Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2016”, 5th to 9th of September 2016, Perugia, Italy Conference proceedings THE USE OF CADASTRAL DATABASES IN PLANNING OF LAND CONSOLIDATION WORKS

Monika Mika, Ph.D. University of Agriculture in Krakow Department of Land Surveying e-mail: [email protected] Krakow, Poland Jarosław Janus, Ph.D. University of Agriculture in Krakow Department of Agricultural Land Surveying, Cadaster and Photogrammetry e-mail: [email protected] Krakow, Poland Jarosław Taszakowski, Ph.D. University of Agriculture in Krakow Department of Agricultural Land Surveying, Cadaster and Photogrammetry e-mail: [email protected] Krakow, Poland Przemysław Leń, Ph.D. University of Life Sciences in Lublin Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy e-mail: [email protected] Lublin, Poland Abstract

The spatial structure of agricultural land is one of the most important factors affecting the conditions of the proper functioning of agriculture and the standard of living of the rural population. In the area Poland it is very diverse and in most cases even flawed. Over the years, it is noted that changes of the agrarian structure of rural areas is for the permanent and sustainable development of those areas. This is suggested by both domestic and foreign experiences, which are the subject of numerous scientific publications in the world. One of the basic tools of formal and legal arranging the space is land consolidation. The land consolidating and exchanging works carried out comprehensively, inextricably linked with the post-consolidation development, serve multi-functional development of rural areas. The article presents an analysis of the spatial structure of rural areas in the villages of the Wieniawa municipality, Przysucha district located in Mazowieckie Voivodship in central Poland. The studies carried out present the proposal of the method of identification of negative phenomena in the spatial structure of land. The authors emphasize the importance of cadastral data bases in identifying areas selected to land consolidations and in the search for ways of solving the problem.

Keywords: spatial structure of land, land consolidation, land cadastre, databases.

Introduction

The influence of parameters of the spatial structure of rural areas on the efficiency of agricultural activity was the subject of several studies (SONNENBERG 2002; VITIKAINEN, 2004; KOPEĆ, 1969; URBAN, 1977, TKOCZ, 1989; HARASIMOWICZ, 2002; NOGA, 2001). These parameters interact with many other socio-economic and natural-landscape factors (WOCH, 2001, 2007; VAN DIJK 2003). The following factors should be mentioned here: the quality of soil, water, climatic and demographic conditions, proximity of the sales markets and a number of other factors, also associated with the current economic situation of the region.

