Výskum navrhovania Quarter as an Urban Formative Core

Museum Quarter as an Urban Formative Core The urban planning aspects of its development and 1 . Museum Island. Map with the Palace of the Republic, 2006. Electronic resource: http://mapsof. net/berlin/karte-berlin-museumsinsel. Request from position in the city grid culture, some kind of “museum models” of around the whole world and, especially, in the 01.02.2016 perception and interpretation of the world. USA and Western Europe. Presenting a huge The very postmodernism culture becomes scale of cultural area and combining usually (A case study of Berlin, 4 a museum.” the most popular and valuable city , This new type of cultural thinking results MQ affects different branches of social, cul- Vienna and in creation of some kind of virtual–spatial tural and urban development. The overview museum or an artistic medium, which usual- of pre-requirements of MQ shows that such ly doesn’t fit in a box of traditional museum a process is not an accident. The necessity of spatial models) buildings and requires new principles of or- creation of Museum Quarter is a logical result ganization and functionality of museum ins- of several parallel tendencies: Ekaterina Kochergina titution. Exactly such principles lead to appe- –– An outcome of long-term museum arance of Museum Quarters as new types of development, “In a contemporary This statement was announced in 1984 as a long time considered as elitist and conserva- socio-cultural environment. Here should be –– The result of the development of modern world which attempts to a part of the “Quebec Declaration – Basic tive, museums nowadays became accessible also mentioned, not considered previously, society, integrate all means of Principles of New Museology” and nowadays for a wide range of society, presenting devel- the playful, eventful character of contempora- –– The result of the development of art and development, Museology it has incredibly versatile influence conside- opment of innovations in architecture, creat- ry museum activity, with frequently changed culture, should strive to broaden ring the worldwide spread of the concept of ing vivid expositions and memorable exhibi- expositions, offers a high level of openness –– Finally, MQ is, definitely, a modern respon- its traditional attribu- Museum Quarters. The urban planning fea- tions, developing system of communication, and necessity of interaction– all factors which se to the current requirements for the urban tions and functions of tures of such quarters and their possible so- consistently implementing social mission. demand absolutely new spatial concept. structure and infrastructure, local socio-cul- identification, preserva- cio-cultural and economic impact will be dis- The museum world is evolving, steadily be- Consequently, analysis of the status and tural climate and needs of tourist and eco- tion and education to cussed in this article based on the overview coming more open to society and focused on prospects of modern museums suggests the nomic city development encompass wider practi- of the current situation, historical prerequisi- the visitor”.2 And further: “The definition of allocation of certain urban development ces than these objectives tes and the requirements of vibrant cultural postmodernism of the 20th century as a “mu- trend. This trend is expressed in the union Such complexes have the potential of be- so as to better include in landscape. seumificative” type of culture based not only of several museums into one spatial structu- coming independent multi-level systems. Ho- its action those related As an additional proof, those principles of on the unprecedented expansion of the area re and in the appearance of specific cultural wever, located in the already existing urban to the human and physi- new museology today receive a strong support of real museumification3, expressed in fast clusters as big urban complexes of intensive fabric, these systems work like a kind of “city cal environment.” 1 by the specific tendency of the “museumifica- increase of the number of new museums, in artistic environment. within a city”, which requires the fundamen- tion” of urban environment, which took place museumification of big cultural landscapes, in tal decision for development – soft interpe- particularly in the last third of the 20th centu- restoration of old cities, in systematic collec- MUSEUM QUARTER FENOMENA netration or conscious confrontation. In this ry. Thus, the process of “museumification” re- tion and representation of all and any compo- Since the last decade of the 20th century the case, the principles of spatial organization, quires significant expansion of the museum, nents of culture etc. Much more such a defini- creation of Museum Quarter(MQ) became an the planning structure, semiotic and herme- as an institution, and quantified changes of tion is based on the phenomena and approval official issue and one of the most popular ten- neutic interpretation of space become the first the character of its social activity. “Being for of “museumificative psyho-gestur” of the dencies in the cultural policy of modern cities issue.

