Bioscience Discovery, 8(3): 438-454, July - 2017

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Research Article

Vascular Diversity of Nesamony Memorial Christian College Campus, Marthandam, Tamilnadu,

S. Sukumaran and S. Jeeva*

Department of Botany and Research centre, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam, District,Tamilnadu Department of Botany and Research centre*, (Autonomous) ,Tamilnadu *[email protected]

Article Info Abstract Received: 07-02-2017, The present study was carried out to document the diversity of Revised: 19-04-2017, Nesamony Memorial Christian College campus (NMCC), Marthandam, Accepted: 18-05-2017 Tamilnadu, India. Thecampus harbors 533 plant belonging to 369 genera and 108 families. Among the plant species, 238 are wild/naturalized, 295 are Keywords: cultivated/ornamental . The most diverse families in the campus include Nesamony Memorial (34 species), (29 species), (26 species), Christian College campus, Acanthaceae and Poaceae(25 species each), Asteraceae (21 species), Plant diversity, Tamilnadu (19 species), Caesalpinaceae (18 species), and Malvaceae (16 species each), Amaranthaceae and Verbenaceae (13 species each), Moraceae (12 species), Convolvulaceae (11 species), Mimosaceae, Bignoniaceae and Solanaceae (12 species each), Agavaceae and Cucurbitaceae, (9 species each), (8 species), , Asclepiadaceae, Capparidaceae, Commenlinaceae, Liliaceae and Nyctaginaceae (7 species each), Myrtaceae (6 species), Amaryllidaceae, , Combretaceae, Menispermaceae, Rutaceae, Scrophulariaceae and (5 species each), whereas 45 families were monospecific.Documentation of plant biodiversity of the colleges is also an essential factor that promotes to evaluate the total biodiversity wealth of any particular place such as town, city, district etc.

INTRODUCTION the urban environments is important to determine Urban green space that includes streets existing resources and to set targets for future lined with trees, parks and ‘green’ colleges and improvements (Miller, 1996). Marthandam, a fast- schools plays a vital role in the conservation of the growing urban space in the southernmost district of local environment (Chow and Roth, 2006). Trees of peninsular India, still harbors some patches of the concretized urban environment render food to tropical dry evergreen forests. It is necessary to birds and other city-dwelling animals (Fernandez- document the floristic wealth and also to identify Zuricic, 2000). They act as noise filters, air purifiers those plant species that are in urgent need of and pollutant traps and sequester carbon conservation, as Marthandam city is highly (McPhersonet al., 1997; Beckett et al., 2000). disturbed by habitat alteration. Moreover, before Green spaces with lots of trees need to be created in implementing any conservation strategy it is of cities as they act as ‘lungs’ in an otherwise concrete utmost necessity to understand the existing jungle. Documentation of existing green spaces of vegetation profile and to select the appropriate http://jbsd.in 438 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

S. Sukumaran and S. Jeeva species for urban greening. With this background, rainfall and favourable agro-climatic conditions are the present study was intended to assess the responsible for the high species diversity in the untapped floral resources and prepare a floral campus. inventory of NMCC campus, Marthandam, Floristic Survey Tamilnadu, India. The task of inventorying the plant diversity of NMCC campus was undertaken systematically MATERIALS AND METHODS and intensively from July 2012 to April 2013, to Study Area cover most species in flowering and fruiting stages The floristic survey was carried out in about and also to cover various seasons. The flora ~32 acres of NMCC, established in the year 1964, includes all plants growing wild in the natural/semi- and one of the famous institutions of Higher natural environmental in the campus and also learning in Kanyakumari Diocese of the Church of ornamental plants cultivated in the department South India. gardens, and those introduced in the botanical Climate and Soil garden of the Department of Botany. Plant species The climate of Kanyakumari district is were identified using regional floras (Gamble, warm and humid. Rainfall varies from 103 cm to 1921-1935; Mathew, 1991; Nair and Henry,1983; 310 cm, and elevation from sea level to 1829 m Henry et al.,1987; 1989). For all documented above sea level. Gneissic rocks are predominant in species the binomial and author citation were this region. The soil is red, varying in the quantity checked thoroughly with IPNI (International Plant of ferruginous element. Names Index). Well-preserved specimens with Campus Biodiversity voucher numbers were deposited in the Herbarium The scenic college campus harbours native of the Department of Botany and Research Centre, tropical vegetation, coconut groves and plantations; Nesamony Memorial Christian College, there are still portions of the campus with native Marthandam, Tamilnadu, India. vegetation of tropical dry evergreen forest, tropical dry evergreen scrub, scrub savannah and thorn RESULTS forests. The campus plant wealth and biodiversity is A total of 533 plant species which include augmented by the plant wealth in the arboretum. 524 angiosperms and 9 Gymnosperms were The arboretum is endowed with some of the rare, enumerated from the NMCC campus. The 533 plant endemic and endangered plants of the Western species (including angiosperms and gymnosperms) Ghats. The medicinal garden has a large number of belonged to 369 genera and 108 families. . The varied topography, moderate

Figure 1.Classification of angiosperm taxa of the study area.

