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Toxicological Effect and Behavioral Response of a Predatory Stinging Catfish, Heteropneustes Fossilis Exposed to Three Indigenous Plant Seed Extracts

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Toxicological Effect and Behavioral Response of a Predatory Stinging Catfish, Heteropneustes Fossilis Exposed to Three Indigenous Plant Seed Extracts Bangladesh J. Zool. 48(2): 379-391, 2020 ISSN: 0304-9027 eISSN: 2408-8455 TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECT AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF A PREDATORY STINGING CATFISH, HETEROPNEUSTES FOSSILIS EXPOSED TO THREE INDIGENOUS PLANT SEED EXTRACTS Sadia Sultana1, Munira Nasiruddin2, M. A. Azadi3*, and M. R. Chowdhury2 Department of Zoology, Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali, Bangladesh Abstract: For the removal of undesired fish species from aquaculture ponds, an alternative to synthetic toxins is the use of botanical toxicants which are biodegradable and environmentally safer. Toxicological effects of distilled water, 50% ethyl alcohol, methanol and acetone extracts of three indigenous plant seeds, Jatropha carcus (Linn.), Hydnocarpus wightianus (Blume) and Aleurites moluccana (Linn. Willd) were studied on the predatory fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) under normal laboratory conditions. Depending upon the type of plants, extracts and concentrations, percentage mortality varied. Behavioral activities increased with increasing concentrations. During exposure, fish exhibited discolouration, gulping for air, erratic swimming, loss of reflex, slow movement and ultimately became motionless before death . The extent of toxicity of extracts for J. carcus, H. wightianus and A. moluccana on H. fossilis could be ranked in the order: Acetone > methanol > 50% ethyl alcohol > distilled water. On the basis of LC50 values the most toxic was acetone extract of J. carcus seeds and least toxic was distilled water extract of A. moluccana seeds. It is suggested that these plant seed extracts would be helpful in aquaculture to remove unwanted fish species from culture ponds. Key words: Toxicological effect, Heteropneustes fossilis, plant extracts, mortality, lethal concentrations. INTRODUCTION Predatory fish are those that prey upon other fish or aquatic animals. Frequently introduced, these fish can ruin a pond or lake environment. Problems associated with the stocking of undesirable fishes may include under *Author for corresponding: <[email protected]>; 2Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh, 3International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, Bangladesh. ©2020 Zoological Society of Bangladesh DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.3329/ bjz.v48i2.52377 380 Sultana et al. population of desirable fish species, habitat destruction, competition for food and nesting space, and the small size attained by the introduced fish. The use of piscicide as a tool in pond management during pond preparation to get rid of predators before fish stocking is important. Ideally, ponds should be sundried and the pond bottom crack dried to help to get rid of fish predators. Moreover, farmers who are always in a hurry to prepare their ponds always resort to the use of inorganic/chemical fish toxicants which are deleterious for the environment. Derris root, tea seed cake, camellia seed cake and powdered croton seeds are used as botanical piscicides. The toxic parts of plants employed as fish poisons can include roots, seeds, fruits, bark, latex or leaves (Nasiruddin et al. 2006, 2009a, 2010a, 2012a). The piscicidal potential and phytotoxic properties of different parts of plant extracts have been reported by several researchers namely Ayotunde and Benedict (2008), Ayoola (2011), Akinduyite and Oyedapo (2011), Ayoola et al. (2011), Ayotunde et al. (2011), Fafioye (2012), Kumar et al. (2012), Adesina et al. (2013), Okey et al. (2013), Orji et al. (2014), Oshimagye et al. (2014), Ablaka and Auta (2015), Kishore et al. (2016) and Suely et al. (2016). In Bangladesh, Latifa et al. (2002, 2004), Latifa and Parvin (2006), Nasiruddin and Sultana (2007), Nasiruddin et al. (2006, 2009a, b, 2010a, b, 2011, 2012a, b, 2014), Ara et al. (2012) and Chowdhury et al. (2014) have reported the toxic effect of different plant part extracts on such fish. The test organism is an Asian stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, is a species of air breathing catfish. It is found mainly in ponds, ditches, swamps, and marshes, but sometimes occurs in muddy rivers. It can tolerate slightly brackish water habitat. It is omnivorous. This species breeds in confined waters during the monsoon months, but can breed in ponds, derelict ponds, and ditches when sufficient rain water accumulates. It has a great demand due to its medicinal value. To overcome the hazardous effects of organic pesticides, recent emphasis is on the use of natural pesticides, which are usually of plant origin. Some plants contain compounds of various classes that have