Research & Reviews in Biotechnology & Biosciences Website: www.biotechjournal.in Review Paper Research & Reviews in BiotechnologyVolume: 7, Issue: & Biosciences 2, Year: 2020 PP: 104-119 ISSN No: 2321-8681

Ethno medicinal uses of roots of fourteen of family Apocynaceaeby indigenous communities of India Pankaj Kumar1,2, Sumeet Gairola1,2* 1Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu–180001, UT of Jammu &Kashmir, India 2Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India

Article History Abstract Received: 15/11/2020 Apocynaceaeis one of the largest angiosperm familieswith numerous medicinal species. of the family are rich in Revised: 23/11/2020 toxic and medicinal secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, Accepted: 08/12/2020 triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, steroids, lactones, sterols, and sugars lignans. Roots of family Apocynaceae are used by indigenous communities in different parts of Indiato treat many health problems. The present study aimed to review and analyzeethnomedicinal usage of raw root drugs of fourteen species of family Apocynaceae by India's indigenous communities. The http://doi.org/10.5281/zen available literature in scientific journals, edited books, floras, eFloras, odo.4308464 online databases, scientific databases, etc., was reviewed to collect information on the ethnomedicinal uses of the roots of the selected

fourteen species by various indigenous communities in different parts of India. Indigenous communities used raw roots of the studied species to manage various health problems, including animal bite,

asthma, boils, burn injuries, cold, constipation, cough, diabetes, dysentery, epilepsy, fever, fits, gonorrhea, hypertension, insect bite, jaundice, leprosy, leucoderma, piles, rheumatism, scorpion sting, skin disease, snakebite, stomach-ache, and wound healing. The study revealed that there are many pharmacologically active compounds in the roots of these species, which are responsible for the related biological activities. The present review will provide baseline information for planning future research on the ethnobotany, natural products chemistry, and pharmacology of the studies root drugs of family Apocynaceae. *Corresponding Author: E-Mail: [email protected] Keywords: Dogbane family, indigenous communities, traditional knowledge, root drugs, medicinal plants. Introduction subtropical regions (Endress, 1997; Endress and Bruyns, 2000). Apocynaceae is known as Apocynaceae, commonly known as the a medicinally important family, withmost Dogbane orpoisonous plant family, is one of plant species characterized bythe production the largest angiosperm families with 375 of milky exudates or latex (Nazar et al., 2013; genera and 5100 species (Endress et al., Bhadane et al., 2018). Its species are rich in 2007). Plants of family Apocynaceae are toxic and medicinal secondary metabolites herbs, shrubs, vines, succulents, and trees, such as alkaloids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, mostly distributed in tropical and glycosides, phenols, steroids, lactones, and

104 ©2020 The author(s). Published by National Press Associates. This is an open access article under CC-BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), Research & Reviews in Biotechnology & Biosciences ISSN No: 2321-8681 sterols (Hofling et al., 2010; Bhadane et al., important species of family Apocynaceae by 2018; Dey et al., 2017). Several indigenous indigenous communities of India. communities in different regions of India Methodology use Apocynaceae plants for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes, such as food, Plant species of the Apocynaceae family are fodder, timber, ornamental, perfume, dyes, wellknown for their medicinal values,with poison, etc. (Islam and Lucky, 2019). various aerial and underground parts used to cure many health problems in different Plants of this familyarea potential source of parts of India. A total of fourteen species of important compounds and novel drugs in the family Apocynaceae were selected for treating various diseases (Devi et al., 2017). the present study (Table 1). The species Different species of Apocynaceae have been reviewed in the present study are reported to have many ethnomedicinal uses distributed in tropical in subtropical regions in different parts of India. Gairola et al. throughout India (Khare, 2007). Roots of all (2014) reported ethnomedicinal usage of the selected species are widely used in eight species of Apocynaceae by indigenous Indian traditional medicine systems and by communities of UT of Jammu & Kashmir India's indigenous communities. and UT of Ladakh. Devi et al. (2017) Information on the ethnomedicinal usage of reported about 25 species of Apocynaceae the selected species' roots was reviewed. belonging to 16 genera with ethnomedicinal Theavailable literature from various importance. Different plant parts of sources,including floras, eFloras, online Apocynaceae, such as leaves, bark, latex, databases, scientific databases, scientific stem, root, and flowers, are used to journals, and edited books,was treatvarious health ailments (Devi et al., analyzed.The literature reviewed included 2017).Botanical, phytochemical, and accepted scientific names, synonyms, pharmacological properties, including common or vernacular, ayurvedic, and trade important biological activities,of some names. Accepted scientific names and the species of Apocynaceae have been reviewed synonyms were confirmed from by many researchers (Wong et al., 2013; theplantlist.org (TPL, 2013).Information on Ekalu et al., 2019). However, a some major compounds found in these comprehensive review ofthe ethnomedicinal plants and their proven biological activities uses of family Apocynaceae plants' root was also compiled (DNP, 2020). Accepted drugs is not available. The present study scientific names, plant subfamily, synonyms, aimed to review and analyzeethnomedicinal local or trade names, and Ayurvedic names usage of root drugs of fourteen medicinally are provided in Table 1.