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The existing system of the registry plots and their ownership structure is the result of transformations of social, economic and historical nature ongoing often for hundreds of years (WIERZCHOWSKI, 2007). These conditions cause that a number of similar problems with excessive fragmentation of land refers not only to the Polish territory, but it is common to many countries of Central Europe (VAN DIJK, 2003; SONNENBERG, 2002), and this phenomenon and its negative consequences are also present in other parts of Europe and of the world (LATRUFFE, PIET, 2013). Reconstruction of the agrarian structure of rural areas is essential for the sustainable development of those areas. The tool organizing the space, which is the land consolidation, leads to the desired structural changes, but it must be carried out systematically and become a permanent part of long-term policy of local governments in voivodships in the field of arrangement of rural areas. The land consolidating and exchanging works carried out comprehensively, inextricably linked with the post-consolidation development, serve multi-functional development of rural areas. Basic operations influencing changes of the layout of plots and their owners in relation to the original arrangement are the divisions of plots associated with the need to transfer cultivated land to the successors. These changes are generated by plots trading and by creation of farms with plots in the locations distant from each other (often in different villages) as a result of marriages. This situation results in the occurrence of so-called.patchwork of land, considered in the context of the ownership of land. The concept of the patchwork of land in agricultural surveying in Poland, introduced KONCENT-ZIELINSKI defining it as an area of land belonging to one village, in which individual owners properties are not in one joint piece near the farm, but they are fragmented into a larger number of plots, usually narrow and long, scattered over a large area and separated by plots of different owners (KONCENT-ZIELIŃSKI, 1907). Concepts closely related to this subject, concern non-resident owners, ie the owners of the land subject to the land patchwork. In Poland we are dealing with two types of non-resident owners - local non-resident owners and external non-resident owners. Local non-resident owners are land owners living within the given village but holding land beyond its borders. While the external non-resident owners are the owners holding the land in the studied village but living outside its borders. These factors, apart from a few exceptions contribute to the degradation of parameters of the layout of farms land. The concept of land layout can be simply defined as locations of elements of the farm (the center of the farm and cultivated plots) in space, taking into account the actual shape of the road network that allows communication between these elements. The present spatial structure of land in Poland is caused by the following factors: demographic relations, social, economic and legal relations, marriages matching, parcelling out of the large land estates before and after the Second World War, agriculture, regulation of the ownership of farms. According to NOGA (NOGA, 1977) the most important factors shaping the spatial structure of rural areas were the terrain relief, and water relations in the soil. As a result, the mountain settlement systems were mainly divided in half, perpendicularly to the line of the terrain slopeand then parallelly to the slope forming a so-called ladder patchwork. In lowlands, the situation was different. The basic principle there was, to locate the settlement systems along the longer side, perpendicularly to the road at which the buildings were located. Register data concerning the location of plots, their surfaces, identification by the given numbers and assigning them to the appropriate register units - in Poland are recorded in the system EGiB (Land and Building Register), playing the role of the real estate cadastre. These data are public. Together with information about the owner and the rights and burdens assigned to the plot, recorded in KW (Land and Mortgage Register) – they represent a set of data necessary to carry out all the processes of spatial planning, real estate management, as well as achieving the fiscal objectives. It is very important that these data are complete, current, and reflect the actual state of plots in the area. It is also important that the cadastral data are fully consistent with the land and mortgage-accounting data for each of the plots. This situation at the moment in Poland is not possible to declare. Many inaccuracies occur in the registration of the factual and legal status of the objects recorded in the two registers. The situation is complicated by the fact, that they are kept for different territorial units and supervised by various central authorities. It should be mentioned here that land plots are one of three types of cadastral objects (next to the buildings and premises) recorded in these systems. Registry plot of land is defined in Poland, as a continuous plot of land located within the boundaries of one precinct, uniform in legal terms, separated from the vicinity by the border lines. From the point of view of the subject of this article relevant are register data of the plot, its identifiers (number, registry unit, cadastral unit), area, location, the type of land use and the soil quality class. Then significant is the road access and the following features shape, configuration and the stabilization of the borders and neighborhood. This analysis does not consider in detail

166 Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2016”, 5th to 9th of September 2016, Perugia, Italy Conference proceedings ownership relations of land in studied municipality, besides belonging to the 7 register group (private individuals land), necessary to define one of the indicators of the priority of land consolidation works selection. The complete package of information for the analysis needs was obtained from locally appropriate District Office of Przysucha. The data obtained were in the form of text files in the SWDE format (MIKSA, 2006) representing both the geometry of cadastral objects (registry plots) and descriptive data concerning their owners. The alternative of acquiring similar data sets are collections of registry data in GML format (IZDEBSKI, 2013; IWANIAK, 2013), which already are formally in force in Poland. In surveying practice frequently the format SWDE is used. In future GML format will completely replace SWDE in Poland, according to the requirements of the INSPIRE Directive (DIRECTIVE INSPIRE, 2007). For data processing selected elements of computer system Mk Scal were used (LITWIN et al., 2006)Genesis enriched of the problem with calculation procedures used in the implementation of the present study.

The settlement had a major impact on changing the layouts of land in the area of research. The development of settlements in central Poland was the result of creation of new colonies. Each owner received a piece of land consisting of one large piece of land and so-called "addition". Addition, it was a few acres or dozen of acres piece of land, mostly forest or meadow. The process of the development of the spatial structure of rural land was very complex. Various phenomena in this process were interrelated. A significant impact on the division of the rural space has had and still has a form of land ownership. This value depended on many factors. The primary factor affecting changes in the spatial structure of the village land was the population density, which remained in close connection with the natural, structural, economic and production factors. According to NOGA (NOGA, 2001) overpopulation of village and impossibility of migration caused that relatively large farms underwent continual family divisions (all children inherited land). For this reason, the average acreage of farms continued to decline. Successive divisions of ownership led to high land fragmentation, as well as to the development of the ribbon patchwork of land, which is characteristic for the investigated area (LEŃ, WÓJCIK, 2015). Detailed study of the spatial structure of villages situated in central Poland (LEŃ, MIKA, 2016 a,b) also showed large flaws. The area of research involved the Wieniawa municipality in Przysucha district located in Mazowieckie Voivodship in central Poland. The commune consists of 25 villages, with total area of 104.03 km² (Fig. 1). The study includes a total number of 21,867 parcels.