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2 Berlin. Museum Island. Visualization of the site 3 Berlin. Museum Island. View from the Palace of the with Humboldt-Forum (place of former Palace of the Republic to the Unter den Linden as the main urban Republic and Schlossplatz). Electronic resource: https:// axis. Electronic resource: https://commons.wikimedia. www.museumsinsel-berlin.de/en/masterplan/projection- org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R0821-400,_ into-the-future/. Request from 01.02.2016 Berlin,_Palast_der_Republik_cropped.jpg. Request from 01.02.2016

URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS transport arteries, important urban axis or BERLIN is aimed to complete the whole historical squares in the city centre one might find po- Combining different levels of development cores. Very often it is due to the presence on The creation of the Museum Island started in site. (→ 2) litical demonstrations, marches and popular and physical placing on the big territories, the particular site of one or few historical the 19th century with the construction of the Geographically the Museum Island located celebrations held on festival day. Squares and MQ becomes the challenge not only of cul- museums, which were consciously placed on first museum institution on the site - The Al- on the central part of Berlin - district Mitte, plazas shall serve as the structural basis for tural policy, but also of spatial planning and important urban planning spots in the begin- tes Museum (Old Museum), 1830. Located in gaps of Monbijoubrucke in the North, Sch- the planning of the city and for its overall ar- complex urban strategy. It has an incredibly ning of the city grid formation. In such case, in the Spree Island (originally an residential lossplatz on the south and both banks of the chitectural composition.”6 Literally following high socio-cultural influence and strong tou- advantageous position of the MQ from the area), this museum became the first strong river Spree embankment. this idea, Walter Ulbricht (German Commu- rist attractiveness, providing sustainability point of urban planning is historically cau- and encouraging reason for transformation The main urban axis – Unter den Linden - is nist Leader) in summer 1950s proclaimed: in the cultural sector and boosting economic sed and accepted as natural. At the same time, of the North-West part of the island into the crossing the MQ directly between Lustgarten “The center of our capital, the Lustgarten and rise both for the territory of the MQ and the Museum Quarters, created during last few official cultural area in 1841, gratefully to the and Humboldt-Forum on the Schlossplatz and the area around the Palace ruins, must beco- surrounding districts. The high quality level decades from “zero” tend to the same urban King of Prussia Frederick William IV. (→ 1) goes through the whole city, Brandenburger me a grand demonstration square where the of events and exhibitions, contemporary ar- behavior. The most typical urban trend in pla- Institutionally the quarter was finally for- Tor and Tiergarten to the west and through people’s will to fight and to develop can find chitecture and individually landscaped public cement MQ in the city planning structure will med and has got its official status after 1918 Alexanderplatz and Bahnhof to the noth-east, expression.”7 The implementation of socia- spaces provide the citizens the best place for be discussed further in examples of three Eu- and currently it is a part of the big organiza- transforming into the main suburban highwa- listic attitude for urban planning resulted in rest and free time activities. For tourists such ropean capitals: Berlin Museum Island, Vien- tion - Berlin State Museums, under the Prus- ys. (→ 3) Along this formative axis are situated immediate dismantling of the historical City areas are incredibly favorable as the most in- na Museums-Quartier, and Budapest Muse- sian Cultural Heritage Foundation. Today, several urban cores such as: Theodor-Heuss- Palace complex, which free field together with tensive, complex and compact cultural desti- um Quarter in the - “Liget Budapest Berliner Museum Quarter consists of one of Platz in the Westend, Ernst-Reuter-Platz, Lustgarten provided the hugest open space nation with an easy transport access – “everyt- Project”. the strongest world’s museums such as Neues Grosser Stern in Tiergarten and Pariser Platz in the city for public demonstration and mass hing in one”. For local people – a cheap and Just prior the beginning, the used met- Museum (New Museum), 2009 (constructed with Brandenburger Tor. This line continues events. Such forced conversion was aimed to easy way to discover advanced events, the cul- hodology of the current research should be in 1859 and almost totally destroyed during further to the north by Karl-Liebknecht-Stras- replace urban core into the territory of the tural face of the city (or even country) in one described. For the purposes of the practical the World War II with reconstruction in the se with Alexanderplatz, Calogaryplatz, etc. Museum Island and sometimes, during huge package (e.g. “a year tickets pass”). For ins- and theoretical study were used: qualitative 2000s by David Chipperfield); Alte National- (→ 4, 5) meetings, it really worked, which can be clea- titutions – an offer of one common ticket for research methods with onsite observation, galerie (Old National Gallery), 1876; The Bode Radial circular urban structure and the line rly seen in pictures of that time events. (→ 6) several museums