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Table 1: Details of the studied species of family Apocynaceae reported from India.

S.No. Botanical name Subfamily Synonyms (TPL, 2013) Local/ Trade names 1. curassavica L. Asclepias cubensis Wender.,Asclepiascuras Curassavian Swallow-wort, savica var. concolor Krug &Urb., Kaakanaasikaa, Asclepias nivea var. curassavica (L.) Kaakatundi Kuntze 2. Calotropis gigantea (L.)Dry Asclepiadoideae Asclepias gigantea L., Madar, Giant Milk-weed, and. Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. ex Erukkinveru, Aak Schult.,Madorius giganteus (L.) Kuntze. 3. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Asclepiadoideae Asclepias procera Aiton, Swallow-Wart, Milk Weed, Dryand. Calotropis gigantea var. procera (Aiton) King's Crown, AkadaPhool P.T.Li, Calotropis heterophylla Wall.ex Wight. 4. Carissa carandas L. Rauvolfioideae Arduina carandas (L.) Baill.,Carissa Christ's Thorn, Bengal, salicina Lam., Capparis carandas (L.) Currant Burm.f.

5. Carissa spinarum L. Rauvolfioideae Carissa abyssinica R. Br., Carissa carandas JangaliKarondaa, Garnaa var. congesta (Wight) Bedd.,Carissa opacaStapf ex Haines

6. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Rauvolfioideae Catharanthus roseus var. albus G. Don, Sadaabahaar, Nayantaaraa, Don. Lachnea rosea (L.)Rchb.,Vinca rosea L. Nityakalyaani, Madagascar Periwinkle, Vinca

7. dubia (Burm.f.) Periplocoideae Cryptolepis buchananii Roem.&Schult.,Cr Indian Sarsaparilla, M.R.Almeida yptolepis reticulata (Roth) Wall. exSteud., Karantaa, Anantamuula, Nerium reticulatum Roxb. Medaksinghi, Krsnasariva, Svetasariva 8. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Periplocoideae Periploca indica L. Indian Sarsaparilla, Br. ex Schult. Anatmool, Sariwa, Svetasariva 9. Holarrhena pubescens Wall.Apocynoideae Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) Wall.ex Easter tree, Ivory tree, exG.Don A.DC., HolarrhenacodagaG.Don., Tellicherry Bark HolarrhenaglabraKlotzsch 10. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) Apocynoideae Apocynum frutescens L., Black Creeper W.T.Aiton Ichnocarpus affinis (Roem. &Schult.)K.Schum.,Tabernaemontana par viflora Poir. 11. Marsdenia tenacissima (Ro Asclepiadoideae Gymnema tenacissimum (Roxb.)Spreng., Maruaa-bel, Khaarchu, xb.) Moon Marsdenia tenacissima Wight &Arn., Nishod, SufedMurva Asclepias tenacissima Roxb. 12. Nerium oleander L. Apocynoideae Nerium indicum Mill.,Nerium japonicum Indian oleander, White Gentil., Neriumlatifolium Mill. Oleander, Oleander, Kaner, Karavira

13. Rauvolfiaserpentina (L.) Rauvolfioideae Rauvolfia obversa (Miq.)Baill.,Rauvolfiatrif Rauvolfia root, Serpentina Benth ex oliata (Gaertn.) root, Indian Snakeroot Kurz. Baill.,Ophioxylon album Gaertn. 14. Tabernaemontana divaricataRauvolfioideae Nerium divaricatum L., East Indian Rosebay, (L.)R.Br. ex Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.)Willd., Chandni Roem.&Schult. Vinca alba Noronha