Fig.1.

Factors causing faultySpatial spatial distribution structure of studied of land villages and tools in the helping municipalityto improve of Wieniawa. it

Factors causing faulty spatial structure of land affect the profitability of agricultural production. They can be divided into those at which the influence of humans is small or virtually negligible (the quality of soil, water and climate conditions) and those where the influence is significant. The latter include

167 Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2016”, 5th to 9th of September 2016, Perugia, Italy Conference proceedings the elements of the current legal system, in which individual regulations on the one hand, for example, they try to minimize the process of excessive fragmentation of plots (by introducing restrictions on the division of land in the Local Spatial Development Plan), on the other hand, they determine the procedures and tools that allow the improvement of unfavorable parameters of the spatial arrangement of rural areas (land consolidation and exchange). In particular, complex reconstruction of the existing plots layout is possible throughout the village (or several villages) or their parts by means of land consolidation proceedings. Land consolidation, is the tool widely known in Europe. Among other things, it is intended to improve the plots layout of large farms (VITIKAINEN, 2004). It constitutes, determined by the legislation of the country, set of technical, organizational and legal activities. However, it often has much more broadly defined goals, such as the comprehensive renewal of the village and its sustainable development (PASAKARNIS, MALIENE, 2010) combined with environmental and landscape values protection (WILKOWSKI, PUŁECKA, 2002). These activities, provided they are used correctly, have the special importance for the functioning of agriculture (WOCH, 2007). The economic effect of the consolidation works acts through the long time (at least several decades), decreasing with time due to the gradual deterioration of the layout. According to WOCH, recently designed systems of plots should be much less susceptible to factors aimed at their deterioration. This is important because of the declining trend of the rural population, for which agriculture is the main source of income. Implementation of land consolidation works in Poland has a very long tradition, and legal provisions related to these activities date back to the period of the partitions. In terms of the surface, the consolidating works reached the largest size in the interwar period. However, after World War II the most agricultural land has been consolidated in the seventies, during the term when the Act of January 24, 1968 on consolidation and exchange of land was in force. The area of land consolidated in annual terms diminished sharply in the early eighties of the twentieth century as the result of the entry into force of the Act on consolidation and exchange of land of 26 March 1982. Another increase of the interest in the consolidation works followed the Polish accession to the EU, which was connected with the opening of a new source of financing of land consolidation works. The following EU programs should be mentioned here SPO-ROL 2004-2006, PROW 2007-2013 and PROW 2014- 2020. Currently, the consolidation works slowly cease to be treated as activities limited to redesigning the borders of registry plots optimal from the point of view of the owners of farms, (BROŻEK, PIJANOWSKI, 2005). An integral part of the consolidation proceedings, especially taking into account the principles of their funding with use of EU funds (SOBOLEWSKA-MIKULSKA, 2009), became post consolidation development. It concerns the construction of accompanying investments necessary to use the new system of plots, mainly access roads and the drainage infrastructure. More and more often the land consolidation is a part of a set of measures aimed at comprehensive development of the area covered by the consolidation also taking into account non-agricultural aspects (MALIENE, 2013; WILKOWSKI, PUŁECKA 2002; SOBOLEWSKA-MIKULSKA, PUŁECKA 2007). These procedures should be consistent with the broadly understood process of local planning. Assessing the effectiveness and usefulness of a model of the consolidation works it should not be forgotten to obtain a structured, current and accurate geodetic and legal documentation of the consolidated area. From the point of view of this study, particularly important is the reliability and timeliness of registry data, originating from the public Land and Building Register (EGiB). According to the law inResearch Poland, EGiB performs the functions of the cadastre.

