日本セトロジー研究 Japan Cetology (30):11-19(2020) https://doi.org/10.5181/cetology.0.30_11

whale laying right-side down on a sled in the sea ice Accessed May 20, 2020). Nature and Science, Tokyo (Yamada et al. 2007). Some A local newspaper reported that the whales came in the study area were attributed to offshore formed rocky coasts can easily catch ice cakes compared to and their photographic identification catalog in 流氷の海岸で大捕物／閉じ込められたシャチ８頭／北海 Ice-related Strandings of Killer Whales at Shore in the Southern Okhotsk Sea field, probably along the seacoast, and approximately 30 residents who lived close to the shore heard odd close to the beach with a re-beached ice floe (Soya ice floes; they never occurred with fast ice that sandy beaches and can possibly cause an ice-related Conclusions Shiretoko-Nemuro Strait water, Eastern Hokkaido, 道漁民らが仕とめる］ men standing nearby and on the whale. This image 4. Shimo-horobetsu, Esashi, Northern Hok- noises in the early morning that day; later, they saw Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958), and the strand- formed from the coast. The causes of these events stranding, especially in the situation of small ice Ice-related stranding of killer whales at the Japan, 1990‒2005. Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum, The Hokkaido Shimbun. March 6, 1956［北海道新聞， UNI Yoshikazu1), TATEYAMA Kazutaka2) appears to be a commemorative photo of a catch. One of kaido, February 5, 1977 the whales trapped in sea ice near the shore. This ing event occurred on the day when the ice floe regarding weather, tidal situation, sea ice behavior cakes. shore in the southern Okhotsk Sea occurred between 27: 9‒36. (in Japanese with English abstract)［佐藤晴 死んだイルカ五十数頭が漂着］ Abstract the prints has a short note on the back that the whales This event occurred on the morning of Febru- event was observed and video recorded by local beached for the third time (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. and condition, and coastal topography are discussed early February and mid-April 1925 and 2016. All 子・石川聖・江崎逸郎・笹森琴絵・高橋俊男・増田泰・ The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 10, 1977［北海道新 Killer whales are extensively distributed throughout the world’s oceans and migrate to areas where there is seasonal and year-round sea ice. Even at the southern tip of the Okhotsk Sea, the lowest latitudes where the were taken off Maehama and that the group comprised ary 5, 1977, at Shimo-horobetsu or "Wen-nai," on the researchers (Mass Stranding of Killer Whales in Sea March 23, 1958). (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, below. Frequency stranding events occurred in drift ice floes, and not in 吉田孝哉（2006）1990‒2005年の偶発的な目視情報に基 聞，七メートルの巨体、骨格標本／小樽水族館 捕獲 offshore formation sea ice exists, killer whales are commonly observed during the winter months. At least five whales including one calf. The image was taken by southern coast of Esashi Town, In the morning at 8:00 Ice off Shiretoko, 1958). A skull maintained by a village man was later Uni et al. (2005) reported seven ice-related fast ice. The thickness and density of sea ice floes づく，知床・根室海峡海域におけるシャチ（Orcinus orca） のシャチを解体］ eight ice-related strandings at the shore of killer whales occurred in Etorofu Island, Hokkaido, and southern Sakhalin between 1925 and 2016. These strandings were observed roughly once per decade. All stranding a photo studio in the town, which was established in the am, eight dorsal fins were observed from the coast, so https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPRLHyfZaOM& transferred to another person who wished to obtain it Weather strandings of killer whales at the shore in the south- were different among events from the main ice floe to の出現傾向と写真識別カタログ. 知床博物館研究報告 , The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 12, 1977［北海道新 events occurred with drift ice floe, and not in fast ice. The thickness and density of sea ice floes were different among the events, e.g., from a primary ice floe to a separated front mass or small ice floe fragment in geologi- middle or late 1930s, and the policeman in the photo the local fishermen approached the whales in boats to t=83s Accessed May 20, 2020). As per the recent tide for religious purposes. At present, the skull is housed The ice-related strandings occurred between ernmost Okhotsk Sea between 1925 and 2005 and con- small ice floe fragment in a geological scale from a 27: 9‒36.