Result and discussion important. Due to various secondary metabolites, the aerial and underground Recording and analyzing knowledge of parts of several Apocynaceae speciesshow ethnomedicinal plants' usagearevery 106 ©2020 The author(s). Published by National Press Associates. This is an open access article under CC-BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), Research & Reviews in Biotechnology & Biosciences ISSN No: 2321-8681 various medicinal properties, and they are ofasthma, burn injuries, cough, dysentery, used in several Ayurvedic formulations fevers, gum infection, labour pain, leprosy, (API, 2001). The roots of all the studied 14 scorpion stings, snakebite, stomach-ache, plants are widely used by various swellings and wound; roots of C. procera are indigenous communities throughout India. used for the treatment of asthma, diabetes, Vernacular names used by different elephantiasis, jaundice, leucoderma, indigenous communities and malarial fever, protracted labour, ethnomedicinal uses of the roots of rheumatism, skin diseases and spleen Apocynaceae's selected species in India are complaints; roots of C. carandas are used for presented in Table 2. Ethnic people in the treatment of anasarca, diabetic ulcer, different regions of India use different parts dropsy, madness, rheumatism, and wound; of these plants asa decoction, infusion, roots of C. spinarum are used for the extracts, powders, medicated oils, treatment of epilepsy, fever, infected sores, incineration-calcination preparations, etc.,to poor digestion, stomach ailments and treat several health problems. The selected wounds; roots of C. roseus are used for the plant species are also widely used in treatment of diabetes, insect bite, snakebite, Ayurveda and various other Indian wound, and cancer; roots of C. dubia are traditional systems of medicine.In used for the treatment of bone fracture and Ayurveda,these plants are used to jaundice; roots of H. indicus are used for the treatseveraldiseases, including wound treatment of dysentery, fever, fits, herpes, healing, ulcers, skin diseases,leucorrhoea, jaundice, leucorrhoea, snakebite, stomach- urinary diseases, heart disease, eye diseases, ache, urinary diseases, and wound; roots of nervous disorders, mental disorder, H. pubescensare used for the treatment of psychotic disease, insanity metabolic animal bite, cold, constipation, cough, disorder, abdominal, diarrhea, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, dog bite, dysentery, fever, indigestion, worms related problems, haematuria, piles, skin healing, snake bite, obesity, asthma, cough, fever, blood-related and stomach-ache; roots of I. frutescens are problems, tuberculosis, leprosy, herpes used for the treatment of anaemia, gum zoster, and tumor(API, 2001). Roots of the bleeding, blood purification, body pain, studied plants were found to be used for the diabetes, fever, kidney disease, kidney treatment of some major health problems, stone, skin disease, and bladder stone; roots including skin problems, wound, ulcers, of M. tenacissima are used for the treatment swellings, stomach, liver, spleen, kidney- of postnatal complaints; root of N. oleander related complaints, urinary problems, fever, are used for the treatment of epilepsy, insect heart pain, asthma,other respiratory bite, leprosy, snakebite, ulcers, and wound; problems, insomnia, leprosy, epilepsy, roots of R. serpentina are used for the paralysis, cancer, diabetes, blood pressure, treatment of asthma, blood pressure, boils, hypertension, insect bite, snakebite, dog bite, epilepsy, facial paralysis, heart pain, protracted labor, postnatal complaints, etc. hypertension, insomnia, leucoderma, (Table 2). scorpion sting, snake bite, and stomach- ache; roots of T. divaricataare used in Different indigenous communities in India treatment of jaundice, toothache, snake bite use the roots of A. curassavica for the and scorpion sting. treatment of gonorrhea, piles, and wounds; C. gigantea roots are used for treatment

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Table 2: Ethnomedicinal uses of the roots of the studied species of family Apocynaceae by India's indigenous communities. Region, State Vernacular name Community Ethnomedicinal use Reference A. curassavica Juvvadhu Hills, Tamil NA Local community Emetic, purgative, and a Sekharan and Nadu remedy for piles and Jagadeesan (1997) gonorrhea. Uttarakhand Bharadwaji, NA Powder with Acorus root Pullaiah (2002), Kakatundi, topical administered for Dhiman (2004) KauraDodi wound healing. C. gigantea Paschim Medinipur Akanda Santhals, Mundas, In snakebite, the root bark is Sarkhel (2014) district, West Bengal Lodhas, Bhumijs, ground into a paste and made OraonKherias into pills. Plant latex is communities applied over the bitten area. West and South of Akanda, Angon Different tribal Fevers, cough, asthma, gum Sen et al. (2011) Tripura, Tripura communities infection. Santhal Pargana, Rui, Madar, NA The powder used for wound Bakshi et al. (1999), Bihar Parkha healing. CCRAS (1999) Paderu division, NA Local community Stomach ache. Padal et al. (2010) Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh Juvvadhu NA Local community Powdered root bark used for Sekharan and Hills, Tamil Nadu dysentery. Jagadeesan (1997) Assam NA Miris Bark paste used to cure Hajra and Baishya dysentery. Juice applied to (1981) burn injuries and swellings. Mayurbhanj district, NA Local community Paste applied to snakebite Jain et al. (1973) Orissa and scorpion stings. Mayurbhanj district, NA Local community Pounded and applied with Choudhury et al. Orissa country liquor on the wounds (1975) of leprosy patients as well as internally taken. Mayurbhanj district, NA Local community Bark paste applied on Murthy et al. Orissa wounds and along with ghee (1986) taken to cure snake bite. Koraput, Orissa NA Local community A piece of root is given to Misra et al. (1993) cattle with grass or straw to cure cleft on the pallet. Uttara Kannada district, Akke, Giant Siddis Root juice smeared over the Bhandary et al. Karnataka milkweed, Crown abdomen and vaginal region (1995) flower at childbirth to reduce labour pain. C. procera Billawar, Kathua Daryaiaak Gujjar, Bakerwal A paste of charcoal prepared Bhushan and district, Jammu & and Dogra from root, and bland oil Kumar (2013) Kashmir communities mixture applied on skin diseases. Sariska and Silisher Aakada Local community A decoction of root bark and Parveen et al. regions, Alwar district, black pepper are used twice a (2007) Rajasthan day for three days for malarial fever.