The data contained in the register of land and buildings (real estate cadastre) constitute in Poland the basis for economic, and spatial planning, for dimension of taxes and benefits, for the labeling of real estate in the land registers, for public statistics, real estate management and farms register (Art. 21 paragraph 1 Law on Geodesy and Cartography). The importance of these data highlights the fact, that information recorded in the real estate cadastre supply modern spatial information systems in local databases of properties. The condition for the proper functioning of the EGiB system is to meet the objectives set out by Article 21 of the Law on Geodesy and Cartography including ‒the ability to provide reference data for the purpose of creating or updating other systems. ‒Accordingly, the EGiB data should be: ‒ complete, in accordance with the source documents, in accordance with the technical standards,

168 Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2016”, 5th to 9th of September 2016, Perugia, Italy Conference proceedings ‒ ‒ ‒ in accordance with the requirements of the law, ‒ current ‒ reliable, consistent, homogenous. ‒In addition, the system EGiB in terms of data communications should ensure in particular ‒(FELCENLOBEN, 2009): ‒ identification of the collected data, ‒ the possibility of establishing links between data, ‒ data consistency and the ability to verify them, data exchange between public registers, access to data control and making them available. Registry data are character strings with the fixed structure, describing the factual and legal states of individual objects of evidence database using a set of identifiers, codes, attributes, limit values disclosedCharacteristics in the of information accepted indicators system based on required source documents.

The aim of the study was to analyze the spatial structure i identification of the need of the consolidation works at the selected area, using the current cadastral databases. The case study concerns the area of the municipality, basic territorial unit, for keeping the land registry. The area of Wieniawa rural commune, located in central Poland was selected for analysis. In the area of research the ranking of 25 precincts (villages) was carried out, for which the presence of a large volume of negative features of the spatial structure of farms was identified and high probability of obtaining satisfactory results of land consolidation works was determined. Two precincts, out of 25, were characterized by the lack of individual farms land, and the lack of agricultural land, on which the calculated indicators base and thus they were excluded from the final calculations. They were Brudnów Oczko and PGR Konary precincts. The conducted case study includes 23 out of 25 precincts of the Wieniawa municipality (Fig.2). The proposed methodology includes characteristics of individual registry precincts using a number of partial indicators, determining the intensity of their characteristics essential for planning the arrangements works and then using them in the process of creating the final rankings (JANUS, TASZAKOWSKI, 2014a).

Fig. 2.

A detailed map of the study area.

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In the first stage of the analysis the soil quality indicator was calculated. It was calculated on the basis of the surface of separate classification contours in each registration precinct. The final score is determined by dividing the sum of the surfaces of the individual classification contours (multiplied by the points appropriate for the contour, contained in (WITEK, GÓRSKI, 1977) by the sum of the total surfaces of classified contours (JANUS, TASZAKOWSKI, 2014b). The spatial image of the quality indicator of soils in the studied villages illustrates Fig.3

Fig.3.

The indicator of soil quality in the Wieniawa municipality.

Another indicator suggested in this methodology, is the indicator closely associated with the shape and size of farms in terms of costs of cultivation. It was calculated on the basis of formulas:(1) _ = ∙ + ∙ + ∙ 0.25 ∙ for arable land, and (2) _ = ∙ + ∙ + ∙ 0.5 ∙ for grassland, where : l – length of a plot, b – width of a plot, zl = parameter specifies the costs associated with the length of the field zb = parameter specifies the costs associated with the width of the field jp = parameter associated with riding on the field. For arable land, the following values were applied: zl = 0.49, zb = 4.19, jp = 0.54. And for grassland, the following values were applied: zl = 0.26, zb = 2.58, jp = 0.60 in accordance with the methodology adopted in the study of HARASIMOWICZ (HARASIMOWICZ, 2002) developed on the basis of the Swiss studies (PORTA, 1983). The indicator for individual precincts was calculated as the sum of the partial indicators for individual plots weighted with their surface. The indicator, like the others, has been brought to the range from 0 to 100. Figure 4 shows the distribution cartogram of the crops cost indicator within the administrative borders of each village in the Wieniawa municipality.

