på tyska och engelska). Possony och hans forskargrupp intresserade sig emellertid speciellt för den för-hitlerska
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