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Paderu division of NA Local community Diabetes. Padal et al. (2010) Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh Sub-Himalayan tract, NA Gujjar community The grounded roots are Sharma et al. Uttarakhand externally applied on (2013a) leukoderma. Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone, NA Bhil community One pinch of root bark Samvatsar and and Ratlam districts, powder mixed with one Diwanji, (2000) Madhya Pradesh teaspoon of honey orally taken twice a day for 3–5 days as a jaundice remedy. Rajasthan NA Local community In Asthma decoction Sharma and prepared by boiling bark of Khandelwal (2016) Acacia ferrugineaand Holarrhenaantidysentericain water with Acacia catechu and Calotropisproceraroot, cooled and given at bedtime. Sonaghati of Sonbhadra Madar Gond and Roots powder (10 g per day) Singh et al. (2002) district, Uttar Pradesh Kharwar with water used for spleen communities complaints, elephantiasis, and rheumatism. In protracted labour, roots are given with black pepper. C. carandas Sariska and Silisher Karunda Local community Root bark paste used in a Asolkar et al. regions, Alwar district, diabetic ulcer. Insect (1992) Rajasthan repellent, hypotensive dropsy, anasarca, madness. Eastern Rajasthan Karunda Local community Roots with bark used in Upadhyay et al. rheumatism for 15 days. (2010) Mayurbhanj, Odisha Karandakoli Local community Wound healing. Das et al. (2003) North-Eastern Uttar Karaunda Local community Topical application of paste Trivedi (2006), Pradesh for wound healing. Dhiman (2004) C. spinarum District Udhampur, Garna Local community Root decoction with roots of Bhatia et al. (2014) Jammu & Kashmir Justiciaadhatoda used to cure fever. District Rajouri, Jammu Garanda Gujjar- Root bark extract is given to Rashid (2012) & Kashmir Bakerwalcommuni cure poor digestion. ty Kathua district, Jammu Garna Local community Roots purgative, used against Kumar and Bhagat & Kashmir stomach ailments. (2012) Different regions, Garanda Tribal, hakims and Powdered root sprinkled Mahajan et al. Jammu & Kashmir local community over wounds and infected (2012) sores. Yelagiri hills of Sirukila Malayali tribal Roughly ground root powder Salai et al. (2014) Eastern Ghats, Tamil community mixed with water is poured Nadu into a snake burrow. Uttarakhand Local Root used internally in the Kala et al. (2004) community remedy of epilepsy. C. roseus West and Nayantara, Different tribal Diabetes, insect bite, wound. Sen et al. (2011) South of Tripura Khumbaragi communities

