How wind tunnel shaping workshops have become practice that suggest any structure with a height- an invaluable tool for architects and engineers in to-width aspect ratio over 4:1 or 5:1 would be Structural search of high rise buildings’ optimal form. sensitive to wind effects. Many of the buildings oday, a great deal is known about that have benefited from in-depth wind tunnel how wind affects tall buildings differ- testing have aspect ratios of 10:1 or 12:1, values Analysis ently than it does shorter structures. well beyond a code’s applicability. With such However, wind-related design issues high slenderness ratios, the structure has a very are usually considered much later in the design high degree of flexibility, which also means it has discussing problems, solutions, T process than they should be to achieve structures long periods of vibration. Generally speaking, idiosyncrasies, and applications that have optimal performance with minimal structures with longer periods of vibration attract of various analysis methods cost. Wind engineers traditionally interact with more energy from the wind, which increases their structural engineers after the conceptual design motion during a windstorm. phase when basic decisions about the building Crosswind effects can also be significant. Shorter, form and structural system have already been squatter buildings tend to be dominated by wind made. A better approach is to bring the entire induced drag, so the form drag of the build- building team up to speed on potentially chal- ing is what governs® the loads. However, for tall lenging wind effects very early and resolve them structures, crosswind excitation becomes more when the design is still malleable. Early efforts important. These effects also can vary a great have proven to be highly advantageous for some deal, based on the plan geometry of the building. of the world’s tallest buildings, discussed later in In essence, as the wind passes a building it gen- this article. erates a wake, which results in a fairly organized Copyright pattern of vortices being shed downstream (Figure Basic 1). Tall and slender buildings with longer periods of vibration are more susceptible to the forces Form follows Physics Aerodynamics of generated by that wake. Again, unlike the drag Buildings loading on a sail, these organized wakes generate their largest forces at 90 degrees to the direction By Jon Galsworthy, Ph.D., P.Eng., Structural engineers who design tall buildings under- of the wind. Because these forces are generated P.E., John Kilpatrick, Ph.D., stand that the wind’s effect on a tall, slender structure in an oscillating pattern, the structural loading P.Eng., C.Eng., FICE and is much more complex than just the effect of wind may be amplified due to resonance. Derek Kelly, M.Eng., P.Eng. on a sail. Differences in complexity are due in part The strength of the crosswind force is related to differences in the load-resisting behavior of squat to the plan geometry of the building, as well structures comparedmagazine to slender structures, but it is as the variation of geometry with height. Very S Talso influencedR byU the different C aerodynamics T ofU prismatic R buildings E that show little variation in these structures and their dynamic response. the plan form with height are the most susceptible For many buildings, a good initial design can be to crosswind-induced motion. developed using the building code. The structural Strategies to reduce these wind-induced motions engineer then typically relies on wind tunnel include tapering structures and changing the plan testing for fine tuning the final design. However, form with height. Plan form changes can be things Jon Galsworthy is a Principal as buildings increase in height, their dynamic like changing building corner geometry or intro- at RWDI. He is active in a response becomes more significant which makes ducing apertures – or holes – into the structure. number of technical committees, them much more challenging from a structural Any number of modifications can have beneficial including the National Building design perspective. Code based calculations may effects. For example, introducing slots at building Code of Canada, ASCE 7 Wind not be such a good initial guide. corners may provide some pressure relief. The Load standard, and the ACI 307 One consideration is the building’s aspect ratio, challenge is putting potential improvements on Concrete Chimney wind loading which reflects its slenderness. There are codes of the table, finding mitigating shape adjustments standard. Jon can be reached at [email protected]. John Kilpatrick is a Principal at RWDI. John is active in the field of wind engineering and, from 2012 to 2014, was Chair of the United Kingdom’s Wind Engineering Society. John can be reached at [email protected]. Derek Kelly, also a Principal, is a senior project manager and wind engineering specialist with RWDI. He can be reached at Figure 1. Sketch showing vortex shedding flow patterns. These regularly spaced vortices generate their largest forces [email protected]. perpendicular to the direction of flow, causing crosswind vibrations.