helps to invite more visitors a questionnaire and interviews with current Museum, 1904, which mark the island on its of cores form the basis of the Berlin planning It should be mentioned, that by itself the and get relative financial independence. For employers and MQ creators; the quantitative north arrow; and The Pergamon Museum, composition. Additionally, along this axis (in idea of creating the main parade urban squ- cities – a strong cultural centre with a well- research was made both by collecting theore- 1930. Furthermore, the site includes an open 10-15 minutes walking distance) are located are on the site of the most vital cultural core known branded identity. tical data and by own author’s calculation pro- square and public garden Lustgarten in front also another popular city museums, construc- could be quite positive. However, the way of Geographically covering several quarters viding exact numbers for 3 compared objects; of the Berliner Dom (The Cathedral of Berlin ting linear map of urban cultural landscape. its artificial and even rude implementation 4 Berlin. Vienna. Budapest. Graphic schemes of it creates a socially prestigious area to live or materials discovered during the work in local – institutionally doesn’t belong to the Muse- The interesting aspect here is that Museum affected the city in an absolutely opposite ne- Museum Quarter (MQ) position in the city. Author: Ekaterina Kochergina work in, under the intangible but valuable MQ archives and libraries provide historical um Island). One of the main German Protes- Island (during the period of existence GDR, gative way. Thus, during holidays or several wing of special cultural environment. Being proofs for the set hypothesis. With the aim to tant churches, which history began in 1465, from 1950s, and gratefully to the existence of political dates, during all the year remaining, 5 Berlin. Budapest. Vienna. Graphic schemes of the a magnet for other cultural institutions, priva- understand the whole city structure was made and the last classicistic conversion was com- the Palace of the Republic) was also planned it is presented as a totally empty useless ter- Museum Quarters (MQ) position on the main urban axis. Author: Ekaterina Kochergina te galleries, best restaurants and cafés, design an analysis and comparison of the current city pleted in 1822 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel (the and time by time implemented as one of the ritory with the only adopted function of a car shops and other services, such areas initiate maps, study of night space photo of 3 cities, architect of Alte Museum), who together with most important points in the chain of urban parking for the court or for beach sports tour- two urban scenarios: mapping of cultural objects on the city grid Friedrich August Stüler (Neues Museum, Alte planning cores, by the influence comparable naments. The architectural ensemble of such a) Complementing the neighboring city cen- and of the links between them. Due to the Nationalgalerie) successfully constructed the with the Pariser Platz (with its Brandenbur- a crucial city cultural point and consciously ter, providing comprehensive spread of ur- complexity of the research objects and their strongest architectural ensemble in the very ger Tor). formed urban corridor of the main streets was ban development into different areas; multi-level relationships with the whole ur- heart of the city Berlin. In conclusion, the According to the list of Sixteen Basic Prin- totally destroyed. b) Construction of absolutely new separate ban structure, the methods of systemic-struc- new construction of a huge complex of Hum- ciples of Urban Planning in GDR new monu- The decision to revive the former City Pa- city center as an independent urban core. tural analysis has also been implemented. boldt-Forum (the former Berlin City Palace, mental urban scenario was announced for lace on the site of Schlossplatz (construction the residence of the king and later a muse- this area – “a wide demonstrative boulevard of Humboldt-Forum), made in the middle of However, the common feature of these two um building which was destroyed during the was planned to be built from Alexanderplatz 1990s, brought new hope that urban-cultural variants is that MQ always tends to the main World War II and finally demolished in 1950)5 through MQ to the Brandenburg Tor: On the core will be recovered in the nearest future.

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8 Vienna. MuseumsQuartier Map. Catalog: Museum Quartier Wien. The History-The Buildings-The Institutions. Material of the library of Architectural center (MQ Architecturzentrum). p.28. Request from 19.11.2014

6 Berlin. Museum Island. Chronology. Berliner Morgenpost 25.09.1999. The Staatliche Museen zu Berlin’s Zentralarchiv (Central Archive). Request from 02.03.2015

7 Berlin. Competition for the Humboldt-Forum, 1st Preis, Francesco Stella, Vicenza. Electronic resource: http://www.bbr.bund.de/BBR/DE/Bauprojekte/Berlin/ Kultur/HUF/3preis2.html;jsessionid=56AE0F95FEEE5354 D4F7E019C46F499A.live2052?nn=547724, Request from 02.03.2015