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Bioscience Discovery, 8(3): 438-454, July - 2017 Among the plant species, 238 are wild/naturalized, each), Amaranthaceae and Verbenaceae (13 species 295 are cultivated/ornamental plants. Of the 108 each), Moraceae (12 species), Convolvulaceae (11 families, 102 belonged to angiosperms and 6 were species), Mimosaceae, Bignoniaceae and gymnosperms (Araucariaceae, Casuarinaceae, Solanaceae(12 species each), Agavaceaeand Cupressaceae, Cycadaceae, Pinaceae and Cucurbitaceae, (9 species each), Lamiaceae (8 Zamiaceae). Of these, angiosperm was the most species), Arecaceae, Asclepiadaceae, dominant with 524 taxa belonging to 361 genera Capparidaceae, Commenlinaceae, Liliaceaeand and 102 families. Gymnosperms (9 taxa) were Nyctaginaceae (7 species each), Myrtaceae (6 represented in the study area. Among angiosperms, species), Amaryllidaceae, dicotyledons were represented by Annonaceae,Combretaceae, Menispermaceae, 79 families, 289 genera and 419 species; Rutaceae, Scrophulariaceae andOleaceae(5 species by 23 families, 74 genera and each), whereas 45 families were monospecific. 105 species (Figure 1); Gymnosperms by 6 For all the enumerated wild and naturalized families, 8 genera and 9species. plant species, information such as , The most diverse families in the campus family and habit are provided. Contribution of include Euphorbiaceae (34 species), Fabaceae (29 herbaceous plants to total diversity is the maximum, species), Rubiaceae (26 species), Poaceae (25 i.e. 204 species (38%), followed by shrubby plants- species),Acanthaceae (24 species), Asteraceae (21 139 species (26%), trees-126species (24%) and species), Apocynaceae (19 species), Caesalpinaceae climbers including creeping plants- 64 species (18 species), Araceae and Malvaceae (16 species (12%)(Figure 2).

Figure 2.Habitwise distribution of plant species in NMCC campus.

A large number of exotic flora were reported from document global biodiversity in the face of the campus of NMCC which include Acacia unprecedented perturbations, habitat loss and nilotica,Ageratum conyzoides, Annonasquamosa, extinction rates. The present study suggests that the Asparagus racemosus, Bauhinia purpurea, Cassia campus of NMCCis rich in natural vascular flora, occidentalis, Chenopodium album, Clitoriaternatea, though the floristic composition is dominated by Crotolariamedicaginea, Croton sparsiflorus, etc. angiosperms. Recent studies on the flora of The campus ofNesamony Memorial Christian Pondicherry University Campus (Parthasarathy et Collegehas several artificial ponds and pools which al., 2012), Scott Christian College Campus (Brintha support aquatic plants like Nympheaalba, N. et al., 2012; 2015a; 2015b) and Bharathiar stellata, Nelumbo nucifera, Limnophila University Campus (Rajendran et al., 2014) heterophylla, Pistiastratiotes, Eichornia crassipes, suggested that the floristic composition is Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisnaria spiralis and dominated by angiospermic plants. Geographical Monochoria vaginalis. distribution of the plant species reveals that flora of Discussion American origin (exotic species) dominate the Studies of biodiversity have now assumed exotic floristic composition of NMCC campus. greater significance as ecologists try desperately to Other studies also suggest the dominance of the http://jbsd.in 440 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

S. Sukumaran and S. Jeeva Table 1. Plant Species Recorded in the Study Area.

Sl.No Botanical Name Family Habit Class 1 Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Malvaceae Dicot 2 Abrus fruticulosus Sensu Bret. Fabaceae Climber Dicot 3 Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Climber Dicot 4 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Malvaceae Shrub Dicot 5 Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex. Benth Mimosaceae Tree Dicot 6 Acacia latronum (L.f.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Dicot 7 Acacia mangium Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Dicot 8 Acalypha chamaedrifolia (Lam.) Mull. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot 9 Acalypha hispida Burm.f Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 10 Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 11 Acalypha wilkesiana Mull. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 12 Acanthocereus tetragonus (L.) Hum Cactaceae Shrub Monocot 13 Acanthus ilicifolius L. Acanthaceae Shrub Dicot 14 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot 15 Adenanthera pavonina L. Mimosaceae Tree Dicot 16 Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult. Apocyanaceae Shrub Dicot 17 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. Rutaceae Tree Dicot 18 Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot 19 Aeschynomene indica L. Fabaceae Herb Dicot 20 Agathis giganaria L. Araucariaceae Tree Gymnosperm 21 Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King & Asteraceae Herb Dicot H. Rob. 22 Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Asteraceae Herb Dicot 23 Aglaonema commutatum Schott. Araceae Herb Monocot 24 Aglaonema crispum (Pitcher & R. F. Manda) Araceae Herb Monocot Nicolson 25 Ailanthes excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae Tree Dicot 26 Ailanthes triphysa (Desst.) Alston. Simaroubaceae Tree Dicot 27 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Tree Dicot 28 blanchetii A. DC. Apocyanaceae Shrub Dicot 29 Allamanda cathartica L. Apocyanaceae Shrub Dicot 30 Allium cepa L. Liliaceae Herb Monocot 31 Allmania nodiflora (L.) R.Br. ex. Wight Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot 32 calodora (H. W. Schott) G. Don. Araceae Herb Monocot 33 Alocasia micholitziana Sander Araceae Herb Monocot 34 Alocasia sanderiana (Schott) G. Don Araceae Herb Monocot 35 Aloe americana L. Liliaceae Herb Monocot 36 Alpinia galanga L. Zingiberaceae Herb Monocot 37 Alpinia pupurata Schum. Zingiberaceae Herb Monocot 38 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Apocyanaceae Tree Dicot 39 Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot 40 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot 41 Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC Fabaceae Herb Dicot