10 July 2016 ®

Figure 2. wind tunnel model. Stepped setbacks into the building Figure 3. One of the prototype shapes that was explored for the were introduced, and the base was rotated to improve its aerodynamic efficiency Tower before selecting the final design. This option has a 180-degree twist in the direction of strongest winds. as it rises. or other changes acceptable to the architect, while it was stillCopyright under construction. Through shaping workshop brings together the key play- and then working through them to determine the process of optimizing the shape for the ers in the design team – the architectural what is optimal for the structure. wind loading, which included introduc- designer, structural engineer, wind engineer, ing stepped setbacks into the building and and owner’s representative – and typically A Little Expertise to the rotating the base to improve its aerodynamic accomplishes in a day or two what used to Rescue efficiency in the direction of strongest winds, take months. The keys to success are today’s the building team was able to construct a enabling technologies and the design team’s Experience is a great teacher and, as a result, much taller building that still had the same willingness to come together to participate engineers specializing in wind design have wind loads at its foundation level. in the workshop. developed in-depth expertise in this field. Much like the insights and technology from RWDI, one of the several firms specializing Formula 1 racing makes their way into the How it is Done in wind engineering, has served as the Wind designmagazine of more common automobiles, these Engineer on many of world’sS tallest Tbuild - Rand other U experiences C designing T super Utall Although R the shapingE workshop is best held ings since its founding in 1986 – including buildings have enabled the development of as early as possible in the design process, it record-breaking , , a shaping workshop approach for the opti- frequently is convened after a competition the Burj Khalifa and the Shanghai Tower. mization of more common tall structures. has established a base architectural form for At 2073 feet (632 meters), the Shanghai Formally launched at RWDI in 2012, the the building. The owner likes the design, the Tower is ’s tallest building and the second tallest in the world. The design team wanted to build a twist into the building’s form, in addition to a tapering with height. The question was a matter of how much. The optimal form was found by testing more than 12 options that looked at different rotations of the building floorplan with height as well as the building’s orientation relative to the strongest winds. The final selected design reduced wind loads by 24 percent. This, in combination with an optimized structural design, resulted in significantly reduced material costs. Wind engineering for the 2716-foot (828- meter) Burj Khalifa, in , United Arab Emirates, had an even greater benefit. The original design had been based on a much shorter building, similar in basic concept to the final product but approximately 984 feet (300 meters) shorter. Construction had already begun on foundations based on the Figure 4. Large scale wind tunnel testing of the Shanghai Tower. The final design has a 180-degree twist original design, but the project goal changed as it rises and its base is rotated to be aerodynamically efficient in the direction of the strongest winds.

STRUCTURE magazine11 July 2016 architect obviously has some passion for it, and the structural engineer has developed a baseline structural system. That is when wind engineers are brought on board to do a first wind tunnel test of the proposed structure. The test simulates the airflow associated with the atmospheric boundary layer and the localized influence of surroundings to identify the wind forces on a scale model. Using the most common approach, the high-frequency-force-balance technique, data collected from the simulation are combined analytically with the structure’s dynamic properties to determine its wind- induced motion. Particularly with tall and slender build- ® ings, this motion is a governing factor in the design of the structure. Building deflections affect the overall serviceability of the building with respect to façade per- formance and other items such as interior partitions, so general guidelines have been Copyright established to limit the deflections of the building. However, occupant comfort is the Figure 5. Initial wind tunnel model of that was tested before the exploration of openings more significant design challenge for most in the shaping workshop. tall buildings. Through experience, wind engineers have established benchmarks of the architect does not want to change. In this Architect Rafael Viñoly’s vision for the acceptable magnitudes of building motion type of forum, they can explain their architec- tower was pure prismatic form, something considering their effect on occupants. It is tural passion about the item, which enables that was very compelling for the owner as not unusual for the first wind tunnel test others on the team to better understand the well. It was meant to be this square shape, to reveal that the architectural design sits architectural perspective. extruded straight into the sky, the exposed well above those criteria. There also may be economic drivers to concrete expressing structure in a pure and The goal is then to get within these bench- consider.magazine The building may have a particular simple elegant form. marks through design modifications.S T One Rshape or orientationU C because itT lends itselfU WhenR RWDI’s E wind engineers began option is to make slight modifications to the to a better unit layout, or it may be ori- working with the architect and the struc- architecture that can yield large aerodynamic ented a certain way to maximize views – for tural engineer, WSP Cantor Seinuk, part improvement, such as rounding the corners example, overlooking New York’s Central of their job early on was to educate the rest or introducing some taper into the building. Park. With such considerations on the table, of the design team on the special challenges Another approach is to determine how sensi- there is typically a good discussion result- in this tall, slender, prismatic structure. Its tive the motion is to the structure’s natural ing in a few options to be considered. At dynamic properties, when combined with periods and identify ways to move the needle that point, it is back into the wind tunnel the site’s known wind characteristics, meant in a positive direction. A third alternative is to to quantify the benefit of those different that about once a month the wind speed look at the building’s natural ability to dissi- changes to the shape. would cause a significant wind-induced pate energy, i.e., its damping capability. Often Fortunately, advances in rapid prototyping motion. That type of event is similar in it is feasible to add supplemental damping now permit testing of numerous models cost- magnitude to a once a year event in more into the building and enhance performance effectively and in rapid succession. In one day traditional structures, but this building in that way. at a recent shaping workshop, the team ran would get into this resonant condition with In the context of a shaping workshop, these through a series of 10 different iterations in the wind fairly frequently. discoveries occur in real-time when the design succession, each showing slight improvements That was new and somewhat unexpected team is together. After that first evaluation to over the others. territory for the design team to consider. quantify the scope and scale of the challenge, Recognizing the comfort of occupants is the the wind engineers typically suggest modifica- A Challenging Structure in NYC factor that is most critical, the team had to set tions to the architecture that would result in the limits of motion – and more importantly certain benefits. These suggestions inevitably One of the more challenging and creative of acceleration – to be achieved. lead to a discussion – some suggestions are recent applications of wind engineering There are well-established criteria based palatable, some are not. expertise is nearing completion in the form on a great deal of practice working on more The opportunity for real-time feedback and of 432 Park Avenue. This 1396-foot (426- conventional structures over the years. collaboration is one of the most significant meter) structure in of Manhattan However, they are based on the assumption benefits of having the design team all together. is the tallest residential tower in the western of infrequent wind-induced motion. On this For example, there may be a suggestion to hemisphere and the third tallest building in project, they would be much more frequent, modify a particular aspect of the design that the U.S. if not the norm, for some periods of time.