］ 聞，流氷バックに大活劇 シャチ生け捕り／寒さこらえ観 cal scale or from a large ice cake to brash ice debris. Until the 1970s, the response of the locals was food consumption of whale meat; however, rescue efforts were attempted for three cases in the 21st century. wore a uniform with a stand-up collar, which was used obtain whale meat. They tied the whale flukes with height data at Abashiri and Hanasaki, February 7, at the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI (Uni et al. 2017). As early February and mid-April, i.e., the events sidered that it occurred roughly once per decade. The large ice cake to brash ice debris. Such an event was Uni Y, Aota M., and Tateyama K. (2005) Ice- 客五百人／たっぷり４時間／珍味もたんのう］ until the end of WWII in 1945. Therefore, the image was ropes to pull them up to the coast using a bulldozer. was a day of spring tide and the low tide came at 9:00 per historical tide height archives at Abashiri, the occurred in the late winter or early spring in the 2014). While stranded killer whales survived a few coastline of the study area is scarce habitation and observed roughly once per decade. Moreover, these entrapment of killer whales in the Sea of Okhotsk. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958［宗谷日報， Introduction Materials and Methods the village and locals consumed the whale meat. surely taken between 1930 and 1945. The whales were still alive when the locals arrived on pm; furthermore, the tidal range reached 136 cm at 18th and 19th were days with small tidal ranges of 55 region and seasonal winds generally blow from the days or longer in two types (blockage and re-touch) in uninhabited in place. It is possible that unobserved events are rare; however, they are sometimes experi- Poster presented at 16th Biennial Conference on 枝幸でいるか退治／思はぬ流氷の贈り物］ Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have a cosmopolitan This study is based on a poster presentation Moreover, whale meat was obtained from the stom- Although the short note did not mention the the coast. The whale group comprised eight whales: Abashiri and 145 cm at Hanasaki and 67 cm, and the low tide came at 9:00 pm on the north during that period. All the locations of the the Okhotsk Sea and a few weeks in off-shore ice events occurred in the period. In this study, eight enced by humans living in the study area either by the Biology of Marine Mammals, San Diego, CA, USA. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, 1958［宗谷日報， distribution, are commonly found in pack ice, and may for the 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of ach of a stranded whale and was salted for preserva- cause of the death, we consider the whales died by an two males and six females (The Hokkaido Shimbun, (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb 18th and at 8:00 am on the 19th events were on the northern coast except the 2005 entrapment in North America (Westdal et al. 2017), such events were reported in 90 years from 1925, and direct observation or by news media. http://nodaiweb.university.jp/muse/unisan/data/bc 流氷も悪くない／「シヤチ」退治の攻防戦］ extend their range into ice-covered water in the Ant- Marine Mammals in San Diego in 2005 (Uni et al. tion. The whale group comprised 13 whales that ice-related stranding because the death occurred in a February 12, 1977). One carcass was dissected at the o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l Aidomari event. Strong winds or storms were they died quickly within a day in brash ice-type the frequency of observation of such events was mm/bcmm_akw.html. Accessed May 20, 2020 arctic. In the southern Okhotsk Sea, which contains 2005). The study area was the southernmost Okhotsk included males and females, of which two whales sea-ice field at the shore because of mass stranding as site while the skeleton was sent to the Otaru ev_var/sea_lev_var.php accessed May 20, 2020). reported a day before or on the day of the events stranding, which was seen only at Aidomari in 2005. roughly once per decade. Acknowledgements Uni, Y., Kano, K. and Murayama, Y. (2017) Ice- オホーツク海南部の沿岸で発生した流氷によるシャチの the most southern offshore formation sea ice in the Sea, along the coast of southern Sakhalin, Hokkaido were able to escape. The weather and sea ice con- there can be no other reasonable cause of death for a Aquarium in Hokkaido as a specimen (The Hokkaido 6. Bettobu, Shana, Etorofu Island, February 27, There is no sex or age information for the whales. (e.g., 1925 Esashi event, 1943 Rubetsu event, and 2016 In the 2005 Aidomari event, on-site and labo- We thank KANOH Kazuko, MURAYAMA entrapment of killer whales in the southern Ok スト ラ ン ディン グ northern hemisphere, killer whales are often seen and Etorofu Island, between 44 ° and 50°N and 142 ° ditions were reported by local newspapers; there was group of killer whales. Shimbun, February 10, 1977). Moreover, this event 2005 Sakhalin event), moderate winds were recorded on events, except the 1930‒1945 Shari event. The strand- ratory necropsy demonstrated that all whales had The response of local residents Yoshiko, TAKABATAKE Takamune , YAMADA hotsk Sea, off Esashi, Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of 宇仁義和 1 舘山一孝 2 close to the sea ice during winter and early spring and 148 °E. Information was collected for each event a heavy snowstorm that led to the stoppage of rail- was reported in a nationwide newspaper with the This event occurred on the morning of Febru- 8. Starodubskoe [Стародубское], the day