insecticidal and piscicidal properties (Wang and Huffmann 1991). Unlike synthetic chemical pesticides, which leave harmful residues in the aquatic environment (Koesomadinata 1980), botanical pesticides are said to be more environmentally friendly because they are easily biodegraded and leave no residues in the environment. In view of these considerations, the present study was undertaken to study the toxicological effect of three plant seed extracts, Jatropha carcus, Hydnocarpus wightianus and Aleurites moluccana on predatory fish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Their behavioral response was also observed in the present study during Toxicological effect three indigenous plant seed extracts 381 bioassay to assess the toxicity of plant seed extracts. The aim was to develop an effective anesthetic from indigenous plant material that will be available at low cost to aqua culturists and which would be non-toxic to the fish and consumers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sample collection and preparation: The toxicants were obtained from the dry seeds (Fig.1) of the plant Jatropha carcus (Family: Euphorbiaceae), Hydnocarpus wightianus (Family: Achariaceae) and Aleurites moluccana (Family: Euphorbiaceae) to carry out the experimental study. These seeds collected from the local area and local seed markets of Chittagong, K.C. Dey Road (22.337965, 91.835605) and Narsingdi Big Bazar (22.4780772, 91.7846100) were cleaned and dried under diffused sunlight for 10-15 days prior to stocking. The seeds were kept in airtight glass bottles in a cool place in the laboratory, so that these seeds remained dry and could be easily grinded for making extracts for experimental purpose. Seeds of Jatropha carcus Seeds of Hydnocarpus wightianus Seeds of Aleurites moluccana Fig. 1: Dry seeds of Jatropha carcus, Hydnocarpus wightianus and Aleurites moluccana. The experimental healthy and live fish, Heteropneustes fossilis were collected from local fish markets of Chittagong city on the day of the experiment. Then they were acclimatized in a glass aquarium (Fig. 2) for 3-4 hours in laboratory condition. For the final experiment, only the healthy and mobile fishes were selected. During the experiment, the seeds were crushed into fine powder firstly in a mortar with a pestle and then grinded in an electric blender. 382 Sultana et al. Fig. 2: Acclimatization of Heteropneustes fossilis in the laboratory. The experimental seed powder was sieved through a sieve of 0.0025 cm² mesh size and was extracted with distilled water, 50% ethyl alcohol, methanol and acetone solvents separately. For experimental purposes the required amount of seed powder was weighed and mixed with relevant amount of the solvent in a glass Stoppard conical flask and kept on a magnetic stirrer for 3-4 hours. After extraction, the resultant liquid was filtered through filter paper (Whatman No. 1) and the different test doses were prepared from this stock solution. Desired concentrations of different test solutions were obtained by appropriate dilution of the stock solution (APHA 1995) which was prepared on the day of the experiment. Procedure of bioassays: Experiments (Fig. 3) were done to determine 1- 99% mortality of the liquid extracts obtained from the dry seed powder of J. carcus, H. wightianus and A. moluccana against the test fish H. fossilis. A set of glass aquarium (30 x 23 x 23 cm3) were used for the bioassays. Each of the aquarium contained 5L of tap water, toxicant and five test fish. The different proportions of seed extracts were added to obtain the required concentrations, so as to determine the LC50 values of the seed extracts for the experimental fish. Five concentrations of each extract in triplicates were used in the final experiments after preliminary screening. A set of five healthy and active fishes were then released in each concentration randomly. The test fishes were kept in exposure to the toxicated water for 24±2 hours at room temperature (29±2°C) and in diffused light. A control set was maintained in each experiment which contained 5L of water and same number of fish. Behavioral pattern of control fishes were also observed and noted at that time for comparison with the affected fishes by the toxicants. Mortality of fishes was recorded only of those fishes which were killed within 24 hours after exposure to the various concentrations of the toxicants. Toxicological effect three indigenous plant seed extracts 383 Fig. 3: Experimental set of test of seed extracts. Statistical analysis: To determine the LC50 values of the dry seed extracts on the experimental fishes, probit analysis was done. The values of empirical probit, working probit and weighting probit were taken from the tables of Finney (1971). The regression equation was calculated from empirical probit, working probit and weighting probit. Values of LC50 with 95% confidence intervals were analyzed in a computer based probit analysis programme. The value of chi- square (χ2) test was determined (Fisher and Yates 1963) and
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