9 Paris. La Defense. The Arch as completeness for an urban axis. Electronic resource: http://www. altareacogedim.com/sites/altarea/local/cache-vignettes/ However, it predicted a total destruction of Will the site become an important urban VIENNA L1189xH840/first7-a9957.jpg . Request from 30.01.2016 the south. This promenade directly connects three-storey classicist building with simple the Palace of the Republic – an architectural core (as potentially it could) or will it have The first idea for creating a complex cultural the Old City Hofburg with the west train sta- side wings. No towers, no loud verticals, no 10 Milano. Sforzesco Castel Tower in a middle of symbol of the period of GDR. After big pub- more a transit role, with the meaning of a big site in Vienna dates back to 1977 when the en- the Arco della Pace. Electronic resource: http:// tion Westbahnhof. The appearance of the MQ significant monuments or huge arches. lic and political discussions, based on the and green, but more “cœur d’honneur” place, semble of several buildings and courtyards of s1053.photobucket.com/user/evaristo2000/media/ boosted the cultural development in the ne- From the point of view of urban planning recommendation of the International Expert then the main city square – it probably de- the former stables were firstly considered as CorsoSempioneAnni50-1.jpg.html. Request from ighborhoods incredibly. The districts around such places – the end of the main axis – alwa- 30.01.2016 Commission “Berlin Historical Centre”, the pends on the functional content of the future the possible location for the Ludwig Collecti- the street were gradually filled up by dozens ys become the subject for big discussions. Federal Parliament in 2002 accepted the de- building, its event programme, intensity of on. During 1980s the discussions and concept 11 Milano. Uruguay Consulate on the Piazza Armando of private galleries and public art objects, cre- We all remember the active debates on the Diaz. Photo: Ekaterina Kochergina molition. The construction of the Humboldt- processes and, which is very important, the development of the cultural forum were sup- ating thus an addition cultural area around issue of completing the main Parisian axis in Forum (historical model) will definitely sup- regulation of transport passing through the ported by few first cultural events on the site the official MQ. district La Defense which took almost thir- port and frame the line of Unter den Linden square. (e.g. the first Vienna Festival in 1895). The Significantly important is that the Muse- ty years, with its ingenious solution of the Boulevard. However, the main entrance squ- In conclusion some quantitative aspects following year a series of architectural com- umsQuartier main entrance and even sym- Grand Arch (→ 9); or the architectural decisi- are of the new complex will be oriented to the should be mentioned. The site includes the petitions started. The obligatory requirement metrical signboard are oriented directly to the on of completing the Milan urban grid with river. An additional square, marked by the world most popular museums. Thus, the num- called for new buildings for an exhibition hall main urban axis. Passing through the central its Sforzesco Castel Tower in the middle of former Neptune fountain, is situated on the ber of visitors only of The Pergamon Museum and a museum of Modern Art.9 The name Mu- Hofburg arch this line - Hofburg’s Leopolti- the Arco della Pace (→ 10); or a much smal- opposite side of the complex – on the way to in 2012 reached 1.406.810 people.8 Public and seumsQuartier was originally used by the Mi- nische Trakt - goes across the whole old town ler scale line between Piazza della Scala, with Rathaus (City Hall). Thus, the left-side facade tourist interest in the site is constantly gro- nister of Science Erhard Busek in 1989, when (Inner city) from Michaelerplatz to Donau- arches and a parade hall of Galleria Vittorio of the forum will hold street line, but its open- wing, and in total with other 4 museums and the official non-historical, but contemporary channel and then a little bit to the south, th- Emanuele II, through the Duomo square en- ness and orientation on the Lustgarten and The Berliner Dom the number of visitors of art and a new cultural orientation were decla- rough several urban cores as Praterstern and ding in the vertical, radically plane designed, the whole MQ is under the question. Accor- the Berlin Museum Island exceeds 3.8 million red. The grand opening of the Wien MQ took Mexicoplatz crossing the Danube, it becomes modernistic concrete-glass tower of the Uru- ding to the competition there were attempts every year. With the completion of Humboldt- place in June 2001. the strongest urban pin – which connect the guay Consulate and contrasted with the hori- to somehow frame the open space, trying Forum this amount will rise significantly. Eve- Territorially, MuseumQuartier is situated historical part with the modern district of zontal sculptural fountain on the Piazza Ar- to make it closer or chambered, by adding rything happens on the side of approximately right in the heart of the city, in front of the International Business center (Vienna City), mando Diaz (→ 11). These examples show that a protruding small rectangular element to the 19.6 ha, with the area of open space (on the main entrance to the Hofburg, on the Mu- and then goes to the north-east end of the completeness of the main axis is always an left. This act seems questionable due to the island) of 12.3 ha. Public transport is curren- seumPlatz. (→ 8) The quarter is facing a gre- country and to Brno direction (→ 4, 5). Going incredibly important topic for urban planning symmetrical composition of the building, but tly present in the form of a one-site bus stop at ensemble of two world famous museums back from the east to the city center, the this and requires a conscious, usually parade, big it could help to avoid transit movement th- for the central city bus lines. Two tram lines on Maria-Theresien Platz: Kunsthistorisches urban needle finds its logical completeness on scale and significant architectural decision. rough the square along the monotone facade have their stops close (5 minutes walk from Museum, 1891, and Naturhistorisches Mu- the point of Maria-Theresien Platz, flanked by The Austrian capital also had historically of the Forum, pushing visitors to linger in the the site), the nearest metro stations are loca- seum Wien, 1889. Volkstheater neighboring a symmetrical composition of two museums such a planning culmination in the former territory. However, the final project left the ted in a distance of about 1 km (about 15 mi- with MQ on the north and it marks the beg- with their colonnade facades and a central empire stables (→ 12). However, in 1922 it was forum without any lateral extensions. (→ 7) nutes walk). inning of one of the most popular shopping cupola, and finishing in the main entrance reconstructed and transformed for another pedestrian streets – Mariahilferstrasse – on into the MuseumsQuartier – a rather modest function of fairs - “Messepalast”. After the

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12 Vienna. View of the stables around 1720. Engraving by Corvinus after Salomon Kleiner. Electronic resource: http://www.wien-tourist.info/index.php/Datei: Hofstallungen_um_1720.jpg. Request from 30.01.2016

of the quarter, following the central direction, and finally ending it by a semi-circular arena. Such a huge scale structure was comparable with the surrounding and could truly serve as an urban final point, sensible, even despite 13 Vienna. Competition of the MuseumsQuartier, 1987. the hidden position inside nother perimeter Fachjournal Wettbewerde 68/69, Nov./Dez. 1987, p. structure. Others performed with the idea to 25-81 // Projects: expose all end parts of the site with a “colon- nade” or rhythmic fan of towers, locking the central axis in a scale of the whole quarter. No doubts, understanding of responsibility for the main axis played its role. Giving the projects a fantastical imperial scope, by in- tention and disconnection with the surroun- ding, some concepts did not yield the spirit Nr.36, Arch.: Heimut Schultmeier, Heinz Leinberger, etc. Nr.40, Arch.: Andreas Fellerer, Wolfgang Mistelbauer, etc. of Stalin’s architecture of “Palace of Soviets”. Even Zikkurat was considered. Documenta- tion of the competition clearly illustrates the main ideas. (→ 13) After the second phase and final acceptan- ce of non-historical concept with orientation on contemporary art and culture, in 1990s all jury unanimously voted for the project of Laurids and Manfred Ortner. It predicted a construction of two towers right inside of the central courtyard – an elliptical office’s to- wer on the left and a library on the right side Nr.45, Arch.: Otmar Edelbacher, Peter Hartmann, etc. Nr.56, Arch.: Karl Mang, etc. Nr.63, Arch.: Mithael A.Hein, etc. from the main entrance (near the current po- sitions of the Leopold Museum an MUMOK respectively).11 The interesting and quite pa- radoxical detail is that invisible from the out- side the buildings of museums (Leopold and MUMOK) have slightly turned position to 14 Vienna. Competition winner Ortner+Ortner, the first World War II, for a long time this area stayed the main entrance axis – a decision, which is proposal without any permanent function and became explained as a support for the planning grid 15 Vienna. Competition winner Ortner+Ortner, the a big question for the government, urban and of the Kunsthistorisches Museum and Spit- first proposal, view from Hofburg. Ortner Architekten. cultural planners. Answering this challenge telberg12. At the same time, the two modern MuseumsQuartier Wien, 1990. Project presentation. Material of the library of Architectural center (MQ Vienna found its own composition model. Du- designed towers rose up directly behind the Architecturzentrum). Request from 19.11.2014 ring the above mentioned first phase of archi- main classicistic entrance wall of the MQ, Nr.67, Arch.: Pfranc Pfeil, etc. Nr.69, Arch.: Andreas Egger, etc. Nr.74, Arch.: Reinhold Bösch, etc. tectural competitions, in 1987, in total 88 de- becoming an architectural symbol of the site sign proposals were submitted, seven projects and, due to their height, aiming to emphasize got prizes. Due to the Mission Statement, the central-axis orientation of the main urban MQ was announced as one of the four most line, in practice absolutely ignored its sym- important city cultural parts or directions metrical composition. (→ 14, 15) (“Stadtviertel” – Hofburg and historical cen- However, after the huge public resonan- tre, pedestrian shopping street Mariahilfers- ce and longtime debates, high rise buildings trasse and Spittelberg (as cultural forum and were rejected; built-up area of museum boxes “old village in a city”) - in the 7th district).10 was reduced, height was cut down according The majority of all participants of the compe- to the 24m altitude, in respect to the histori- tition clearly understood the importance of cal ensemble, and they were transformed in the design not only in gaps of the quarter, but two similar cubic volumes as they exist now.13 Nr.77, Arch.: Rudolf Scheiber, Horst Lechner, etc. Nr.79, Arch.: Baurat h.c. Hubert, etc. in a scale of the entire urban plan. Thus, for More “soft” revitalization principles have instance, many architects shared the idea of won. Two new buildings are invisible from creating some kind of Roman Theater inside the outside of the quarter. The main urban

46 ALFA 1 / 2016 ALFA 1 / 2016 47 Výskum navrhovania Museum Quarter as an Urban Formative Core