of the 1977 Esashi event, and no data were ing events occurred when sea ice floe beached for the abundant stomach contents, and there were no The typical response of local residents in the Isamu, SODA Kiyomi, and OHASHI Takehiro for the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, 7·8: 17‒23. (in Japa 1 東京農業大学生物産業学部 099-2493 北海道網走市 (Sato et al. 2006). On February 7, 2005, an ice-related using the following materials: the Marine Mammal more, for recent events, satellite imagery of sea ice way services with thick sea ice observed in the Soya 3. Tanne-moi, Rubetsu, Etorofu Island, March description of a female having a 1.5-m fetus (The ary 27, 2005, in Bettobu, Shana Village*, off the north- southern Sakhalin, April 19, 2016 reported for the 1930‒1945 Shari event and the 1958 first time in the season at the 2005 Aidomari and reports of sickness or parasitic infection that could 20th-century events was to take whales and obtain reporting historical events, IMAI Hideo, SAKABE nese)［宇仁義和・狩野和子・村山良子（2017）流氷 八坂 196 mass stranding of killer whales occurred at Aidomari Stranding Database created by the National Museum that occurred in and after 2005 in the Okhotsk Sea Strait (Uni et al. 2017). According to the historical tide 18, 1943 Asahi Shimbun, February 6, 1977). As per the histori- ern coast of Etorofu Islamnd. Six whales had been This event occurred on the morning of April Esashi event. Weak winds were recorded on the day probably Bettobu events, the second time with the Satellite images were obtained for the 2016 have led to their death. Ice-related stranding with whale meat for their consumption. In 1925, 1958, and Minako, and ASANO Yumi for shooting videos in the によって北海道枝幸町に集団座礁したシャチの記録 . 枝 2 北見工業大学工学部 090-8507 北見市公園町 165 in Rausu town in the Shiretoko Peninsula (Eastern of Nature and Science in Tokyo, which is the most was obtained. Visible and microwave satellite imagery height archives in Hanasaki, Eastern Hokkaido facing This event occurred on the morning of March cal tide height archives at Abashiri, Eastern Hok- trapped in ice floes, and five whales died by March 3 19, 2016, off Starodubskoe, southern Sakhalin. Weather of the 2005 Aidomari event. Thus, strong north winds 1977 Esashi event, and the third time during the 1958 Starodubskoe event in south Sakhalin (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 quick death of killer whales was not attributed to any 1977 Esashi events, as well as the 1943 Rubetsu 2005 Aidomari event, N. Eremenko for comment to 幸研究 : 7･8: 17‒23.］ 番地 Hokkaido, Japan) and attracted great interest world- comprehensive database of marine mammal stranding were observed by the MODIS mounted on the NASA the Pacific Ocean, March 21, 1925, was a day of 18 (possibly in 1943) at “Tanne-moi” in the Rubetsu kaido, facing the Okhotsk Sea, the day before the (The Mainichi Shimbun. Mar. 4, 2005). Moreover, the conditions were severe the night before the event, converge the sea ice floe to the shore and induced Esashi event. Although details were not mentioned, shows the movement of the ice floe from two days pathological disabilities. Although six adult whales event, whales were taken or attempts were made to the 2005 Bettobu event. We also appreciate the collec- Westdal, K. H., Higdon, J. W. and Ferguson, S. H. wide. Before this event, only a few ice-related mass events in Japan launched satellite “Aqua” and the AMSR2 mounted on spring-tide; the low tide was recorded at 8:00 pm, and Village, close to the western end of Etorofu Island on event (February 4) was a day of spring-tide; further- newspaper reported that a rescue effort was and the wind had changed and blew the sea ice stranding events. We consider the Aidomari event we assumed that ice floes came ashore two or more before (left) and the day of the event (middle). It had no serious injuries, one of the three calves had a take them while they were alive; the image of tions of Wakkanai City Library, Shiretoko Museum, (2017) Review of killer whale (Orcinus orca) ice 要旨 strandings had been reported in the research commu- (https://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/research/db/zoolo the JAXA-launched satellite “GCOM-W.” The satellite the recorded tidal range was 98 cm the coast of the Okhotsk Sea (Yamada 2000). Yamada more, the low tide came at 10:00 pm, and the tidal attempted, but thick ice cakes prevented the whales straight ashore (The seattle pi. 23 Jan. 2017, occurred differently caused from others as mentioned times when the 1925 Esashi, 1943 Rubetsu, and 2016 appears that the sea ice floe was pushed ashore by fracture in its lower jaw with internal bleeding in its the1930‒1945 Shari event indicates consumption. Food Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, National Museum of entrapments and ice-related mortality events in the シャチは世界の海洋に広く分布し，季節海氷域や海氷が周 nity, e.g., 19 whales were stranded in Trinity Bay, gy/marmam/index.php); official history books of the imagery was provided by the Earth Observation (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide (2000) described that strong wind and storm had range reached 101 cm from escaping. Tide height data at Hanasaki indicated https://blog.seattlepi.com/candacewhiting/2017/01/23 below. Sakhalin events occurred. north winds; there were almost no sea ice floes off middle ear (Yamada et al. 2007). With the discovery of distribution for meat and fish was insufficient along Nature and Science, and an anonymous referee for Northern Hemisphere. Polar Biology, 40(7): 1467‒ 年見られる海域（多年氷域）にまで回遊する．