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Fig. 4.

The crops cost indicator in Wieniawa municipality.

In the next stage of the calculations the indicator of the farmland fragmentation was determined. The value of this indicator results from the summation of two partial indicators. A half its value is determined on the basis of the number of plots in particular groups of farm area. The second half of the indicator is related to the size of the plots in particular groups of farm area (JANUS, TASZAKOWSKI, 2013a). Figure 5 shows the indicator of land fragmentation in the villages of the Wieniawa municipality.

Fig. 5.

The indicator of land fragmentation in the villages of the Wieniawa municipality.

Another indicator related to the size of farms was calculated in two steps. In the first step the portion of the registry units with the land surface in the range from 1 to 2 ha was specified, and next the portion of big units with areas from the range from 5 to 10 ha. The individual, partial indicators received points from 0 to 100. The size of the final indicator results from the summation

171 Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2016”, 5th to 9th of September 2016, Perugia, Italy Conference proceedings and bringing to the form where the precints scores are in the range from 0 to 100 points. (JANUS, TASZAKOWSKI, 2013b). Spatial image of the farms size indicator in the studied area shows Fig.6.

Fig. 6.

The indicator referring to the farms size in Wieniawa municipality.

Value of the indicator associated with the lack of access to plots (Fig. 7) results in half from the percentage of the area of the plots belonging to the registry group number 7 (individual farms land) without connection to the road network in the total area of plots from this registry group. The second half takes into account the percentage of the number of plots without connection to the road network (also from the group 7) (TASZAKOWSKI, JANUS, 2013).

Fig. 7.

Indicator concerning the absence of access to the plots in Wieniawa community.

One of the assumptions of the developed methodology (with respect to the broader studies – for larger areas than the presented case study) was taking into account in computing algorithms, the possibility of rapid updating of results, if necessary. This situation may be the case of changes

172 Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2016”, 5th to 9th of September 2016, Perugia, Italy Conference proceedings of the priorities of the arrangement works as the result of the municipality or state guidelines. The universality of the method would allow also elaboration of alternative rankings for different sets of criteria in order to select the most effective solution for the study area. In this context, the principle was adopted that the ranking will be created on the basis of the value of the indicator determining the desirability of the consolidation works for given precinct, which in turn will be calculated on the basis of values of a number of sub-indicators and weights adopted for each of these indicators (including the resignation from taking into account any of these or creation of the ranking on the basis of one selected property). Some of the proposed partial indicators are associated with a single feature (an example may be the average soil clasification or the occurrence of areas without access to the road), and others are calculated taking in account several components (as in the case of indicators of land fragmentation and the size of farms). It seems in fact that due to the target of choosing the sequence of precincts to land consolidation works, the knowledge of the average size of the cadastral plot or farm in the whole village is less important than taking into account the diversity these values in each group of area farms. It is also important to carry out these analyzes in conjunction with the knowledge ofResultsthe percentage of the study of these groups of farms in the total area of the farms in the area of the precincts.

The effect of the proposed calculation process associated with the multi-criteria analysis of the spatial structure is a total indicator, the value of which allows to lineup registry precincts of the area in question with regard to the value of the index. In practice, this means the possibility of obtaining rankings determining the desirability of the consolidation works in particular precincts, taking into account the established criteria. One of the assumptions of the analysis is the freedom in the shaping of the components taken into account in the calculation of the indicators for the precincts and their weights. Therefore, it is possible to obtain many different kinds of precincts ranking lists, each of which is associated with the adoption of different assumptions on the weights of the individual components. Thanks to this diversity it is possible to make the optimal choice of the right solution in the area under consideration. Table 1 shows the results of individual partial indicators taking into account the characteristics associated with the area structure of farms, fragmentation of land, quality of soils, the lack of access to plots problem and calculated on their basis the final value of the indicator defining the need for the consolidation works in the Wieniawa municipality. The spatial image of the village according to the urgency ofTable carrying 1. out the works of land consolidation illustrates Fig.8. Determination of the urgency of consolidation works in the study area. Soil The shape and size Fragmentation of Areas of Lack of access Total Name of the precinct clasification (production costs) plots farms to roads Indicator Wola brudnowska 33 100 100 45 100 378 Kaleń 69 70 68 49 88 344 Pogroszyn 31 81 58 50 86 306 Żuków 29 35 43 100 80 287 Skrzynno 29 64 56 37 67 252 Zadąbrów 100 9 6 61 57 232 Ryków 28 33 25 77 58 221 Brudnów 18 81 56 36 31 221 Kamień 28 31 26 50 57 191 Koryciska 26 0 2 77 82 187 Romualdów 42 6 4 76 55 183 Głogów 85 17 0 35 45 182 Wydrzyn 13 48 42 20 51 173 Komorów 36 14 12 79 8 150 Jabłonica 54 15 11 46 1 127 Sokolniki mokre 26 32 26 32 4 120 Zagórze 22 12 9 40 21 106 Wieniawa 42 29 15 10 9 106 Pogroszyn 22 7 4 60 0 92 Kłudno 20 9 9 47 0 84 Kochanów 44 13 4 14 4 79 Zawady 0 32 23 1 18 75 Sokolniki suche Source:22 own study based on24 data from the register14 of land and buildings.0 1 61