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Kodagu district, Nithyapushpa Herbal healers and Root paste mixed with Lingaraju et al. Karnataka local community pepper and lime is applied (2013) externally on the snake-bitten spot thrice a day. Odisha Sadasawagaon Lodha community The paste used for wound Bakshi et al. (1999) healing Tons river area, Sadabhar Local community Diabetes, cancer. Kumar and Dehradun, Uttarakhand Pandey (2015) C. dubia Mokhada, district Medvad Local community Root paste is applied over the Sonawane et al. Thane, Maharashtra bone fracture. (2012) Nasik district, NA Local community Half a glass of root extract is Patil and Patil Maharashtra taken orally in the early (2005) morning for seven days before breakfast, used internally in the remedy of jaundice. H. indicus Paschim Medinipur Anantmula Santhals, Mundas, The root is ground with bulbs Sarkhel (2014) district, West Bengal Lodhas, Bhumijs, of Allium sativum (1:1). In the OraonKherias case of snakebite, the paste is community applied to the bitten areas. Kodagu district, Sogade Herbal healers and Root decoction with a pinch Lingaraju et al. Karnataka local community of common salt, is taken (2013) internally in a stomach ache. Wayanad, Kerala Nannari Local community Paste topically administered Gupta (2007) for wound healing. Phulbani, Odisha Sugandhi Local community Pounded and poultice CCRAS (1999) topically administered for wound healing. Paderu division, NA Local community Aphrodisiac, cooling effect, Padal et al. (2010) Visakhapatnam district, dysentery, fits, herpes. Andhra Pradesh Uttara Kannada district, Sugandhi, Siddis Roots powdered with Bhandary et al. Karnataka Sarsaparilla 'Nachki' (Minosapudica L.), (1995) taken orally every morning to treat leucorrhoea during the menstrual period. Root powder also is taken with milk as a daily tonic. Vellore District, Tamil Nannari Local community Jaundice and snakebite. Thirumalai et al. Nadu (2010) Sivagangai district, NA Local community The root is powdered and Shanmugam et al. Tamil Nadu given with honey in jaundice. (2009) Shahdol district, Dudhi Ojha The root paste mixed with Bharti (2015) Madhya Pradesh water is given in small quantities to children in dysentery. Sonaghati, Sonbhadra Anantamul, Gond and Root juice (10 ml twice per Singh et al. (2002) district, Uttar Pradesh Kapuri Kharwar day) is orally taken to cure communities urinary diseases and fever. Mokhada, Thane Anantmul Local community Roots are crushed, and Sonawane et al. district, Maharashtra powder is taken internally for (2012) urinary troubles. Root paste is

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taken orally in snakebite. H. pubescens West and South of Kurchi, Different tribal Dysentery, fever, cold, piles. Sen et al. (2011) Tripura, Tripura PandhraKuda,Kuiccommunities hama Bonai Hills Sundargarh, Kurai Paudi, Bhuinya Root mixed with equal Aminuddin and Odisha communities quantity of 'Harada' Girach (1991) [TerminaliachebulaRetz.] 'Bhada' [Terminaliabellerica (Gaertn) Roxb.] and 'Bhejri' [SolanumsurttenseBurm. f.] fruits boiled in water taken twice daily for a week to cure cough/cold. Yelagiri Hills, Eastern Kutasappalai Malayali tribal A decoction of root bark Salai et al. (2014) Ghats, Tamil Nadu community taken to get relief from dysentery. Paderu division, NA Local community Stomach-ache. Padal et al. (2010) Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh Juvvadhu Hills, Tamil NA Local community Powder prepared from roots Sekharan and Nadu and leaves was administered Jagadeesan (1997) to stop bleeding from the nose and hemorrhages after childbirth. Uttara Kannada district, Kodasa, Easter tree Siddiscommunity Root bark decoction taken Bhandary et al. Karnataka orally acts as depurative. (1995) Sagartaluk, Shimoga Kodasiga Adikarnataka, Root paste applied over Rajakumar and district, Karnataka Besta, Brahmin, infected part of skin till Shivanna (2010) Ganiga, Idiga, cured. Lambani, Muslim, Vokkaligacommun ities Sonaghati, Sonbhadra Koraya Gond and Root paste is taken orally Singh et al. (2002) district, Uttar Pradesh Kharwar with water to stimulate urine communities discharge and remove constipation, diarrhea, and haematuria. It is also used as an antidote to a dog bite or bite of poisonous animals/ snake. I. frutescens Sagartaluk, Shimoga Karibantanaballi Adikarnataka, A root decoction is taken Rajakumar and district, Karnataka Besta, Brahmin, orally in body pain. Shivanna (2010) Ganiga, Idiga, Lambani, Muslim, Vokkaligacommun ities West and South Tripura, Dugdhalata, Different tribal Bleeding in gum, skin Sen et al. (2011) Tripura Perialata, Soyalata communities disease, fever, kidney disease. Paderu division, NA Local community Blood purification, Padal et al. (2010) Visakhapatnam district, hemorrhage from the mouth. Andhra Pradesh Juvvadhu Hills, Tamil NA Local community The root powder is Sekharan and

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Nadu administered with milk to Jagadeesan (1997) treat diabetes, stone in the bladder, and as a blood purifier. Wayanad district, Kerala Paravalli Kurichar Root juice is used internally Thomas and community to treat anemia and kidney Rajendran (2013) stone.