沖合形成 Canada, in April 1957, and 2 whales were stranded off coastal municipals along the Okhotsk coast of Hok- Research Center of Japan Aerospace Exploration /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1925/192503/org192503HN.txt swept out sea ice from the small bay; then a few days (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l that the tidal range from the night of the 26th to the /courageous-rescue-of-killer-whales-trapped-among-ice- Although both strandings occurred on the first southern Sakhalin on the event day (right). This event pulmonary edemas, Yamada et al. (2007) concluded the Okhotsk Coast of Hokkaido and Etorofu Island helpful suggestions to the manuscript. 1473. 海氷が存在する最も低緯度のオホーツク海南部にもシャチは southwest Newfoundland in March 1975 (Mitchell and kaido; and related literature concerning sea ice in the Agency. Accessed May 20, 2020). The official tide height later, sea ice came back to the bay and completely ev_var/sea_lev_var.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The morning of the 27th was 97 cm; furthermore, the low floes-in-russia/ Accessed May 20, 2020). At least three Tidal situation day that sea ice came onshore in 2005 at Aidomari, as confirmed that a small fragment of sea-ice floe in geo- that eight of the nine whales suffered from respira- before the 1960s because the shortage of cold chain WMO [World Meteorological Organization] (2014) 普通に観察される．ところがこの海域の北海道，樺太（サ Reeves 1988). After the Aidomari event, based on a Okhotsk Sea. When we found a particular description, No survey was conducted for offshore ice archives contain data from December 1924; therefore, covered it. His little brother found 13 whales were coastal configuration of the location was sandy (Uni et tide on the 27th came at 12:00 am and 11:00 am whales, including a calf, managed to quickly escape, For all events, tidal situations were obtained, well as at Bettobu, which was reported a few days logical scale can cause ice-related stranding at the tory failure. We considered death in the 2005 Aid- and frozen food was uncommon for personal con- References Sea-Ice Nomenclature. ハリン），択捉島の沿岸では 1925‒2016 年に 8 件の漂流す literature search, Uni et al. (2005) compiled seven ice- extensive searches were made to seek evidence of entrapment in the Okhotsk Sea. we could not obtain data of March 1924. The coastal trapped in sea ice floes at the northern tip of the bay, al. 2017). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb but one large male remained until the next morning. except for the 1930‒1945 Shari event, using historical after, satellite images demonstrated that these two shore. Moreover, in this case, the ice floe was a omari event to be caused by sea ice condition as sumption at that time. Such reactions in the local resi- Amano, M., Yamada, T. K., Brownell, R. L. Jr., and https://www.jcomm.info/index.php?option=com_oe る海氷（流氷）によるシャチのストランディングが観察されて related strandings in the southern Okhotsk Sea off the event (e.g., newspaper articles, images, and speci- configuration of the location was rocky, which which was named “Kotobutsu.” The largest whale o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- Then, a rescue effort was attempted, after which the tidal records archives from the Japan Meteorological events can be attributed to different ice conditions. narrow fragment; therefore, the rescue operation was brash ice. The whales were embedded among brash dent were as subsistence taking. In the 1977 Esashi Uni, Y. (2011) Age determination and reproductive &task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=14598 いる．これはおおよそ10 年に 1 度の頻度である．