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Fig. 8.

Spatial diversity of precincts in Wieniawa municipality due to the value of the indicator which is the basis Conclusions of the final ranking.

A comprehensive reorganization of the property borders in a given area, in the process of consolidation, will always be a key element of rural development. The demand for implementation of the land consolidation works in Poland is very high and despite the considerable divergences of available individual estimates on this topic (WOCH, 2007) it is clear that the range of possible actions to achieve is and will be limited due to lack of sufficient funds. There is therefore a need for such distribution of limited resources, which ensures that they will flow where it is most needed or where the invested funds have the greatest effect. Mentioned at the beginning very large diversity of farming conditions even in individual communities or precincts causes also diversified opportunities for improving these conditions, that can be achieved by means of consolidation proceedings. These works may be carried out independently or as a part of a larger project related to the comprehensive renewal of rural areas. Taking actions in order to stimulate rural areas development should therefore be preceded by performing a detailed analysis of the existing state, and in particular the problems and limitations associated with the agricultural production space. This enables the identification of areas affected by major flaws and an indication of the measures to improve the observed negative phenomena. Therefore, there is a need to prepare elaborations aimed at select priority as to carry out the consolidation works in given area on the basis of logical and reasoning methodology. It is important that the methodology was universal enough so it can be properly transferred to another, larger and larger areas of research (municipality, district, voivodship, country). The methodology, proposed in this article meets these requirements. This study is an example of a precise characterization of the spatial structure of rural areas on the example of Wieniawa municipality, Przysucha district, located in Mazowieckie Voivodship. The analysis takes the form of multi-criteria ranking covering all registry precincts of the municipality of rural character, made to determine the areas eligible in the first place for the implementation of land consolidation works. The study used registry data obtained from the District Office locally belonging to the area of research. Format of data in the form of SWDE files was selected for the performance of analysis of the spatial structure of land to develop a methodology for the ranking of land consolidation works. The object of research (case study) is an example of defectiveness of the spatial structure of land characteristic for territory of the central Poland. The quality of the obtained data was satisfactory. Cadastral databases from the scope of studies fulfilled expectations concerning the technical conditions of processing them to the needs of the research topic.