Sonaghati, Sonbhadra Khapri-Bela Gond and The dried root powder is Singh et al. (2002) district, Uttar Pradesh Kharwar administered a spoonful (10 communities g) twice a day with a freshwater glass after meals as lactagogue. M. tenacissima Kanika, Sundargarh, Chunhar Munda The powdered root is eaten Girach et al. (1998) Odisha community with water to treat postnatal complaints. N. oleander Eastern Rajasthan Kaner Local community The root is crushed with roots Upadhyay et al. of Capparissepiaria and (2010) Daturainnoxia and applied against snakebite and insect bite. The roots are made into a paste with water and are applied externally on ulcers and leprosy. The roots are used for procuring abortion both by local application and internal administration. Uttarakhand Karavira Local community Topical application of paste Dhiman (2004), for wound healing CCRAS (1999) Nagpur and Wardha, Kanher Local community Topical application of Badhe and Pande Maharashtra crushed root for wound (1999) healing. West Rarrh region, West Ethnic 5 ml juice of root once daily Ghosh (2008) Bengal community for 15 days used internally as a remedy for epilepsy. R. serpentina Paschim Medinipur Sarpagandha Santhals, Mundas, Root paste along with that of Sarkhel (2014) district, West Bengal Lodhas, Bhumijs, Azadirachtaindica and black OraonKherias pepper seeds are made into a communities paste, and the extract is administered orally soon after a snake bite. Kodagu district, Sarpagandha Herbal healers and Root paste is given orally to Lingaraju et al. Karnataka local community reduce blood pressure. Root (2013) paste mixed with cow's milk is given orally to the pregnant woman, before childbirth to promote easy labour. Paderu division, NA Local community Asthma, heart pain, stomach- Padal et al. (2010) Visakhapatnam district, ache, high blood pressure. Andhra Pradesh Mokhada, Thane Sarpagandha Local tribal Root with the petiole of betel Sonawane et al.

112 ©2020 The author(s). Published by National Press Associates. This is an open access article under CC-BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), Research & Reviews in Biotechnology & Biosciences ISSN No: 2321-8681 district, Maharashtra community leaf made into a paste is (2012) given to cure facial paralysis. It is also used in epilepsy, intestinal disorders. Keonjhar, Patalgaruda Santal, Kolha, An antidote to the snake. Nayak et al. (1998) SimilipalMayurbhanj, Bunda, Bathuri Odisha and Bhuian communities Angul-Talcher Mining Patalgaruda Local inhabitants, Hypertension, insomnia, Mahalik et al. Area, Odisha tribes, village epilepsy. (2014) medicine men, Vaidyas Sub-Himalayan region, Gandhak Gujjar community 1 g root powder is taken Sharma et al. Uttarakhand internally, twice a day in skin (2013a) infection. Udham Singh Nagar Jhaberbarua Tharu community Root paste is topically Sharma et al. District, Uttarakhand applied for boils. (2014) Sub-Himalayan tract, Gandhak Gujjar community The root paste is mixed with Sharma et al. Uttarakhand oil of (2013a) Cinnamomumtamala(tejpaat) and externally applied on leucodermaat night. Sub-Himalayan region, NA Gujjar community 1 g root powder is taken Sharma et al. Uttarakhand internally twice a day used as (2013b) a remedy for epilepsy. Garhwal Himalaya, NA Jaunsari Root used internally as a Bhatt and Negi Uttarakhand community remedy for epilepsy. (2006) Garhwal Himalaya, NA Local Root used internally as a Gaur (1999) Uttarakhand community remedy for epilepsy. Gorakhpur and NA Taungya 1–2 teaspoon root powder Poonam and Singh Maharajganj districts, community taken twice daily in the (2009) Uttar Pradesh remedy of epilepsy. Uttarakhand NA Local Root used internally as a Adhikari et al. community remedy for epilepsy. (2007) T. divaricata Kodagu district, Nandibattaluhuvu Herbal healers and The crushed root mixed with Lingaraju et al. Karnataka local community salt and turmeric is applied to (2013) the snake bite. Paderu division, NA Local community Toothache. Padal et al. (2010) Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh Rewa district, Madhya Gulchandini Local vaidyas Root paste applied over Shukla et al. (2010) Pradesh scorpion sting. Tripura Khuntautai Reang community The extract used in toothache. Shil et al. (2014) Jalgaon, Dhule and NA Bhil, Gavit, Root powder (100–200 g) is Badgujar and Patil Nandurbar districts, Kokani, Mavachi, boiled in water, and the (2008) Maharashtra Padvi, Tadvi, Valvi extract is taken thrice a day and for two weeks internally as a Vasave remedy for jaundice. communities NA: Not Available Some significantphytochemicalsin the pharmacological activities are given in Table studied plants with already proven 3. Some major compounds from studied