座礁を起 Hokkaido and Etorofu Island. Furthermore, Uni et al. mens). If there was an observer of the event, we Results matched the observer’ s account. Although this event appeared to be 5‒6 m in length, whereas others 5. Aidomari, Rausu, Eastern Hokkaido, February figuration of the location was a rocky beach. The last whale fled into open water (The Siberian Times 20 Agency. The 1925 Esashi and 2005 Aidomari events The Aidomari event was induced by an ice floe that successful in helping a male flee, and the other three ice that filled the area from the bottom to the sea sur- event, all whales were sold to a marine-related prod- traits of killer whales entrapped in ice off Aidomari, Yamada, I. (2000) [Sea Ice of my home Etorofu Is. Ice こした流氷の厚みや密度はさまざまで，流氷原の本体から (2017) included certain concrete evidence and made a arranged an interview with them. In addition to the We identified eight instances of ice-related occurred about 115 years ago, two skulls (one male appeared to be smaller. His elder brother tried to 7, 2005 whale died on the next day, and no specimens were April 2016 occurred on the day of spring tide, whereas the other was a front mass separated from the main ice floe whales could escape by themselves before the rescue face; the whales became immobilized and stranded in ucts company and a small portion of whale meat was Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(2): 275‒ trapped whales], pp. 36–40. In: Okhotsk Culture Group 先端部，さらには流氷原の切れ端の場合があり，氷の大き small correction to the previous study. To consider abovementioned materials, we used direct observa- strandings at the shore of killer whales with support- 1. Menashi-domari, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, and one female) were kept in the house garden of his secure a whale using wire; however, three days later, This event occurred in the early morning of preserved from this event (Eremenko, N.A., pers. https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/n0649- three events (1943 Rubetsu, 1977 Esashi, and 2005 and just touched the coast, whereas the Bettobu event. ice. When the low tide came and seawater went out, used for local consumption. 282. (ed.) [Our Sea Ice to be carried to the 21th Century]. さも大きな氷盤から砕け氷まであった．シャチの座礁に対す future responses to stranding events, Westdal et al. tions and video analysis for the recent events. For ing evidence in the study area between 1925 and March 21, 1925 (or 1924) niece (Kanoh 1994), which are now stored at the another strong wind swept all the whales and sea ice February 7, 2005, at a rocky coast off Aidomari in comm. Nov. 30, 2005). heroic- rescue-saveswhalestrapped-by-floating-ice-off- Bettobu) occurred on large tidal range days. A large event, which was found 4 or 5 days after the first day they were left on the debris of brash ice; then, their In the 21st century, the response of local resi- Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Kamikawa, S., Ochi, Y., Abashiri. (in Japanese). 278pp.［山田勇「故郷エトロフの る住民の対応は 1970 年代までは食料利用であったが，21 (2016) reviewed 17 ice-related strandings both onshore each event, causes of ice-related stranding regarding 2016. All these events included mass strandings of The event occurred on March 21 in either 1925 National Museum of Nature and Science since 2005 from the bay. All the whales died within three days. Rausu Town on the eastern coast of the Shiretoko * English newspaper articles reported the location as sakhalin-island/ Accessed May 20, 2020). As per tidal range plays an important role in ice-related of sea ice floe onshore (on February 22 or 23), was Choked hypothesis for the 2005 Aidomari body weight choked their throats and lungs, and they dents to the event was completely different, rescue Yano, S. and Tanabe, S. (2006) Organohalogen and 流氷̶流氷にはさまれたクジラ」オホーツク文化の会編 世紀には救出活動が試みられるなど劇的に変化した． and offshore ice entrapment in and before 2013 in the weather, sea ice behavior, tide height, and coastal con- between 4 and 13 individuals. Stranding events were or 1924 on the northern coast of Esashi Town, (YAMADA Tadasu K., pers. comm.). Yamada recalled that this was the only known event Peninsula, Eastern Hokkaido. The group comprised 11 “Reidovo” recent tide height data at Abashiri, the 18th and 19th stranding with drift ice near and at the shore. When caused by a main sea ice floe with thick and large ice event suffocated to death (Fig. 5). efforts were attempted in all recent events, i.e., in organotin compounds in killer whales mass- （2000）21世紀へ伝えたい私の流氷 . オホーツク文化の northern hemisphere. This study compiled ice-related figuration were discussed. To evaluate stranding observed approximately once per decade between “Menashi-domari,” Northern Hokkaido. A short article of ice entrapment of killer whales at Etorofu Island to or 12 whales that were stranded, from which nine were days with small tidal ranges of <40 cm sea ice comes ashore and moves by wind or current cakes (Fig. 3). Uni et al. (2005) defined sea ice-related strand- 2005 at Aidomari and Bettobu and in 2016 at Sakhalin. stranded in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, 会 , 網走 .］ strandings at the shore of killer whales in the south- causes using these criteria, we used tide height data early February and mid-March; five occurred off Hok- in a community newsletter reported an interview 2. Maehama, Shari, Eastern Hokkaido, ca. date, and the seafloor was sandy (Yamada Isamu, carcasses were retrieved (Amano et al. 2011). Uni et 7. Okajima, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, March (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb during the high tide, it becomes fixed ashore during As assumed by observers in 1925 and 1977 ings at shore into three categories: brash ice, block- Coastal topography In the 2005 Aidomari event, considerable research Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bul. 52: 1066-76. Yamada T.K., Uni Y, Amano M. et al. (2007) Biological ern Okhotsk Sea and considered criteria such as archived by the Japan Meteorological Agency kaido, two occurred off Etorofu Island, and one from an observer who was born in 1904 (Kanoh 1994). 