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42 Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.). DC Fabaceae Herb Dicot 43 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot 44 Amaranthus tricolor L. Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot 45 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot 46 Amaryllis reticulata L. Her. Amaryllidaceae Herb Monocot 47 Amischocphacelus axillaris (L.)Rao & Kam Herb Monocot 48 Ammania vaccifera L. Lythraceae Herb Dicot 49 Amorphophallus companulatus Decne. Araceae Shrub Monocot 50 Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Tree Dicot 51 Anamirta cocculus L. Menispermaceae Climber Dicot 52 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Bromiliaceae Herb Monocot 53 Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 54 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Nees Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 55 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae Tree Dicot 56 Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Tree Dicot 57 Anthurium andreanum CV. Araceae Herb Monocot 58 Anthurium clarinervianum Matuda Araceae Herb Monocot 59 Antigonan leptopus HK. Arn Polygonaceae Herb Dicot 60 Apluda mutica L. Poaceae Herb Monocot 61 Arathraxon castratus (Griff.) V. Naray Poaceae Herb Monocot 62 Araucaria columnaris (Forster) Hook.f Araucariaceae Tree Gymnosperm 63 Areca catechu L. Arecaceae Tree Monocot 64 Aristida hystrix L.f Poaceae Herb Monocot 65 Aristida setaceae Thrin. Poaceae Herb Monocot 66 Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae Climber Dicot 67 Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari Annonaceae Dicot 68 Artabotrys honkongensis Hance Annonaceae Liana Dicot 69 Artocarpus communis Forst. Moraceae Tree Dicot 70 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae Tree Dicot 71 Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae Tree Dicot 72 Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth.) Jessop Liliaceae Climber Monocot 73 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liliaceae Climber Monocot 74 Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 75 Averrhoa carambola L. Averrhoaceae Tree Dicot 76 Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. Poaceae Herb Monocot 77 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Tree Dicot 78 Baccoba moneri L. Scrophulariaceae Herb Dicot 79 Bambusa arundinaceae (Retz.) Roxb. Bambusaceae Tree Monocot 80 Bambusa vulgaris Schrader ex J.C Wendland Bambusaceae Tree Monocot 81 Bambusha heterostachya (Munro) Hottum Bambusaceae Tree Monocot 82 Barleria buxifolia L. Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 83 Barleria cuspidata F. Heyne ex Nees Acanthaceae Shrub Dicot 84 Basella alba L. Basellaceae Climber Dicot 85 Bauhinia biloba L. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Dicot 86 Bauhinia purpurea L. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Dicot 87 Bauhinia tomentosa L. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Dicot http://jbsd.in 442 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

88 Begonia grandis Dryand. Begoniaceae Herb Dicot 89 Benkara malabaria Lam. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 90 Biophytum reinwardfii (Zuee.) Klotzoh. Oxalidaceae Herb Dicot 91 Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Heyne ex Roth Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 92 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Dicot 93 Boerhavia erecta L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Dicot 94 Bombax ceiba L. Bombaceae Tree Dicot 95 Borassus flabellifer L. Arecaceae Tree Monocot 96 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd Nyctaginaceae Shrub Dicot 97 Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf. Poaceae Herb Monocot 98 Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf. Poaceae Herb Monocot 99 Brachiaria setigera (Retz.) C.E.Hubb. Poaceae Herb Monocot 100 retusa (Dennst.) Alston Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 101 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Crassulaceae Herb Dicot 102 Butea monosperma (Lam). Taub. Fabaceae Tree Dicot 103 Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Dicot 104 Caesalpinia sappan L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Dicot 105 Caladium bicolor Araceae Herb Monocot 106 surinamensis Benth Mimosaceae Shrub Dicot 107 Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm.) Sweet Mimosaceae Shrub Dicot 108 Calophyllum inophyllum L. Clusiaceae Tree Dicot 109 Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Asclepiadaceae Shrub Dicot 110 Canavalia ensiformis Sensu Baker. Fabaceae Climber Dicot 111 Canna indica L. Cannaceae Herb Monocot 112 coromandelicum (Brum.f) Alston Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 113 Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Teijsm & Binn Rubiaceae Tree Dicot 114 Canthium parviforum Lam. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 115 Capparis brevispina DC. Capparaceae Shrub Dicot 116 Capparis zeylanica L. Capparaceae Climber Dicot 117 Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae Herb Dicot 118 Cardiospermum helicacabum L. Sapindaceae Climber Dicot 119 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Tree Dicot 120 Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Shrub Dicot 121 Carissa spinarum L. Apocynaceae Shrub Dicot 122 Caryota urens L. Arecaceae Tree Monocot 123 Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Apocynaceae Shrub Dicot 124 Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Dicot 125 Cassia roxburghii DC. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Dicot 126 Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. & Forst Casurinaceae Tree Gymnosperm 127 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Apocynaceae Herb Dicot 128 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae Tree Dicot 129 Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Celastraceae Shrub Dicot 130 Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot 131 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Apiaceae Herb Monocot 132 Centratherum punctatum Cass. Asteraceae Shrub Dicot 133 Centrosema pubescens Benth. Fabaceae Climber Dicot http://biosciencediscovery.com 443 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online)

134 candelabrum L. Asclepiadaceae Climber Dicot 135 Ceropegia juncea (Roxb.) Asclepiadaceae Climber Dicot 136 Chloris barbata SW. Poaceae Herb Monocot 137 Chloris wightiana Nees ex Steud. Poaceae Herb Monocot 138 Chrysalidocarpus lutesens H. Wendl. Arecaceae Tree Monocot 139 Chrysanthemum indicum L. Asteraceae Herb Dicot 140 pulchella (Donn ex Sims) Dcne. Herb Dicot 141 Cinnamomum verum J.S Perst. Rostl Lauraceae Tree Dicot 142 Cipadessa baccifera Roth Meliaceae Tree Dicot 143 Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Climber Dicot 144 Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae Climber Monocot 145 Cissus vitiginea L. Vitaceae Climber Monocot 146 Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Cucurbitaceae Climber Dicot 147 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Cucurbitaceae Climber Dicot 148 Citrus aurantifolia (Christon. & Panr.) Swingle Rutaceae Herb Dicot 149 Cleome aspera J. Koenig ex DC. Capparidaceae Shrub Dicot 150 Cleome gynandra L. Capparidaceae Herb Dicot 151 Cleome rutidosperma DC. Capparidaceae Herb Dicot 152 Cleome viscosa L. Capparidaceae Herb Dicot 153 infortunatum Lour. Verbenaceae Shrub Dicot 154 Clerodendrum japonicum Van Geert C. Morren. Verbenaceae Shrub Dicot 155 Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf. Verbenaceae Shrub Dicot 156 Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Climber Dicot 157 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae Climber Dicot 158 Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Tree Monocot 159 Codariocalyx motorius Fabaceae Shrub Dicot 160 Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A.Juss Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 161 Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 162 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Araceae Herb Monocot 163 Combretum indicum (L.)DeFilipps Combretaceae Climber Dicot 164 Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Herb Monocot 165 Commelina clavatta C.B. Clarke Commelinaceae Herb Monocot 166 Commelina paleata Hassk. Commelinaceae Herb Monocot 167 Corallocarpus epigaeus Roettl. Cucurbitaceae Climber Dicot 168 Corchorus aestuans L. Malvaceae Herb Dicot 169 Cordia sebestena L. Boraginaceae Tree Dicot 170 Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chevalier Agavaceae Shrub Monocot 171 Cordyline terminalis L. Agavaceae Shrub Monocot 172 Coreopsis auriculata L. Asteraceae Herb Dicot 173 Corypha umbrallifera L. Nyctaginaceae Tree Dicot 174 Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Asteraceae Shrub Dicot 175 Cosmos sulphureus Cav. Asteraceae Shrub Dicot 176 Costus pictus D.Don ex Lindl Zingiberaceae Shrub Monocot 177 Costus speciosus Koen. Zingiberaceae Shrub Monocot 178 Couropita gaianensis Aubl. Lecythidaceae Tree Dicot 179 Crataeva magna (Lour.) DC. Capparaceae Shrub Dicot http://jbsd.in 444 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