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The study shows that the immediate consolidations should be carried out in the villages Wola Brudnowska, Kaleń, Pogroszyn. The least disadvantages from the point of view of the spatial structureReferences of land in the study area have such villages as: Kochanów, Zawady, Sokolniki Suche. The procedure for the comprehensive development of agricultural production area in Poland. BROŻEK, M., PIJANOWSKI, Z., 2005. DIRECTIVE INSPIRE 2007/2 ScientificEuropean Papers of Parliament the Agricultural UniversityCouncil in 14 Kra Marchkow. Series 2007 establishingof EnvironmentalInfrastructure Engineering, no.Spatial 26. Information European Community. Real/EC estate of cadastre the as a public registerand of the of an Evaluationfor and organizationin the of the territory of the farm FELCENLOBEN, D., 2009. . Gall Publishers. Katowice. HARASIMOWICZ, S. GML 2002. w praktzce geodeyzjnej. . Agricultural University Publishers. IWANIAK, A. 2013. Konferencja GML w praktyce w kontekście zmian w prawie geodezyjnymImplementacja i kartograficznym GML w , praktyceWarszawa, 12 kwietnia 2013 r. / http://konferencjagml.kon- dor.pl/prezentacje/01_Iwaniak_GML_w_praktyce_geodezyjnej.pdf(access: 1.03.2016.) IZDEBSKI, W. 2013. . Konferencja GML w praktyce w kontekście zmian w prawie geodezyjnym i kartograficznym, Warszawa, 12 kwietnia 2013 r. / http://konferencjagml.kon-dor.pl/prezentacje/03_Izdebski_Implementacja_GML.pdfThe proposal of an indicator describing the degree of fragmentation (access: of1.03.2016.) land and its use on example of the Dąbrowa district. JANUS, J., TASZAKOWSKI, J. 2013a. Infrastructure and Ecology of Rural Areas. Polish Academy of Sciences, DivisionAreal in Kraków, structure Commission of farms in of terms Technical of typing Rural areas Infrastructure. for land consolidationNr 2013/ 02 (2) works Str. 75use- 85.on example of the Dąbrowa district JANUS, J., TASZAKOWSKI, J. 2013b. . Infrastructure and Ecology of Rural Areas. Polish Academy of Sciences,Identification Division of the in areas Kraków, especially Commission designated of for Technical implementation Rural ofInfrastructure. land consolidation Nr 2013/ works 02 on (3) example Str. 97- of106. the Dąbrowa district JANUS, J., TASZAKOWSKI, J. 2014a. . Infrastructure and Ecology of Rural Areas. Polish Academy of Sciences,Spatial Division variation in Kraków, of soil qualityCommission of the of Dąbrowa Technical district Rural Infrastructure II/2/2014, s. 571–583. JANUS, J., TASZAKOWSKI, J. 2014b.How to delete a land patchwork and carry out the colonization of land. Infrastructure and Ecology of Rural Areas. Nr 2014/ II (2 (Jun 2014)) KONCENT-ZIELIŃSKI,Economics W. 1907. and organization of farms at a glance , Warszawa. Does land fragmentation affect farm performance? A case study from KOPEĆ,Brittany, B. 1969. France . PWRiL. Warszawa. LATRUFFE, L., PIET, L. 2013.The impact of socio-economic factors on the size of the external plot patchwork on . theWorking example Paper of SMART Brzustowiec– LERECO village, N°13 -04. in the Łódzkie Voivodship LEŃ, P., MIKA, M. 2016a. Determination of the urgency of undertaking land consolidation. Geomatics works inandtheEnvironmentalvillages of the EngineeringSławno municipality, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 53-61. LEŃ, P., MIKA, M. 2016b. Spatial development of agricultural land division throughout the ages in villages of the Opoczno County . Journal of Ecological Engineering – article reviews. LEŃ, P., WÓJCIK, G. 2015. . Geomatics AndDevelopment Environmental of technologies Engineering used, vol. 9,in no. agricultural 3, pp. 95- engineering107. work on an example of selected stages of land consolidation process. LITWIN, U., JANUS, J., ZYGMUNT, M. 2006. Rural development and challenges establishing sustainable landAnnals use of in Warsaw Eastern EuropeanAgriculturalcountries University. Land Reclamation. vol. 37, p. 123-128. MALIENE, V., 2013. Technical guidance of the registry data exchange module (export-import) in the format SWDE. Land/ SWING Use Policyin the 30:differential 703–710 mode . MIKSA, K., 2006. . Annex nr 1 to „ The technical conditions”, Prepared mgrAnalysis inż. Krzysztof of the Mi interksa- villagescommissioned patchwork by the of Head land Office on the of exa Geodesymple of and villages Cartography, located inDepartmentthe upper of basin Cadastre of the and Soła the riverState Geodetic and Cartographic resource, 2006. NOGA, K. 1977. . Scientific Papers. Agricultural University in Krakow, ser. Scientific session, z. 7, 153-170.

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