1930‒1945 pers. comm., July 31, 2005). The event day and the al. (2005) reported that a female whale escaped from 19, 1958 o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- the low tide, especially on rocky coasts, i.e., it can Esashi and 1943 Rubetsu, the whales were possibly age, and re-touch types. Both blockage and re-touch All satellite images in Google Maps at the was conducted and several scientific papers were Kanoh, K. (1994) [Whale?]. Katsuraoka Shizen Shimbun indices obtained from a pod of killer whales weather, tidal range, sea ice behavior, and coastal (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l occurred off Sakhalin (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The serial The observer recalled that a group of killer whales This event occurred on the northern coast of day before were not a day of large tidal range, and the sea ice floe on the next morning. The nine This event occurred on the morning of March figuration of the location was a rocky beach as easily catch sea ice cakes. In this situation, whales trapped in a sea ice cakes when the sea ice floes came types were attributed to converging of large and event locations show the sea floors. The sea floors at published (Kajiwara et al. 2006, Yamada et al. 2007, (private print), 25: 1‒2. Otaru. (in Japanese).［桂岡 自 entrapped by sea ice off northern Japan. Paper topography with reviews of responses by locals. ev_var/index_hourly.php) and Google Maps. Further - number in the table and figure followed was the same came very close to the rocky coast “Sosetsu-no-hama” the Shari Town Center, Eastern Hokkaido. It is only the low tide came at 10:00 pm for both days as per retrieved carcasses comprised one adult male, five 19, 1958, on a rocky coast in southern Esashi, “Oka- observed using Google Maps. cannot escape from sea-ice heap. back ashore after it had gone away from the coast thick ice cakes at the shore, whereas brash ice type the 1925 and 1958 Esashi, 2005 Aidomari and Bettobu, Amano et al. 2011). Note that no scientific research 然新聞］ SC/59/SM12 presented to the Scientific Committee, as that of Uni et al. (2005). Four events were recorded while trying to avoid an incoming sea ice floe. He recorded in a couple of paper prints from the same the historical tide height of Hanasaki adult females, and three calves (one male and two jima.” A group of 10 whales was trapped in sea ice and left in open water. During these events, the locals occurs with “brash ice,” which is accumulations of and 2016 Sakhalin events were rocky, whereas sandy was reported for the 20th-century events; however, a Sato, H., Ishikawa S., Ezaki, I., Sasamori, K., Takahashi, International Whaling Commission, Anchorage. in the Marine Mammal Stranding Database. The event killed a whale using a Japanese sword to get whale negative that were preserved in the Shiretoko Museum (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide females), while the large whales were necropsied on- floes and approximately seven or eight whales were Discussion Sea ice behavior and condition stood on the sea ice cakes to hunt the whales, i.e., the floating ice made up of fragments not more than 2 m sea floors were reported at the 1940 Shari, 1943 skeleton was collected by the Otaru Aquarium in the T., Masuda, Y., and Yoshida, T. (2006) Opportunistic Newspapers (in Japanese) 1）Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan 2）Ice Covered Sea Laboratory, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kohen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan accounts are described in the following paragraphs. meat. The whales were then sold to a fish dealer in in Shari (Fig. 2). The image shows a large male killer /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1943/194303/org194303HN.txt site and calves were sent to the National Museum of taken by the locals with horses to obtain whale meat. All recorded ice-related strandings at the shore Sea ice behavior was reported from all the ice cakes were thick enough for people to walk on. across, the wreckage of other forms of ice (WMO Rubetsu, and 1977 Esashi events. It is possible that 1977 Esashi event. sighting‒basis trend of occurrence of Orcinus orca, The Asahi Shimbun. February, 6 1977［朝日新聞，

11 UNI Yoshikazu, TATEYAMA Kazutaka