113 ©2020 The author(s). Published by National Press Associates. This is an open access article under CC-BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), Research & Reviews in Biotechnology & Biosciences ISSN No: 2321-8681 species are asclepin, calotropin, carinol, neuroprotective, psychoactive, carissanol, carissin, serpentine, cryptosin, antineuroinflammatory, biocidal, antiviral, rauwolfine, and vobasine. All these antibacterial, antifungal, compounds are known to have proven antiplasmodial/antimalarial, topoisomerase important pharmacological activities (Table II inhibitory, antidiabetic, and 3). Many phytoconstituents from gastroprotective (Dey et al., 2017; Bhadane et Apocynaceae plants are reported to have al., 2018; Islam and Lucky, 2019). Serpentine, important pharmacological activities such as ajmalicine, catharanthine from root samples anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, of C. roseus are known to reduce antioxidant, cytotoxic, cardiovascular, acetylcholine activity (Pereira et al., 2010). hepatoprotective, CNS activity, Table 3: Some major compounds with biological activities reported from selected plant species of the family Apocynaceae. Plant name Compound (DNP, 2020) Biological activity (DNP, 2020) A. curassavica Asclepin Cardiotonic agent Calotropin, Pekilocerin A African arrow poison Coroglaucigenin Antineoplastic agent Uzarigenin, Odorigenin B Cardiotonic agent. Antidiarrhoeal C. gigantea α-(Acetylamino)-4- Insect antifeedant [(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]benzeneacetic acid Calotropin, Pekilocerin A African arrow poison 9-Methoxypinoresinol Exhibits potent cytotoxic activity C. procera Calactin, Pecilocerin B, Pekilocerin B Cardiotonic agent Calotropin, Pekilocerin A African arrow poison C. carandas Carinol Exhibits cytotoxic activity and increases cell viability in anti-hypoxia study Carissanol Cytotoxic against breast MCF7 and lung A 549 cancer cell lines Carissin Inhibitor of the nucleation phase in amyloid β42 aggregation C. spinarum Cycloolivil, Isoolivil Shows moderate anti-DPPH free radical activity Carinol Exhibits cytotoxic activity and increases cell viability in anti-hypoxia study Carissanol Cytotoxic against breast MCF7 and lung A 549 cancer cell lines C. roseus Trichosetin Phytotoxin. Active against Gram-positive bacteria Vinleurosine Antineoplastic agent. Possesses antihyperglycaemic activity Lochnerinine, Hazuntine Shows antitumour activity Lochnerinine, Hazuntine Shows antitumour activity Carbazoline Plant growth and enzyme inhibitor. Potentiator of benzo[a]pyrene induced mutagenicity, antiparasitic, antitrypanosomal agent. A comutagen with aromatic amines active towards bacteria Roseamine It Shows antineoplastic props. Serpentine Shows antitumour activity Strictosidine, Isovincoside A key intermediate in the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids Vincaleukoblastine, An antineoplastic agent used widely in the treatment of

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Vincaleucoblastine, Velbe, VLB Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas. Microtubule assembly inhibitor. Shows trypanosomicidal effect Vindoline Active against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi C. dubia Cryptosin Acts as a positive inotropic agent H. indicus Hemidesmin 1, 2; hemidesmoside A, B, NA C; Indicusin; Hemidescine; Hindicusine; hemisine, etc. H. pubesccens Estrone acetate, Hovigal, Puboestrene Estrogen Holamide Shows hypotensive activity in rats Mokluangine A, B, C Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Pubescinine Shows hypotensive activity in rats I. frutesens Nonadecyl benzoate NA M. tenacissima Tenacigenin B, Tanacissimoside B, C, NA D, E, F, I; Marsdenoside C, K; Tenacigenoside A, F, etc. N. oleander Adynerin Antineoplastic agent Dambonitol, Dambonite Allergy inhibitor Δ16-Dehydroadynerigenin CNS depressant Echujin, Arrow poison Digitoxigeninstrophanthotrioside Gitoxigenin, Bigitaligenin, 16- Antineoplastic agent Hydroxydigitoxigenin, Anhydrogitaligenin cis-Karenin Cytotoxic agent trans-Karenin Cytotoxic agent Uvaol, Uvalol HIV-1 protease inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent Vanderoside, Periplogenindiginoside, Used in anticancer therapy Neridiginoside R. serpentina Ajmalan-17,21-diol, Ajimaline, Antiarrhythmic (Class Ia) drug, which functions by Gilurytmal, Merabitol, Raugalline, inhibition of glucose uptake by heart tissue mitochondria. Rauwolfine, Rytmalin, Tachmalin, Platelet-activating factor antagonist. Anti-inflammatory Many other names agent Renoxydine, Reserpoxidine, Shows similar Pharmacological properties to Reserpine Renoxidine but with about half the activity Serpentine Shows antitumor activity Yohimbic acid, Yohimbinic acid α2-Adrenoceptor antagonist T. divaricata Conolidine Analgesic with unusual non-opioid pharmacology 3S-Cyanocoronaridine Cytotoxic Vobasine Weak CNS depressant, also showing analgesic and antipyretic action