STRUCTURE magazine12 July 2016 experienced by the design team. The simula- Conclusion tion replicated the building response during a wind event at the more frequent occurrence Wind effects are undoubtedly forces to be levels anticipated. Next, the design team – the reckoned with, especially in designing tall, architect, the structural and wind engineers, slender structures. Using an orderly and ratio- and the owner – went through a series of nal approach, such as a shaping workshop, exercises to experience the actual predicted addressing wind-related concerns early in the motions that occupants would feel in the design process enables all involved to push building, looking at different scenarios for the limits of possibility while still producing mitigating that motion. It was an exercise in a building that is comfortable, economical, translating rules on the page – the benchmark and safe. values gleaned from years of experience – into rules based on simulations of the occupants’ Project Partners anticipated experience. After an early study had quantified the For the projects identified in this article, wind-induced motion, there was an accep- consulting engineering® firm RWDI (Guelph, tance and understanding among all members Ontario, Canada) worked in close collabora- of the design team that they would have tion with the respective design teams. For the to look to tuned mass dampers and other Burj Khalifa, this included Skidmore, Owings technologies to make the project a success. & Merrill, who were the design architect and With the limits of motion coming out of structural engineers for the project. For the the simulationCopyright experience, it became clear Shanghai Tower, the design team included that the two 600-ton mass tuned dampers the design architect Gensler and the struc- Figure 6. 432 Park Avenue with double story already planned for installation at the top of tural engineers . The openings at five levels. the tower would not be sufficient working design team of 432 Park Avenue included on their own. It was time to address archi- the design architect Rafael Viñoly Architects The traditional ways of thinking about wind tectural modifications. of New York City, WSP Cantor effects and the rules of thumb normally used The strong commitment of the architect Seinuk, who was the structural didn’t apply in this case, which meant rewrit- and owner to maintaining a pure prismatic engineer, and SLCE, the archi- ing the rulebook. form led to a shaping workshop exploring the tect of record.▪ The design team looked to a marine simu- concept of opening up some of the floors to lation center in Newfoundland for a better allow wind to pass through the building and References understanding of the problem. This group’s breakmagazine up the coherence of the vortices. unique motion simulator isS designed toT help RUltimately, U opening C up two adjacentT floorsU Irwin, R P., Denoon, E R., & Scott, D. (2013). train marine captains. Because the natural at five locations evenly spaced throughout Wind Tunnel Testing of High-Rise frequency of the 432 Park Avenue tower aligns the building’s height was found to be the Buildings. Routledge. CTBUH in fairly well with the period of ocean waves, optimal arrangement. Working in concert conjunction with IIT and Routledge / the facility could easily simulate the sort of with the tuned mass dampers, this achieved Taylor and Francis Group, Chicago. motion predicted for the structure. the necessary reduction in wind effects on the ASCE 49-12 (2012) Wind Tunnel Testing for First, the standard rules of thumb were trans- structure without compromising the architec- Buildings and other Structures American lated into a motion simulation that could be tural expression. Society of Civil Engineers, Reston.

STRUCTURE magazine13 July 2016