180 Crinum asiaticum L. Amaryllidaceae Herb Monocot 181 Crinum latiflolium L. Amaryllidaceae Herb Monocot 182 Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 183 Crossandra nilotica Oliv. Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 184 Crotalaria juncea L. Fabaceae Herb Dicot 185 Crotalaria retusa L. Fabaceae Herb Dicot 186 Crotalria verrucosa L. Fabaceae Herb Dicot 187 Croton bonplandianus Baill. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot 188 Croton hirtus L. Her. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot 189 Cryptostegia grandiflora Roxb. ex R. Br. Apocynaceae Shrub Dicot 190 Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae Climber Dicot 191 Cucurbita maxima Duchesne Cucurbitaceae Climber Dicot 192 Cupressus sempervirens L. Cupressaceae Tree Gymnosperm 193 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn Amaryllidaceae Herb Monocot 194 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae Herb Dicot 195 cristata (L.) D.Don. Commelinaceae Herb Monocot 196 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. Asteraceae Herb Dicot 197 Cycas circinalis L. Cycadaceae Tree Gymnosperm 198 Cycas revoluta Thunb Cycadaceae Tree Gymnosperm 199 Cyclea peltata Lam. Menispermaceae Climber Dicot 200 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.ex Nees) Stapf. Poaceae Herb Monocot 201 Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees.ex.Steud.) Poaceae Herb Monocot Will.Watson 202 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Poaceae Herb Monocot 203 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Herb Monocot 204 Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv. Poaceae Herb Monocot 205 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Fabaceae Tree Dicot 206 Datura discolorBernth. Solanaceae Shrub Dicot 207 Datura inoxia Mill. Solanaceae Herb Dicot 208 Datura metel L. Solanaceae Shrub Dicot 209 Delonix regia ( Hook.) Raf. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Dicot 210 Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f)Ettingsh Loranthaceae Climber Monocot 211 Desmodium gangeticum DC. Fabaceae Herb Dicot 212 Desmodium triforum (L.) DC. Fabaceae Herb Dicot 213 Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I. Darbysh. Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 214 Dieffenbachia amoena cv. Bull Araceae Herb Monocot 215 Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot 216 Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Dioscoraceae Climber Monocot 217 buxifolia (Blume) Hiern Climber Dicot 218 Dodonea viscosa (L.) Jacq Sapindaceae Shrub Dicot 219 Dracaena deremensis Janet Craig Agavaceae Shrub Monocot 220 Dracaena marginata Lam. Agavaceae Shrub Monocot 221 Dracaena reflexa Lam. Agavaceae Shrub Monocot 222 Dracaena sonderiana Agavaceae Shrub Monocot 223 Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f. Asclepiadaceae Climber Dicot 224 Duranta erecta Jacq. Verbenaceae Shrub Dicot http://biosciencediscovery.com 445 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online)

225 Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje& Dransf. Arecaceae Tree Monocot 226 Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Vollesen Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 227 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Asteraceae Herb Dicot 228 Ehretia microphylla Lam. Boraginaceae Shrub Dicot 229 Eipermnum pinnatum L. Araceae Climber Monocot 230 Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae Herb Dicot 231 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Poaceae Herb Monocot 232 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC Asteraceae Herb Dicot 233 Entada scandens Benth. Leguminosae Climber Dicot 234 Epidendrum rodicans Menispermaceae Shrub Dicot 235 Epipremnum aureum L. Araceae Climber Monocot 236 Episcia cupreata Gesneriaceae Herb Dicot 237 Eragrostiella tenella (L.) P. Beaur. Ex Rome Poaceae Herb Monocot Schultes var.tenella 238 Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae Tree Dicot 239 Eucalyptus tereticornis Labill. Myrtaceae Tree Dicot 240 Eugenia carriyophyllatum L. Myrtaceae Tree Dicot 241 Eugenia jambolana Lamk Myrtaceae Tree Dicot 242 Euphorbia cyathophora Murray Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 243 Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot 244 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot 245 Euphorbia lactea Haw. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 246 Euphorbia milii Des Moul. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot 247 Euphorbia milii var. splendens (Bojer ex Hook.) Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot Ursch & Leandri 248 Euphorbia thymifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot 249 Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 250 Euphorbia tithymaloides L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 251 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb Dicot 252 Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb Dicot 253 Feronia elephantum Corr. Rutaceae Tree Dicot 254 Ficus pumila L. Moraceae Climber Dicot 255 Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Tree Dicot 256 Ficus benjamina L. Mant. Moraceae Tree Dicot 257 Ficus hispida L. Moraceae Tree Dicot 258 Ficus ilicina (Sond.) Miq. Moraceae Tree Dicot 259 Ficus microcarpa L.f Moraceae Tree Dicot 260 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Tree Dicot 261 Flacourtia indica (Burm f.) Merr. Flacourtiaceae Shrub Dicot 262 Garcinia gummi-gutta (L) Roxb. Clusiaceae Tree Dicot 263 Gardenia angusta (L.) Merr Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 264 Gardenia jasminoides Ell. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 265 Gliricida sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp Fabaceae Tree Dicot 266 Gloriosa superba L. Liliaceae Climber Monocot 267 Gmelina asiatica L. Verbenaceae Shrub Dicot 268 Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot 269 Gomphrena globosa L. Amaranthaceae Herb Dicot http://jbsd.in 446 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

