The Italian Paesaggio 2. Part
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The Italian Paesaggio 2. Part Jukka Jokilehto, 2018 Education & Policies 2 Gustavo Giovannoni (Rome, 1873-1947) • Engineer, historian as well as architect • Professor of architecture at Regia Scuola di Applicazione per Ingegneri, 1927-1935 • Promoter of the first School of Architecture in Rome, where he taught documentation and restoration of monuments; • Founder of the Institute for Roman Studies 3 Roberto Pane (Taranto 1897-1987) • Architectural historian and architect • Graduate in architecture (Giovannoni) • Director of the School of Architecture, Naples • One of the founders of the modern conservation theory, “Restauro critico” • Restoration should be conceived in a new dimension, including a creative element, and, if well done, could itself become a work of art (Che il restauro è esso stesso un’opera d’arte sui generis . .). 4 Guglielmo De Angelis d’Ossat (Rome, 1907-1992) • Engineer, architect, architectural historian • 1931-33, assistant to Gustavo Giovannoni • 1933, School of Archaeology, Athens • 1947-1960, Director General of the Built Heritage (Antichità e Belle Arti) • Founder of the School of Restoration, at the University of Rome, in collaboration with ICCROM (1965-1970s) 5 Giulio Carlo Argan (Turin, 1909-1992) • Art historian and politician • 1930, worked for the National Antiquity and Arts • 1938, contributed to creation of Istituto Centrale del Restauro (ICR) • 1976-1979, Mayor of Rome; establishment of special office for the urban conservation of the historic centre of Rome • Storia dell'arte italiana (1968) • Storia dell’arte come storia della città (1983) 6 Cesare Brandi (Siena, 1906 – 1988) • Art critic and historian; graduated in law • 1939-1959, Founding director of the Italian State Institute of Restoration (Istituto Centrale del Restauro) ✓ Teoria del restauro (1963), ✓ Le due vie (1966), ✓ "Dialoghi di Elicona": Carmine o della pittura (1945), Arcadio o della Scultura (1956), Eliante o dell'Architettura (1956), Celso o della Poesia (1957) • 1883, Carta del Restauro (Camillo Boito), 3rd congress of Italian engineers and architects; • 1932, Norms for the restoration of monuments, Ministry of National Education; • the interventions on built artistic and historic Restoration documents are no less valid than those preserved in museums and archives, permitting Guidelines structural studies able to throw new light on elements of importance for the history of art and building; • convinced therefore that no reason of haste, of practical necessity or personal desire can justify that such activities should not correspond to a well-defined series of criteria […] • Nel restauro dei monumenti e delle opere d'arte è tassativamente da escludersi ogni opera di completamento o di ripristino o comunque 1'aggiunta di elementi che non siano strettamente necessari per la stabilità, la conservazione e la comprensione 1938, Istruzioni dell'opera. • L'eventuale aggiunta o sostituzione consentita dall'enunciato per il Restauro precedente, deve essere contenuta nei limiti della più assoluta semplicità ed eseguita con materiali e tecniche che ne attestino la modernità ed evitino, con 1'eliminazione di ogni ripresa decorativa dei Monumenti o figurativa, ogni possibile confusione con 1'antico. Ministero della Pubblica • Le integrazioni e le varianti anticamente subite da un monumento o Istruzione (Ministero da un'opera d'arte, quando abbiano per se stesse interesse artistico dell'Educazione Nazionale) o costituiscono un documento significative per la storia dell'operaio, devono essere conservate nel restauro, che in nessun caso dovrà ispirarsi ad astratti concetti di unità stilistica o tradurre in pratica ipotesi sulla forma originaria dell'opera, anche se appoggiate a testimonianze figurative o letterarie. Post-war Restoration Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini 10 ICCROM • Rome Centre – ICCROM (1956; 1959) Informazione, Ricerca, Consulenza, Formazione • Jan Karel VAN DER HAAGEN (1902-1966), UNESCO, • Guglielmo DE ANGELIS D’OSSAT (1907-1992), Ministero • Paul COREMANS (1908-1965), IRPA • Cesare BRANDI (1906-1988), ICR • Frédéric GYSIN, ICOM. • Harold James PLENDERLEITH (1898-1997), • Paul PHILIPPOT (1925-2016), • Sir Bernard Melchior FEILDEN (1919-2008) • Elaboration of theory: the fundamental principles of a modern conception of restoration based on methods of approach, theoretically established by reliable authors • The diffusion of knowledge of a rigorous conception of conservation and its methodology covers a very important part of the whole teaching of the Centre. 