in the eastern part of the city, Pest side. Be- Deak Ferenc utca – on the south-east corner Meanwhile, in reality the distance here is not sides big massive green area it includes lakes, of the Erszebet Ter, creating both a urban so long. For example, from the last important zoo, thermal bath and opens to the city by two structure and socio-cultural life of some kind sightseeing around - the House of squares: the small one - Ötvenhatosok Tere, of “slingshot… with bullet of Museum Quar- Terror - to the Heroes’ Square walking distan- with its Memorial to the 1956 Revolution; ter”. Speaking metaphorically, the output of ce is approx. 20 minutes (1.5 km), whereas to and the big and famous one - Heroes’ Square such urban-cultural shot can, however, make cover the same distance by subway (taking in (Hősök Tere), with Millennium Monument, an absolutely real and incredibly important account a short walk to/out of the station plus arcades and two important museum build- bang in economic, social, cultural and plan- interval of trains) will take up to 15 minutes16. ings, symmetrically flanking the square – Kun- ning system of the city, affecting the its whole Thereby, not the distance itself, but the in- sthalle and Museum of Fine Arts. The whole strategy of development. However, critics fear tensity of its eventfulness, services, character composition is a parade and logical complete- is sufficiently justified, because nobody can of urban design and presence of additional 16 Budapest. City Park Site (VarosLiget). Liget axis consciously got its conclusion in a very the park, is expected to rise from the current ness of the formative urban line – Andrassy give total guaranty of just positive influence sightseeing, interesting cafes and shops – the- Budapest, New National Gallery and Ludwig Museum restrained and modest urban manner. The 4 millions to more than 5.9 millions. People Avenue. Being a rod for several planning cores of such a bang, only time will show the result. se are that factors which make an area attrac- – Competition Program. 27 October 2014, p.24. Electronic resource: http://ligetbudapest.eu/competition/ Austrian style – maybe this is it. can reach the site by the subway (one station and connecting many other cultural institu- What can be done during the pre-phase is tive or not attractive to pass through, both for index.php?page=page&id=106. Request from 01.02.2016 Nowadays, Wien MuseumsQuartier, has right on the central Heroes’ Square plus one tions, this street itself is an object of UNESCO the analysis of possible urban scenario after tourists and locals. the territory of approx. 7,9 ha (more than twi- deeper in the park) or by bus (all lines to the World Heritage Site and is providing citizens the construction of Museum Quarter. Among Coming back to Vienna, one interesting as- ce smaller then Berlin Museum Island), about city centre go along Andrassy Avenue), seve- and guests by quite intensive cultural oppor- the first proposals of MQ development, one pect should be reminded. The opening of the 3,45ha of open space, underground parking, ral bus lines are crossing the park territory, tunities and architectural sightseeing. Going predicted a creation of the common collecti- MuseumsQuartier let to spreading of cultural two subway stations directly on the north and but not connecting to the city centre (→ 16). to the west it connects such cores as Kodály on for the Museum of Fine Arts and the Hun- institutions around, which made the whole south corners of the quarter, one of which After the reconstruction of the park and the körönd; comes through the Budapest Puppet garian National Gallery spreading it across area of Mariahilfer strasse from the West- - “MuseumsQuartier” (originally “Mariahil- creation of the MQ, new electric bus services, Theater and The to the Ok- the city. Obviously it would instant museums bahnhof to the MQ a specific cultural environ- fer Strasse”, 1966) – was renamed in 2000, underground parking places on the edges of togon square and the nearest city oasis - Liszt along the city and the aim of strong cultural ment, with many historical and contemporary a year before the official opening of the quar- the park, limited traffic inside of the territory Ferenc Ter – the district of many art galleries core wouldn’t be reached. At the same time galleries and attractions to discover. Additi- ter. For comparison with other cultural sites with increased amount of bicycles tracks are and cultural institutions, Academy of Music, the City Park, particularly its south-eastern onal renovation of Mariahilferstrasse (1990- in 2012 MuseumsQuartier counted 4 million announced. dozens of cafes and specific artistic environ- part, is currently not well-developed and has 2015) with its pedestrian zone, traffic limits visitors14. The interesting detail of this calcu- According to the first intentions, a new ment; then this avenue continues to the Opera all potential to host new museum institutions and bicycle routs, dozens interesting shops, lation is that no more than half of the people building should be constructed for merg- and the avorite place of citizens’ rest - Erzse- to intensify park’s functionality and eventful- cafes with summer terraces, free relax spaces visited cultural facilities; others came because ing two big institutions (mentioned above). bet Ter (North-East corner) with its greenery, ness. In this case, combination of Museum and fountains, constructing the status of the of public services, creative institutions, or just Additionally, it is planned to