270 Grevillea robusta A. Cunn ex. R.Br Proteaceae Tree Dicot 271 Gyrocarpus americanus Jacquin N.J Hernandiaceae Tree Dicot 272 Handroanthus chrysanthus subsp. meridionalis Bignoniaceae Shrub Dicot (A.H. Gentry) Grose 273 Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Link. Rubiaceae Herb Dicot 274 Hedyotis puberula (G. Don) Arn. Pugil. Rubiaceae Herb Dicot 275 Heliconia psittacorum L.f Musaceae Herb Monocot 276 Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pavon Musaceae Herb Monocot 277 Helicteres isora L. Sterculiaceae Shrub Dicot 278 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Herb Dicot 279 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. Ex Schult. Asclepiadaceae Climber Dicot 280 Hemilia patens Jacq. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 281 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. Ex Roem Poaceae Herb Monocot & Schult 282 Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex. A. Juss.) Mull. Euphorbiaceae Tree Dicot Arg. 283 Hibiscus mutabilis f. plenus. Hu Malvaceae Shrub Dicot 284 Hibiscus rosasinensis L. Malvaceae Shrub Dicot 285 Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Malvaceae Shrub Dicot 286 Hibiscus surattensis L. Malvaceae Shrub Dicot 287 Hibiscus vitifolius L. Malvaceae Shrub Dicot 288 Homalocladium pelatycladum L. Polygonaceae Shrub Monocot 289 wightianus Flacourtiaceae Tree Dicot 290 Hydrilla verticellata (L.f.) Royle Hydrocharitaceae Herb Monocot 291 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) poit. Lamiaceae Shrub Dicot 292 Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton Apocynaceae Climber Dicot 293 Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae Herb Dicot 294 Indigofera linnaei Fabaceae Herb Dicot 295 Indigofera tinctoria L. Fabaceae Shrub Dicot 296 Ionidium suffraticosum (L.) Roem & Schlt Violaceae Herb Dicot 297 Ipomoea alba L. Convolvulaceae Climber Dicot 298 Ipomoea hederifolia L. Convolvulaceae Climber Dicot 299 Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr. Convolvulaceae Climber Dicot 300 Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Convolvulaceae Herb Dicot 301 Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Convolvulaceae Climber Dicot 302 Ipomoea quamoclit L. Convolvulaceae Climber Dicot 303 Ipomoea tricolor L. Convolvulaceae Climber Dicot 304 Iris domestica Willd. Iridaceae Shrub Dicot 305 Isachne kunthiana (Weight et Arn) Neees ex Poaceae Herb Monocot Steud 306 Ixora coccinea L. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 307 Ixora finalysoniana Wallex. G. Don. Gen. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 308 Ixora singaporensis L. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 309 Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don. Bignoniaceae Tree Dicot 310 Jasminum angustifolium (L.) Willd. Oleaceae Climber Dicot 311 L. Oleaceae Shrub Dicot 312 Jasminum sambac (L.) Ail. Oleaceae Climber Dicot 313 Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot http://biosciencediscovery.com 447 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online)

314 Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 315 Jatropha maheshwarii Subram. & Nayar Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 316 Jatropha villosa Wight Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 317 Juscia repens L. onagraceae Shrub Dicot 318 Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Shrub Dicot 319 Justicia gendarussa Burm.f Acanthaceae Shrub Dicot 320 Justicia glauca Rottler Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 321 Justicia simplex D.Don Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 322 Justicia tranquebariensis L.f Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 323 Kaempferia galanga L. Zingiberaceae Herb Monocot 324 Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poellnitz Crassulaceae Herb Monocot 325 Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Bignoniaceae Tree Dicot 326 Kirganelia reticulata (Poiret) Baillon. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 327 Lagerstroemia indica L. Lythraceae Tree Dicot 328 Lagerstroemia reginae Roxb. Lythraceae Tree Dicot 329 Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Anacardiaceae Tree Dicot 330 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Shrub Dicot 331 Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Shrub Dicot 332 Leucas aspera L. Lamiaceae Herb Dicot 333 Leucas biflora (Vahi) R. Br. Lamiaceae Herb Dicot 334 Limnonia acidissima L. Rutaceae Tree Dicot 335 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. Scrophulariaceae Herb Dicot 336 Litsta glabrata (Wall ex Ness) Hook.f Lauraceae Tree Dicot 337 Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. Sapotaceae Tree Dicot 338 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Gapcke Malvaceae Shrub Dicot 339 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Tree Dicot 340 Manikara sapota (L.) P. Royen Sapotaceae Tree Dicot 341 Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum. Bignoniaceae Shrub Dicot 342 Melampodium divaricatum (Rich. ex Rich.) DC Asteraceae Herb Dicot 343 azedarach L. Meliaceae Tree Dicot 344 Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka Poaceae Herb Monocot 345 Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall.f. Convolvulaceae Herb Dicot 346 Michelia champaca L. Magnoliaceae Tree Dicot 347 Micrococca (L.) Benth. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot 348 chamaelea Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 349 Millingtonia hortensis L.f. Bignoniaceae Tree Dicot 350 Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae Herb Dicot 351 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Tree Dicot 352 Mirabilis jalapa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Dicot 353 Mirtragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth Rubiaceae Tree Dicot 354 Mollugo nudicaulis Lam. Aizoaceae Herb Dicot 355 Mollugo pentaphylla L. Aizoaceae Herb Dicot 356 Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Climber Dicot 357 Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Araceae Climber Monocot 358 Morinda pubescens J.E. Smith Rubiaceae Tree Dicot 359 Moringa olifera Lam. Moringaceae Tree Dicot http://jbsd.in 448 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