Table 1. Ice-related stranding of killer whales at the shore in the southern Okhotsk Sea, off the coast of Hokkaido, Etorofu Island, and southern whale laying right-side down on a sled in the sea ice Accessed May 20, 2020). Nature and Science, Tokyo (Yamada et al. 2007). Some A local newspaper reported that the whales came in the study area were attributed to offshore formed rocky coasts can easily catch ice cakes compared to and their photographic identification catalog in 流氷の海岸で大捕物／閉じ込められたシャチ８頭／北海 Sakhalin between 1925 and 2016. Source: 1. Uni et al. 2017; 2. A photo archives of the Shiretoko Museum; 3: Yamada, I. 2000; 4: Uni et al. 2017; 5. Uni et al. 2005b; 6. The Mainichi Shimbun. March 4, 2005. Ermenko, N. (the natural reserve Kurilsky, pers.comm); 7. Uni et field, probably along the seacoast, and approximately 30 residents who lived close to the shore heard odd close to the beach with a re-beached ice floe (Soya ice floes; they never occurred with fast ice that sandy beaches and can possibly cause an ice-related Conclusions Shiretoko-Nemuro Strait water, Eastern Hokkaido, 道漁民らが仕とめる］ al. 2017; 8.The Siberian Times. April 20, 2016. * English newspaper articles reported the location as "Reidovo" men standing nearby and on the whale. This image 4. Shimo-horobetsu, Esashi, Northern Hok- noises in the early morning that day; later, they saw Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958), and the strand- formed from the coast. The causes of these events stranding, especially in the situation of small ice Ice-related stranding of killer whales at the Japan, 1990‒2005. Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum, The Hokkaido Shimbun. March 6, 1956［北海道新聞， Date of Number of Tidal Coast Note No observation Location whales Weather range Sea ice behavior topography appears to be a commemorative photo of a catch. One of kaido, February 5, 1977 the whales trapped in sea ice near the shore. This ing event occurred on the day when the ice floe regarding weather, tidal situation, sea ice behavior cakes. shore in the southern Okhotsk Sea occurred between 27: 9‒36. (in Japanese with English abstract)［佐藤晴 死んだイルカ五十数頭が漂着］ Mar. 21, Menashi-domari, Esashi, Strong wind Rushed ashore Two skulls are preserved 1 northen Hokkaido 13 and storm in Large Rocky (National Museum of the prints has a short note on the back that the whales This event occurred on the morning of Febru- event was observed and video recorded by local beached for the third time (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. and condition, and coastal topography are discussed early February and mid-April 1925 and 2016. All 子・石川聖・江崎逸郎・笹森琴絵・高橋俊男・増田泰・ The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 10, 1977［北海道新 1925 北海道枝幸町目梨泊（ソセツの浜） the day before by strong wind Nature and Science) were taken off Maehama and that the group comprised ary 5, 1977, at Shimo-horobetsu or "Wen-nai," on the researchers (Mass Stranding of Killer Whales in Sea March 23, 1958). (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, below. Frequency stranding events occurred in drift ice floes, and not in 吉田孝哉（2006）1990‒2005年の偶発的な目視情報に基 聞，七メートルの巨体、骨格標本／小樽水族館 捕獲 Maehama, Shari, A calf included, 2 1930‒1945 eastern Hokkaido 5 uk uk uk Sandy 北海道斜里町前浜 no specimens five whales including one calf. The image was taken by southern coast of Esashi Town, In the morning at 8:00 Ice off Shiretoko, 1958). A skull maintained by a village man was later Uni et al. (2005) reported seven ice-related fast ice. The thickness and density of sea ice floes づく，知床・根室海峡海域におけるシャチ（Orcinus orca） のシャチを解体］ a photo studio in the town, which was established in the am, eight dorsal fins were observed from the coast, so https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPRLHyfZaOM& transferred to another person who wished to obtain it Weather strandings of killer whales at the shore in the south- were different among events from the main ice floe to の出現傾向と写真識別カタログ. 知床博物館研究報告 , The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 12, 1977［北海道新 Mar. 18, Tanne-moi, Rubetsu, Strong wind Swept out and 3 Etorofu Is. 13 in the night Large coverd up a small Sandy No specimens 1943 択捉島留別村丹根萌コトブツ before bay completely middle or late 1930s, and the policeman in the photo the local fishermen approached the whales in boats to t=83s Accessed May 20, 2020). As per the recent tide for religious purposes. At present, the skull is housed The ice-related strandings occurred between ernmost Okhotsk Sea between 1925 and 2005 and con- small ice floe fragment in a geological scale from a 27: 9‒36.］ 聞，流氷バックに大活劇 シャチ生け捕り／寒さこらえ観 wore a uniform with a stand-up collar, which was used obtain whale meat. They tied the whale flukes with height data at Abashiri and Hanasaki, February 7, at the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI (Uni et al. 2017). As early February and mid-April, i.e., the events large ice cake to brash ice debris. Such an event was Uni Y, Aota M., and Tateyama K. (2005) Ice- 客五百人／たっぷり４時間／珍味もたんのう］ Feb. 5, Shimo-horobetsu, Esashi, Strong wind Beached to the 2 males, 6 females, sidered that it occurred roughly once per decade. The 4 northern Hokkaido 8 in the night Large coast second time Sandy 1 fetus; a skull preserved 1977 北海道枝幸町下幌別ウエンナイ before (Otaru Aquarium) until the end of WWII in 1945. Therefore, the image was ropes to pull them up to the coast using a bulldozer. was a day of spring tide and the low tide came at 9:00 per historical tide height archives at Abashiri, the occurred in the late winter or early spring in the 2014). While stranded killer whales survived a few coastline of the study area is scarce habitation and observed roughly once per decade. Moreover, these entrapment of killer whales in the Sea of Okhotsk. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958［宗谷日報，