build a centre lake and Ferris wheel nearby. A little bit to the Quarter and City Park looks quite logical, main Vienna shopping street, finished a sig- for the atmosphere of this special urban de- of Architecture and Photography (to flank right, this axis finally reaches the river Dan- offering new discoveries for tourists and nificant push in economic development of the sign, which became an identical face both for the small right square - Ötvenhatosok Tere) ube and the world famous Budapest Chain helping to keep sustainable development of whole area (6th and 7th districts) surrounded the MQ and the whole city of Vienna. (→ 17), the Museum of Ethnography, stor- Bridge - Széchenyi, which leads directly to the the area. The issue is that today the territory MQ. This model clearly shows big advantages ages and to reconstruct several buildings that Castle Buda. (→ 4, 5) of the park is in fact seriously distanced from of the creation of Museum Quarter. However, BUDAPEST already exist on the site. Later institutional Geographically it could be prolonged even the city center with the main tourist concen- its development should be focused not only The Museum Quarter in Hungarian capital is composition has been changed. The site con- further and results into the Western suburban tration. Even though they have straight and on construction of exact buildings for insti- currently in process of development. The first stantly challenges intensive discussion and highway M1, however specific hilly landscape easy connection to Andrassy Avenue, this line tutions, but should take in account a bigger attempts of its creation date back to the 2008, planning reorganizations. The officially an- of the area brings its own natural rules in the is not attractive enough to pass through and scale, considering not only site of MQ but all when the director of the Museum of Fine Arts nounced time for opening of the renewed perfectionistic work of urban planners. Co- many visitors of the park and Heroes’ Square nearest territories (noteworthy in Budapest came up with the idea to combine its collec- park is 2018, for the new museums 2019. ming back to the Heroes’ Square – beginning prefer to pass this distance by subway, which these are also the 6th and 7th districts plus tion with the Hungarian National Gallery. It Among the latest news from January 2016 the of MQ area, on the east the Andrassy axis is makes some kind of abyss between the cen- partly district 14th), transport facilities, econo- was actively accepted by the government in preparation of a referendum with the ques- passing the park territory and after a residen- tral part of the city and new MQ. Exactly this mic features, potential for tourism and many 2010 and it started one of the loudest pro- tion “Do you agree that the Városliget (City tial area of pre-fabricated buildings it is gradu- time-consuming distance (approx. 2,5 km) other factors, which in complex combine the cesses in current Hungarian cultural life. Sev- Park) construction regulations should not allow ally transforming into M3 suburban highway, make the scenario of a successful connecti- requirements of the entire city (and if it is eral sites were proposed for the new museum for new museums to be built in Városliget?” has which goes to the whole Eastern . on of MQ with the city centre questionable. capital – further needs of the whole national buildings: from the Nyugati railway station started15, which literally put under the question Besides the main line of Andrassy Avenue, Looking closer, however, we can say that not culture, economic and image). This wider (Budapest-Nyugati pályaudvar), through the the very implementation of the whole project. ending in the Heroes’ Square, a head point entire Andrassy Avenue is a challenge. From picture should be looked over, instead of con- creation of a special pedestrian zone along However, despite different social and political of the urban axis, the territory of the park Erszebet square up to Oktogon square it is centrating only on questions of museology or Andrassy Avenue (Andrássy útca) and, finally, attitudes to this question and distancing from gives options also for other straight direction. developed quite well with an appropriate in- political preference for national cultural prog- to the common cultural site in the frame of the sharp institutional confrontation, for the Thus, the above mentioned Ötvenhatosok tere tensity of cultural environment. The difficul- ramme. Understanding of such big scale city the city park – Liget Budapest Project. point of the urban planning strategy the Hun- - the small square of the park/MQ should be ties are starting after Oktogon, where despite needs can be analyzed and clarified only by The territory of the Liget Budapest is more garian example is extremely interesting and flanked (due to the project) by two new muse- few cultural institutions, the intensity signi- the conscious creation of special and common than 126 ha, with 54% of greenery (which are worth to be considered. ums, and will become an ending for the axis ficantly falls and the area becomes a simple Urban-Cultural Strategy with long-time visi- planned to be increased up to 65%). Number Budapest Museum Quarter is going to be VarosLigeti Fasor/ Kiraly utca – two one-line residential district with “nothing to do”. The- on. Unfortunately, in Budapest such strategy of visitors of cultural institutions, located in placed in the current city park – a territory streets, which end in the pedestrian zone of refore, much better is to pass it by metro. still doesn’t exist.