360 Morus alba L. Moraceae Shrub Dicot 361 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Cucurbitaceae Climber Dicot 362 Muntingia calabura L. Elaeocarpaceae Tree Dicot 363 Murraya koenigii (L.) Sperng Rutaceae Shrub Dicot 364 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Rutaceae Shrub Dicot 365 Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Herb Monocot 366 bellila Willd. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 367 Mussaenda philippica Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 368 Myxopyrum seratulum Hill. Oleaceae Climber Dicot 369 Nerium odorum Aiton Apocynaceae Shrub Dicot 370 Nyctanthes arobor-tristis L. Oleaceae Shrub Dicot 371 Nymphea capensis Thunberg Nymphaeceae Herb Monocot 372 obtusata DC. Shrub Dicot 373 Ocimum americanum Lamiaceae Herb Dicot 374 Ocimum basilicum L. Lamiaceae Herb Dicot 375 Ocimum tenuiflorum Lamiaceae Herb Dicot 376 Oldenlandia umbellata L. Rubiaceae Herb Dicot 377 Opuntia cochennillifera (L.) Miller. Gard. Cactaceae Shrub Monocot 378 Opuntia delinii Ker. Cactaceae Shrub Monocot 379 Opuntia royali Cactaceae Shrub Monocot 380 Oralis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Herb Dicot 381 Otacanthus caeruleus Lindl. Scrophulariaceae Herb Dicot 382 Pachystachys spicata (Ruiz & Pav.) Wassh. Acanthaceae Shrub Dicot 383 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Herb Dicot 384 Paspalidium flavidum (Retz) A. Camus Poaceae Herb Monocot 385 Passiflora edulis Sims Passifloraceae Climber Dicot 386 Passiflora foetida L. Passifloraceae Climber Dicot 387 indica L. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 388 Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav. Malvaceae Shrub Dicot 389 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K. Heyne Caesalpiniaceae Tree Dicot 390 Pennisetum ploystachion (L.) Schult Poaceae Herb Monocot 391 Pentalinon luteum (L.) B.F.Hansen & Wunderlin Apocynaceae Climber Dicot 392 Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Defiers, Voy. Rubiaceae Herb Dicot Yemen. 393 Pepperomia pelucida L. Piperaceae Herb Dicot 394 Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov Asclepiadaceae Climber Dicot 395 Perotis indica (L.) O. Kuntze. Poaceae Herb Monocot 396 Petiveria alliaceae L. Phytolocaceae Herb Dicot 397 pusilla FI. Cochinch. Arecaceae Tree Monocot 398 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Verbenaceae Herb Dicot 399 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels. Euphorbiaceae Tree Dicot 400 Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot 401 Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Dicot 402 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot 403 Phyllanthus myrtiflolius (Wight.) Muller Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 404 Phyllanthus niruri L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot http://biosciencediscovery.com 449 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online)

405 Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forster. Euphorbiaceae Herb Dicot 406 Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Herb Dicot 407 Pilea micropilla L. Urticaceae Herb Dicot 408 Pimenta diocia (L.) Merr. Myristaceae Tree Dicot 409 Pinus roxburghii Sarg Pinaceae Tree Gymnosperm 410 Piper betle L. Piperaceae Climber Dicot 411 Piper longum L. Piperaceae Climber Dicot 412 piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Climber Dicot 413 Pisonia alba Span. Nyctaginaceae Tree Dicot 414 Pisonia grandis R. Br. Nyctaginaceae Tree Dicot 415 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Mimosaceae Tree Dicot 416 Plectranthus amboinicus L. Lamiaceae Herb Dicot 417 Plectranthus scutellarioides L. Lamiaceae Herb Dicot 418 Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbaginaceae Herb Dicot 419 Plumeria aceti L. Apocynaceae Tree Dicot 420 Plumeria roseus L. Apocynaceae Tree Dicot 421 Plumeria rubra L. Apocynaceae Tree Dicot 422 Plumeria rubra L.var. alba Apocynaceae Tree Dicot 423 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites Annonaceae Tree Dicot 424 Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. Caryophyllaceae Herb Dicot 425 Polygala arvensis Willd. Polygonaceae Herb Dicot 426 Polygala javana L. Polygonaceae Herb Dicot 427 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pieree. Fabaceae Tree Dicot 428 Portulaca gradiflora Hook. Portulacaceae Herb Dicot 429 Portulaca oleraceae L. Portulacaceae Herb Dicot 430 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Mimosaceae Tree Dicot 431 Pseudarthira viscida (L) Wight & Arn. Fabaceae Herb Dicot 432 Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum (A. Gray) F.T. Acanthaceae Herb Dicot Hubb. ex L.H. Bailey 433 Psidium guajava L. Myristaceae Tree Dicot 434 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae Tree Dicot 435 Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. Fabaceae Tree Dicot 436 Quassia amara L. Simaroubaceae Shrub Dicot 437 Revenala madagascariensis Sonner. Voy. Musaceae Tree Monocot 438 Rhizophora mucronata Poir. Rhizophoraceae Tree Dicot 439 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC Fabaceae Herb Dicot 440 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Dicot 441 Rondeltia odorata L. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 442 Rosa indica L. Rosaceae Shrub Dicot 443 Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook Arecaceae Tree Monocot 444 Ruellia patula Jacq. Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 445 Ruellia prostrata Poir. Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 446 Ruellia tuberosa L. Acanthaceae Herb Dicot 447 Ruellia tweediana Griseb. Acanthaceae Shrub Dicot 448 Russelia equisetiformis Schletch & cham. Scrophulariaceae Shrub Dicot 449 Saccharum officinarum L. Poaceae Herb Monocot http://jbsd.in 450 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