Conclusion C. spinarum, I. frutescens, and T. divaricatawere found to be widely used in The study revealed that the rootsof the different regions of India than other species selected species are used across India for (Table 1). The dry root material of the medicinal purposes. They areused to treat studied plant species has high demand in health issues, including insect or animal the Indian herbal drug market. Species like bites, skin problems, respiratory problems, H. indicus (500-1000 MT), H. pubescens (1000- and metabolic health issues.Among the 2000 MT), C. roseus (200-500 MT), C. dubia reviewed species, roots of R. serpentina, H. (100-150 MT), R. serpentina (200-500 MT), C. indicus, C. gigantea, H. pubescens, C. procera, gigantea (50-100 MT) and C. procera (50-100 115 ©2020 The author(s). Published by National Press Associates. This is an open access article under CC-BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), Research & Reviews in Biotechnology & Biosciences ISSN No: 2321-8681

MT) have very high trade value (NMPB, District Koraput Orissa, India. Ethnobot., 2020). Only a few species, such as C. roseus, 3:15–19. N. oleander, R. serpentina, and T. divaricata, 3. API 2001. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of are cultivated in gardens or farms for India. Part-I, Vols, I to V. Government of India. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, ornamental or medicinal purposes. Department of AYUSH, India. However, the majority of species for medicinal purposes are collected from wild 4. Asolkar L.V., Kakkar K.K., Chakre O.J. 1992. Second Supplement to Glossary of Indian habitats. Cultivation of highly medicinal Medicinal Plants with Active Principles. Part plant species can provide a new pathway in I (A–K) (1965–1981), CSIR, New Delhi, India. the conservative use of plants. Identifying 5. Badgujar S.B., Patil M.B. 2008. Ethnomedicine crude herbal samples may require a for jaundice used in tribal areas of north botanical reference standard for correct Maharashtra. Nat. Prod. Rad., 7(1):79–81. identification of raw herbal samples (Kumar 6. Badhe P.K., Pande V.K. 1999. Medicinal et al., 2018, 2020a, 2020b, 2020c; Singh et al., Plants of Nagpur and Wardha Forest 2020). Further macroscopic and microscopic Division, Maharashtra. New Delhi: CCRAS, studies are required to develop the studied Government of India, pp. 64. plants' botanical standards to control 7. Bakshi D.N., Sensharma, P., Pal, D.C. 1999.A adulteration and substitution of the raw Lexicon of Medicinal Plants in India.Vol. plant material in the trade. Ethnomedicinal 1.NayaProkash, Calcutta, India.pp. 346, 398. data compiled in the present study can 8. Bhadane B.S., Patil M.P., Maheshwari V.L., provide valuable information for the Patil R.H. 2018. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biotechnological medicinal exploration of Apocynaceae's root advances of family Apocynaceae: A review. drug samples. Data compiled in the present Phytother. Res., 32(7):1181–210. study can provide a way for drug discovery 9. Bhandary M.J., Chandrashekar K.R., of specific bioactive compounds in clinical Kaveriappa K.M. 1995. Medical ethnobotany research. of the studies of Siddis of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. J. Ethnopharmacol., Acknowledgments 47(3):149–158. The authors thank Director IIIM Jammu for 10. Bharti V.K. 2015.An Ethnobotanical Study of providing the necessary facilities to carry Medicinal Plants in Shahdol District of out the work. The authors are thankful to Madhya Pradesh, India. Int. J. Sci. Res., 4(10):1501–1505. the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India, for 11. Bhatia H., Sharma Y.P., Manhas R.K., Kumar financial assistance under the Major Lab K. 2014. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the villagers of district Udhampur, J&K, India. J. Project (MLP-1007). PK acknowledges the Ethnopharmacol., 151(2):1005–1018. financial support provided by CSIR in the 12. Bhatt V.P., Negi G.C.S. 2006. Ethnomedicinal form of JRF/SRF fellowships. plant resources of Jaunsari tribe of Garhwal References Himalaya, Uttaranchal. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl., 5(3):331–335. 1. Adhikari B.S., Babu M.M., Saklani P.L.,

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