48 ALFA 1 / 2016 ALFA 1 / 2016 49 Výskum navrhovania Museum Quarter as an Urban Formative Core

CONCLUSION whole society up to the new steps of cultural 1 Sociomuseology IV, Cadernos de Sociomuseologia, Nr. 38- The current article is based on material of evolution. Economic rise, boost of tourist and 2010 / Declaration of Quebec – Basic Principles of a New Museology 1984, Lisbon, 2010, p.23 research made within the PhD thesis. The investment attractiveness of the districts, the Mastenitsa E.A. Museumification of urban environment: mentioned Museum Quarters present a mo- entire city and the whole region, follow the approaches and methods. Historical, philosophical, del of urban attitude for creating such com- process. political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. plexes. Additionally, based on the developing Thereby, the best summarization can beco- Questions of theory and practice. -Tambov, Gramota, No. 10 (36): in 2 p./ p. I, 2013. p.137 of classification, these three quarters relate to me from citation of the outstanding Russian 3 Here Mastenitsa E.A. and Kalugina T.P. probably describe the one spatial model – “Independent core”, urban planner, architect, culturologist and the process of “musealisation” – the term accepted by the which, as we saw, influences very intensively philosopher Prof. Glazichev V.L.: "An inc- International Council of Museums (ICOM). Transliteration is the urban structure, but also affects the inter- reasing number of specialists in economics aimed to preserve orthography of the authors.// Ed. Andre Desvallees, François Mairesse. –International Council of nal MQ composition. This model of MQ’s pla- could not avoid the conclusion that the base- Museums., Armand Colin, 2010, p.50-52 cement on the main urban axis is common for ment for well-being or ill-being of each exact 4 Kalugina T.P. Museum and “muzeefikatorsky” type many cities, but it’s not the only one. Curren- city consists in its unsteady, uncertain, hard- of culture./ In the range of humanitarian knowledge. tly developed typology of different MQ urban ly perceptible content – individual cultural The series “Mysliteli”, addition 4, Digest for the 80th models includes other typical examples of potential.” 17 anniversary of Professor M.S.Kagan. St.Petersburg: St.Petersburg philosophical association, 2001, p. 243 positioning Museum Quarters in city plan- The creation of Museum Quarters, in this 5 Electronic resource: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin. ning structure (“Neighborhoods”, “Urban Ne- case, presents the best example for realizati- de/bauen/palast_rueckbau/en/becomingamuseum.shtml. twork”, etc.). They will be discussed in more on and implementation of such potential. Request from 25/01/2016 details in the other following articles. 6 Leonie Glabau: Plätze in einem geteilten Land: Understanding of ongoing evolution of Stadtplatzgestaltungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland museology and urban museumification, the und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik von 1945 bis 1990., Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2010, p.124-133 particular processes of museum construction and functioning, their value for cultural he- 7 Electronic resource: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ bauen/palast_rueckbau/en/finaldownfall.shtml. ritage and conscious attitude for urban plan- Request from 25/01/2016 ning is an incredibly actual issue for city plan- 8 Electronic resource: https://www.berlin.de/sen/kultur/ ners around the world. Each city has different aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2013/pressemitteilung.94192. planning structure: located on the river bank, php Request from 25/01/2016 but without well-maintained embankment; covered by panel residential districts, but wit- 9 Fachjournal Wettbewerde 68/69, Nov./Dez. 1987, p. 25-28 hout appropriate cultural life in them; rich on 10 museumsQuartier Wien. Presseinformation. Material of the library of Architectural center (MQ Architecturzentrum). famous museums, but without well-organized Request from 19/11/2014, p.7 public spaces and urban designed surroun- 11 Architecturjournal Wettbewerde Heft 119/120, Jan./Feb. dings, etc. All types - linear, radial-ring and 1993, p.24-29 regular grid cities - have high potential for 12 museum Quartier Wien. The History-The Buildings-The creation of such cultural clusters as Museum Institutions. Catalog. Material of the library of Architectural Quarters, but still experience the lack of deve- center (MQ Architecturzentrum). p.27-30. Request from 19/11/2014 lopment, underestimation of positive impact 13 Archithese 6/99. Zu gutter Letzt: Österreich,1999, p.34-37 of socio-cultural process on economic rise. As a result, public spaces suffer from low level 14 Electronic resource: http://www.mqw.at/en/about/ chronology/. Request from 25/01/2016 urban design, absent of artistic and cultural 15 Electronic resource: http://budapestbeacon.com/public- environment. At the same time, historical pre- policy/referendum-would-challenge-varosliget-museum- conditions and location of many museums in quarter-and-budapest-olympics/30678. Request from the city center already made half of task, pre- 25/01/2016 paring a stable basis for a successful solution. 16 Electronic resource: http://futar.bkk.hu/?fromCoord=47.505 17 Budapest. Competition winner- Középülettervező Strong cultural institutions, with a big ter- 221%2C19.062786&fromName=Oktogon&toCoord=47.48 961%2C19.259596&toName=H%C5%91s%C3%B6k%20ter Zrt. Museums of Architecture and Photography on ritory and a flexible programme of develop- the Ötvenhatosok Tere. Competition’s materials. e&map=12/47.49742/19.09596&layers=SVB. Request from Summary of Entries. Presentation. p.13. Electronic ment always positively influenced the urban 25/01/2016 resource: http://ligetbudapest.eu/competition/index. environment. Obvious physical impact inc- 17 glazichev V.L., Yegorov M.M., Iljina T.V. Urban environment. php?page=page&id=106. Request from 01.02.2016 ludes vivid architectural proposals, unusual Technology of development. Desk book. – M.: Ladja, 1995, landscape design, and enrichment of urban p.12-13 space by public art and social activity. In pa- rallel, more hidden, but no less important, educational influence takes part, lifting the

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