450 Sanseveria roxburghii L. Liliaceae Herb Monocot 451 Sanseveria tricolor L. Liliaceae Herb Monocot 452 Sansevieria grandis Hook. F Liliaceae Herb Monocot 453 Sansevieria trifasciata Prain Liliaceae Herb Monocot 454 Santalum album L. Santalaceae Tree Dicot 455 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wilde Fabaceae Tree Dicot 456 Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. Amaryllidaceae Herb Dicot 457 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Allg. Sapindaceae Tree Dicot 458 Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae Shrub Dicot 459 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Dicot 460 Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Dicot 461 Senna didymobotrya (Fresn.) H.S.Irwin & Caesalpiniaceae Tree Dicot Barneby 462 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Dicot 463 Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Dicot 464 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Dicot 465 Setaria palmifolia (Burm. F) Borss. Walk. Malvaceae Herb Dicot 466 Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. J. L. Poaceae Herb Monocot 467 Sida acuta Burm. f. Malvaceae Herb Dicot 468 Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Herb Dicot 469 Solanum anguivi Lam Solanaceae Herb Dicot 470 Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Shrub Dicot 471 Solanum surattense Burm. F Solanaceae Shrub Dicot 472 Solanum torvum Sur. Solanaceae Shrub Dicot 473 Solanum trilobatum L. Solanaceae Shrub Dicot 474 Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Bignoniaceae Tree Dicot 475 Spathoglottis plicata L. Orchidaceae Herb Monocot 476 Spermacoce artifcularis L.f. Rubiaceae Herb Dicot 477 Spermacoce hispida L. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 478 Spermacoce osimodies Burm.f. Rubiaceae Shrub Dicot 479 Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski Asteraceae Herb Dicot 480 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. Verbenaceae Tree Dicot 481 Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl. Verbenaceae Tree Dicot 482 Sterculia foetida L. Sterculiaceae Herb Dicot 483 Strychonos nux- vomica L. Loganiaceae Tree Dicot 484 Stylosanthes fruitcosa (Retz.) Alston Fabaceae Herb Dicot 485 Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Enum Meliaceae Tree Dicot 486 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Asteraceae Herb Dicot 487 Syzygium aromantiam (L.) Merrill. & Perry. Myrtaceae Tree Dicot 488 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Tree Dicot 489 Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) Bertero ex A.DC. Bignoniaceae Shrub Dicot 490 Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. Apocynaceae Shrub Dicot 491 Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Apocynaceae Shrub Dicot Roem. & Schult. 492 Tagetes erecta L. Asteraceae Shrub Dicot 493 Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Asteraceae Herb Dicot 494 Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Dicot http://biosciencediscovery.com 451 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online)

495 Tarlmounia elliptica (DC.) "H. Rob., S.C. Asteraceae Climber Dicot Keeley, Skvarla & R. Chan" 496 Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl. Bignoniaceae Shrub Dicot 497 Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. Ex Kunth Bignoniaceae Shrub Dicot 498 Tectona grandis L. Verbenaceae Tree Dicot 499 Tephrosia purpurea L. Malvaceae Tree Dicot 500 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex. DC.) Wight & Combretaceae Tree Dicot Arn. 501 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Combretaceae Tree Dicot 502 Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae Tree Dicot 503 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Tree Dicot 504 Themeda cymbaria Hack. Poaceae Herb Monocot 505 Thespesia populanea (L.) Sol. ex Correa Fabaceae Herb Dicot 506 Thuja orientalis L. Cupressaceae Tree Gymnosperm 507 Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson Acanthaceae Shrub Dicot 508 Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Acanthaceae Shrub Dicot 509 Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb.ex Rottl.) Roxb. Acanthaceae Climber Dicot 510 Tinsopora cordifolia DC. Menispermaceae Climber Dicot 511 Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S.F. Blake Asteraceae Shrub Dicot 512 Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. Hunt. Commelinaceae Herb Monocot 513 Tradescantia spathacea Swartz. Commelinaceae Herb Monocot 514 involucrata L. Euphorbiaceae Climber Dicot 515 Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Herb Dicot 516 Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. Boraginaceae Herb Dicot 517 Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Cucurbitaceae Herb Dicot 518 Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Asteraceae Herb Dicot 519 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Tiliaceae Herb Dicot 520 Tylophora indica (Burm.) Merr. Asclepiadaceae Climber Dicot 521 Urena sinuata L. Malvaceae Shrub Dicot 522 narum A. DC. Annonaceae Climber Dicot 523 Verbena bonariensis L. Verbenaceae Herb Dicot 524 Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae Shrub Dicot 525 Waltheria indica L. Sterculiaceae Shrub Dicot 526 Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. Apocynaceae Tree Dicot 527 Yucca aloifolia L. Agavaceae Tree Monocot 528 Zamia furfuracea L. Zamiaceae Tree Gymnosperm 529 Zea mays L. Poaceae Herb Monocot 530 Zephyranthes rosea L. Liliaceae Herb Monocot 531 Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn. Rhamnaceae Shrub Dicot 532 Ziziphus oenopalia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Climber Dicot 533 Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. Fabaceae Herb Dicot

