The Use of Cadastral Databases in Planning of Land Consolidation Works
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Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2016”, 5th to 9th of September 2016, Perugia, Italy Conference proceedings THE USE OF CADASTRAL DATABASES IN PLANNING OF LAND CONSOLIDATION WORKS Monika Mika, Ph.D. University of Agriculture in Krakow Department of Land Surveying e-mail: [email protected] Krakow, Poland Jarosław Janus, Ph.D. University of Agriculture in Krakow Department of Agricultural Land Surveying, Cadaster and Photogrammetry e-mail: [email protected] Krakow, Poland Jarosław Taszakowski, Ph.D. University of Agriculture in Krakow Department of Agricultural Land Surveying, Cadaster and Photogrammetry e-mail: [email protected] Krakow, Poland Przemysław Leń, Ph.D. University of Life Sciences in Lublin Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy e-mail: [email protected] Lublin, Poland Abstract The spatial structure of agricultural land is one of the most important factors affecting the conditions of the proper functioning of agriculture and the standard of living of the rural population. In the area Poland it is very diverse and in most cases even flawed. Over the years, it is noted that changes of the agrarian structure of rural areas is for the permanent and sustainable development of those areas. This is suggested by both domestic and foreign experiences, which are the subject of numerous scientific publications in the world. One of the basic tools of formal and legal arranging the space is land consolidation. The land consolidating and exchanging works carried out comprehensively, inextricably linked with the post-consolidation development, serve multi-functional development of rural areas. The article presents an analysis of the spatial structure of rural areas in the villages of the Wieniawa municipality, Przysucha district located in Mazowieckie Voivodship in central Poland. The studies carried out present the proposal of the method of identification of negative phenomena in the spatial structure of land. The authors emphasize the importance of cadastral data bases in identifying areas selected to land consolidations and in the search for ways of solving the problem. Keywords: spatial structure of land, land consolidation, land cadastre, databases. Introduction The influence of parameters of the spatial structure of rural areas on the efficiency of agricultural activity was the subject of several studies (SONNENBERG 2002; VITIKAINEN, 2004; KOPEĆ, 1969; URBAN, 1977, TKOCZ, 1989; HARASIMOWICZ, 2002; NOGA, 2001). These parameters interact with many other socio-economic and natural-landscape factors (WOCH, 2001, 2007; VAN DIJK 2003). The following factors should be mentioned here: the quality of soil, water, climatic and demographic conditions, proximity of the sales markets and a number of other factors, also associated with the current economic situation of the region. 165 Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2016”, 5th to 9th of September 2016, Perugia, Italy Conference proceedings The existing system of the registry plots and their ownership structure is the result of transformations of social, economic and historical nature ongoing often for hundreds of years (WIERZCHOWSKI, 2007). These conditions cause that a number of similar problems with excessive fragmentation of land refers not only to the Polish territory, but it is common to many countries of Central Europe (VAN DIJK, 2003; SONNENBERG, 2002), and this phenomenon and its negative consequences are also present in other parts of Europe and of the world (LATRUFFE, PIET, 2013). Reconstruction of the agrarian structure of rural areas is essential for the sustainable development of those areas. The tool organizing the space, which is the land consolidation, leads to the desired structural changes, but it must be carried out systematically and become a permanent part of long-term policy of local governments in voivodships in the field of arrangement of rural areas. The land consolidating and exchanging works carried out comprehensively, inextricably linked with the post-consolidation development, serve multi-functional development of rural areas. Basic operations influencing changes of the layout of plots and their owners in relation to the original arrangement are the divisions of plots associated with the need to transfer cultivated land to the successors. These changes are generated by plots trading and by creation of farms with plots in the locations distant from each other (often in different villages) as a result of marriages. This situation results in the occurrence of so-called.patchwork of land, considered in the context of the ownership of land. The concept of the patchwork of land in agricultural surveying in Poland, introduced KONCENT-ZIELINSKI defining it as an area of land belonging to one village, in which individual owners properties are not in one joint piece near the farm, but they are fragmented into a larger number of plots, usually narrow and long, scattered over a large area and separated by plots of different owners (KONCENT-ZIELIŃSKI, 1907). Concepts closely related to this subject, concern non-resident owners, ie the owners of the land subject to the land patchwork. In Poland we are dealing with two types of non-resident owners - local non-resident owners and external non-resident owners. Local non-resident owners are land owners living within the given village but holding land beyond its borders. While the external non-resident owners are the owners holding the land in the studied village but living outside its borders. These factors, apart from a few exceptions contribute to the degradation of parameters of the layout of farms land. The concept of land layout can be simply defined as locations of elements of the farm (the center of the farm and cultivated plots) in space, taking into account the actual shape of the road network that allows communication between these elements. The present spatial structure of land in Poland is caused by the following factors: demographic relations, social, economic and legal relations, marriages matching, parcelling out of the large land estates before and after the Second World War, agriculture, regulation of the ownership of farms. According to NOGA (NOGA, 1977) the most important factors shaping the spatial structure of rural areas were the terrain relief, and water relations in the soil. As a result, the mountain settlement systems were mainly divided in half, perpendicularly to the line of the terrain slopeand then parallelly to the slope forming a so-called ladder patchwork. In lowlands, the situation was different. The basic principle there was, to locate the settlement systems along the longer side, perpendicularly to the road at which the buildings were located. Register data concerning the location of plots, their surfaces, identification by the given numbers and assigning them to the appropriate register units - in Poland are recorded in the system EGiB (Land and Building Register), playing the role of the real estate cadastre. These data are public. Together with information about the owner and the rights and burdens assigned to the plot, recorded in KW (Land and Mortgage Register) – they represent a set of data necessary to carry out all the processes of spatial planning, real estate management, as well as achieving the fiscal objectives. It is very important that these data are complete, current, and reflect the actual state of plots in the area. It is also important that the cadastral data are fully consistent with the land and mortgage-accounting data for each of the plots. This situation at the moment in Poland is not possible to declare. Many inaccuracies occur in the registration of the factual and legal status of the objects recorded in the two registers. The situation is complicated by the fact, that they are kept for different territorial units and supervised by various central authorities. It should be mentioned here that land plots are one of three types of cadastral objects (next to the buildings and premises) recorded in these systems. Registry plot of land is defined in Poland, as a continuous plot of land located within the boundaries of one precinct, uniform in legal terms, separated from the vicinity by the border lines. From the point of view of the subject of this article relevant are register data of the plot, its identifiers (number, registry unit, cadastral unit), area, location, the type of land use and the soil quality class. Then significant is the road access and the following features shape, configuration and the stabilization of the borders and neighborhood. This analysis does not consider in detail 166 Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2016”, 5th to 9th of September 2016, Perugia, Italy Conference proceedings ownership relations of land in studied municipality, besides belonging to the 7 register group (private individuals land), necessary to define one of the indicators of the priority of land consolidation works selection. The complete package of information for the analysis needs was obtained from locally appropriate District Office of Przysucha. The data obtained were in the form of text files in the SWDE format (MIKSA, 2006) representing both the geometry of cadastral objects (registry plots) and descriptive data concerning their owners. The alternative of acquiring similar data sets are collections of registry data in GML format (IZDEBSKI, 2013; IWANIAK, 2013), which already are formally in force in Poland. In surveying practice frequently the format SWDE is used. In future GML format will completely replace SWDE in Poland, according to the requirements of the INSPIRE Directive (DIRECTIVE INSPIRE, 2007). For data processing selected elements of computer system Mk Scal were used (LITWIN et al., 2006)Genesis enriched of the problem with calculation procedures used in the implementation of the present study. The settlement had a major impact on changing the layouts of land in the area of research. The development of settlements in central Poland was the result of creation of new colonies. Each owner received a piece of land consisting of one large piece of land and so-called "addition".