1960, Carta di Gubbio ANCSA • Principi sulla salvaguardia ed il risanamento dei centri storici. • L’estensione a scala nazionale del problema trattato è stata unanimemente riconosciuta, insieme alla necessità di un’urgente ricognizione e classificazione preliminare dei centri storici con la individuazione delle zone da salvaguardare e risanare. • Si afferma la fondamentale e imprescindibile necessità di considerare tali operazioni come premessa allo stesso sviluppo della città moderna e quindi la necessità che esse facciano parte dei Piani Regolatori comunali, come una delle fasi essenziali nella programmazione della loro attuazione. 12 Conservation Theory 13 Human Creativity vs. Culture Cesare Brandi • In contrast with certain trends, tending to integrate works of art in their general socio- economic context, Cesare Brandi sustains the specificity of a work of art. • He claims that the work of art is the result of a unique, creative process. 14 M. Heidegger & Natural object; C. Brandi There is no work Tool / Instrument: The scope of design Walking is outside the object; “common product” Work of art: The scope is in the work of art itself; “special product” 15 Perception by artist Cesare Brandi in “Carmine” • Look, Carmine, if you approach a window and watch the panorama, an intuition of that panorama takes place quite suddenly … • But, if you are a painter and, with the glance you take at the panorama, you feel a particular interest in that landscape, there occurs an imperceptible change inside you, and yet fundamental, that can give a distant hint of what is going to come; when you adjust the lenses of the binoculars, the landscape now leaps at you with new clarity. • This second vision, that really can be called phenomenal, is not identical with the first - existential - vision, that you received, nor does it destroy it, but will be like catching an instance and prolonging it in time: you will have arrested something … A. Gallen-Kallela 16 Authenticity achieved through Creative Process C. Brandi Object in existential reality Work of Art: Image revealed in form “Phenomenon that In the artist’s mind is not phenomenon” as ‘pure reality’ Immaterial + Material Work of art given “material reality”; Independent life 17 Paul Philippot (Former Director of ICCROM) • Indeed, whatever period the work of art was created in, it gives itself to us hic et nunc, in the absolute present of perception. It lacks a reality of its own until it is recognised by a consciousness, and this recognition is not the result of a judgment arising from an analysis, but the identification of a specificity within the perception itself and the point of departure for the historian’s study. 18 Gunnar Berndtson Critical Process of Restoration Transmission to future generations Work of art in its Singularity of the work of art as a physical consistency and Special Product in its twofold aesthetic of human creativity and historical polarity Methodological moment of recognition of the work of art 19 Restoration of works of art • Restoration consists of (establishes) the methodological moment of the recognition of the work of art, in its physical consistency and in its twofold aesthetic and historical polarity, in view of its transmission to the future. 20 Restoration work ❖One only restores the material of the work of art. ❖The specificity of the work of art, compared to other human products, does not depend on its material consistency nor on its twofold historicity, but on its artistic quality, of which, once lost, only remains a relict. 21 Aim of restoration • Restoration should aim at the re- establishment of the potential unity of the work of art so far as this is possible without committing an artistic or historical fake, and without cancelling any traces of the passage of the work of art in time. 22 Whole of the work of art • The unity of the work of art refers to the ‘whole’ and not the ‘total’; e.g., in a mosaic, the total of the pieces does not form the whole; • The image is really and only as it appears. (L’immagine è veramente e solamente quello che appare. Brandi, 1963:43) 23 Limits of Intervention • Unity of whole vs. organic unity; • Analogy? • The limits of an intervention are defined in relation to the potential unity and authentic records of the historic (original) condition; 24 Inner and External Spatiality • Built-in spatial quality in a work of art; • The work of art in relation to external space; • Relation of painted surfaces and sculptural décor within architecture; • Relation of historic building within its physical context; 25 Historical Time Line (‘Tempo storico’) Period restoration: Colonial Williamsburg Reconstruction of Warsaw Duration and changes Recognition at First Creation over historic time Present time Historical Time Line 26 Historical stratigraphy 27 • In order to be able to provide for the adequate safeguarding of the urban organism concerned, considering its continuity over time and the functioning of the civic and modern life therein, it is necessary, first of all,