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Bioscience Discovery, 8(3): 438-454, July - 2017 flora of American origin in exotic floristic tropical scrub savannah and thorn forest. It has a composition of India (Nagar et al., 2004; Tomaret varied topography with plains and gently elevated al., 2008; Singh, 2011). A higher proportion of the areas. For conservation of campus plant diversity, exotic flora of the college campus is represented by rare, endangered and threatened (RET) species can ornamental plants, which include Allamanda be particularly targeted by protecting their habitats cathartica, Agave neriifolia, Aloe vera, Asparagus in the western and southern parts of the campus and racemosus, Bauhinia purpurea, Bougainvillea by cultivating them additionally as enrichment spectabilis, Calendula officinalis, Callistemon planting in the nursery and Botanical Garden. lanceolatus, Canna indica, Catharanthus roseus, Coleusblumei, Delonix regia, Euphorbia REFERENCES pulcherrima, Hibiscus rosa- sinensis, Jatropha Beckett KP, Freer-Smith P and Taylor G, 2000. gossypifolia,Kalanche pinnata, Lantana camara, Effective tree species for local air- quality Lawsonia inermis, Millingtonia hortensis, Mirabilis management. Journal of Arboriculture, 26: 12-19. jalapa, Mussaenda luteola, Polyanthes tuberosa, Brintha TSS, James JE and Jeeva S, 2012. Plumeria rubra, Quisqualis indica, Ravenalamada Floristic spectrum of Scott Christian College gascariensis, Rhoeo discolor, Samanea saman, campus, Nagercoil, Tamilnadu, India .Sciencia Acta Tagetes erecta, T. patula, Tecoma stans and Xaveriana, S162-S166. Thevetia peruviana. These plant species had been Brintha TSS, James JE and Jeeva S, 2015a. planted for the ornamentation of residential and Vascular plants, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil, departmental compounds of the college campus. Tamilnadu, India. Science Research Reporter, 5(1): Several of the exotics are edible - 36-66. producing plants of the college campus. These are Brintha TSS, Stella JJ, James JE and Jeeva S, represented by Annona squamosa, Artocarpus 2015b. Grasses of Scott Christian College campus, communis, Carica papaya, Manilkara zapota, Kanyakumari district, Tamilnadu, India.Indian Morus alba, Passiflora edulis, Psidium guajava, Journal of Forestry, 38(2): 177-180. Punica granatum, Vitis vinifera and Ziziphus Chow WTL and Roth M, 2006. Temporal mauritiana. A large number of exotics are dynamics of the urban heat island of represented by vegetable crops which are chiefly Singapore.International Journal of Tropical cultivated in kitchen gardens of residential Climatology, 26: 2243- 2260. compounds to meet the needs of fresh vegetables. D’ Antonio CM and Vitousek P, 1992. Biological These include Abelmoschus esculentus, Capsicum invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/ fire cycle, annuum, Colocasia antiquorum, Dolichos lablab, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Systematics, 23: 63-87. Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna sinensis. DiCastri F, Hansen AJ and Debussche M, 1990. Of the total plant species reported from the Biological invasion in Europe and Mediterranean campus of NMCC, Parthenium hysterophorus was basin.Kulwer Academic Publishers, Dordretcht. observed tobe harmful to native flora. This Fernandez- Zuricic E, 2000. Avifaunal use of American flora has spread very fast in the last woodestreete in an urban landscape. Conservation couple of decadesin the campus; Exotics are Biology, 14: 513- 521. referred toas biological pollutants due to their Gamble JS and Fischer CEC, 1921-1935. Flora of destructive effects on natural and man-managed the Presidency of Madras, 3 Vols. Adlard and Son ecosystems (Westbrooks, 1991). Serious ecological Limited, London, p. 2017. effects of the fast-spreading introduced flora have Henry AN, Chithra V and Balakrishnan NP, been reported (Di Castri et al., 1990; D’ Antonio 1989. Flora of , India: Series I: and Vitousek, 1992; Hobbs and Huenneke, 1992; Analysis.Vol.3. Botanical Survey of India, Punalekar et al., 2010) and non-indigenous plant Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, p.171. species are considered a major threat to biodiversity Henry AN, Kumari GR and Chitra V, 1987. (Mooney, 1988; Lodge, 1993; Huston, 1994; Flora of Tamil Nadu, India: Series I: Analysis. Vol. McGeoch et al., 2006). 2.Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore, Tamil Conclusion Nadu, India, p. 258. The campus of NMCC harbors a diversity Hobbs RJ and Huenneke LF, 1992. Disturbance, of vegetation types which include tropical dry diversity and invasion: Implication for evergreen forest, tropical dry evergreen scruband conservation. Conservation Biology, 6:324-337. http://biosciencediscovery.com 453 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online)

S. Sukumaran and S. Jeeva Huston MA, 1994. Biological diversity. Cambridge Gujarat, India. Indian Journal of Forestry, 27(1): University Press, Cambridge. 25-38. Lodge DM, 1993. Biological invasions: lesson for Nair NC and Henry AN, 1983. Flora of ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8: 133- Tamilnadu, India, Vol. I. Botanical Survey of India, 137. Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. Matthew KM, 1991. An excursion Flora of Central Parthasarathy N, Pragasan AL, Tamilnadu.Rapinat Herbarium, Thiruchirappalli, Muthumperumal C and Anbarashan M, 2012. Tamilnadu, India, p. 682. Flora of Pondicherry University Campus. McPherson EG, Nowak D, Heisler G, Grimmond Pondicherry University, Puducherry, p. 398. S, Souch C, Grant R and Rowntree R, 1997. Punalekar S, Mahajan DM and Kulkarani DK Quantifying urban forest structure, function and 2010. Impact of exotic tree species on the native value: the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. vegetation of Vetal Hill, Pune. Indian Journal of Urban Ecosystems, 49-61. Forestry, 33(4): 549-554. McGeoch MA, Chown SL and Kalwij JM, 2006. Tomar A, Singh H and Singh V, 2008. Exotic A global indicator for biological invasions. elements in the flora of Baghpat district, Uttar Conservation Biology, 20(6): 635-664. Pradesh. Indian Journal of Forestry, 31(3): 463- Miller RW, 1996. Urban Forestry: Planning and 471. Managing Urban Green Spaces. Prentice-Hall, Singh A, 2011. Exotic flora of the Banaras Hindu Englewood Cliffs, p. 502. University main campus, India. Journal of Ecology Mooney HA, 1988. Lessons from Medditerranean and the Natural Environment, 3(10): 337-343. climate regions. In: Wilson, E.O. (ed.) Biodiversity. Westbrooks R, 1991. Plant protection issues I. A National Academy Press, Washington DC., pp. 157- Commentary on new weeds in United States. Weed 165. Technology, 5: 232-234. Nagar PS, Pathak SJ and Pandya SM, 2004. The alien flora of the Barda hills and its surroundings in

How to Cite this Article: S. Sukumaran and S. Jeeva, 2017. Vascular Plant Diversity of Nesamony Memorial Christian College Campus, Marthandam, Tamilnadu, India. Bioscience Discovery, 8(3):438-454.

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