Introduction Materials and Methods Feb. 7, Aidomari, Rausu, Weak wind First day of 1 male, 5 females, the village and locals consumed the whale meat. surely taken between 1930 and 1945. The whales were still alive when the locals arrived on pm; furthermore, the tidal range reached 136 cm at 18th and 19th were days with small tidal ranges of 55 region and seasonal winds generally blow from the days or longer in two types (blockage and re-touch) in uninhabited in place. It is possible that unobserved events are rare; however, they are sometimes experi- Poster presented at 16th Biennial Conference on 枝幸でいるか退治／思はぬ流氷の贈り物］ 5 2005 eastern Hokkaido 11 or 12 in the night Large rushed ashore Rocky 3 calves, necropsied; Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have a cosmopolitan This study is based on a poster presentation 北海道羅臼町相泊 before Brash ice type Moreover, whale meat was obtained from the stom- Although the short note did not mention the the coast. The whale group comprised eight whales: Abashiri and 145 cm at Hanasaki and 67 cm, and the low tide came at 9:00 pm on the north during that period. All the locations of the the Okhotsk Sea and a few weeks in off-shore ice events occurred in the period. In this study, eight enced by humans living in the study area either by the Biology of Marine Mammals, San Diego, CA, USA. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, 1958［宗谷日報， distribution, are commonly found in pack ice, and may for the 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Feb. 27, Bettobu, Shana*, Beached to the ach of a stranded whale and was salted for preserva- cause of the death, we consider the whales died by an such events were reported in 90 years from 1925, and direct observation or by news media. 6 Etorofu Is. 6 uk Large Rocky No specimens two males and six females (The Hokkaido Shimbun, (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb 18th and at 8:00 am on the 19th events were on the northern coast except the 2005 entrapment in North America (Westdal et al. 2017), http://nodaiweb.university.jp/muse/unisan/data/bc 流氷も悪くない／「シヤチ」退治の攻防戦］ 2005 択捉島紗那村別飛 coast first time extend their range into ice-covered water in the Ant- Marine Mammals in San Diego in 2005 (Uni et al. tion. The whale group comprised 13 whales that ice-related stranding because the death occurred in a February 12, 1977). One carcass was dissected at the o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l Aidomari event. Strong winds or storms were they died quickly within a day in brash ice-type the frequency of observation of such events was mm/bcmm_akw.html. Accessed May 20, 2020 Mar. 19, Okajima, Esashi, Beached to the a skull preserved arctic. In the southern Okhotsk Sea, which contains 2005). The study area was the southernmost Okhotsk 7 northern Hokkaido 10 uk Small Rocky (Okhotsk Museum included males and females, of which two whales sea-ice field at the shore because of mass stranding as site while the skeleton was sent to the Otaru ev_var/sea_lev_var.php accessed May 20, 2020). reported a day before or on the day of the events stranding, which was seen only at Aidomari in 2005. roughly once per decade. Acknowledgements Uni, Y., Kano, K. and Murayama, Y. (2017) Ice- オホーツク海南部の沿岸で発生した流氷によるシャチの 1958 北海道枝幸町岡島熊石 coast third time ESASHI) the most southern offshore formation sea ice in the Sea, along the coast of southern Sakhalin, Hokkaido were able to escape. The weather and sea ice con- there can be no other reasonable cause of death for a Aquarium in Hokkaido as a specimen (The Hokkaido 6. Bettobu, Shana, Etorofu Island, February 27, There is no sex or age information for the whales. (e.g., 1925 Esashi event, 1943 Rubetsu event, and 2016 In the 2005 Aidomari event, on-site and labo- We thank KANOH Kazuko, MURAYAMA entrapment of killer whales in the southern Ok スト ラ ン ディン グ Starodubskoe [Стародубское], 3 whales including Apr. 19, southern Sakhalin Strong wind Fragment of ice 1 calf escaped alive, northern hemisphere, killer whales are often seen and Etorofu Island, between 44 ° and 50°N and 142 ° 8 4 or more in the night Small floe beached Rocky ditions were reported by local newspapers; there was group of killer whales. Shimbun, February 10, 1977). Moreover, this event 2005 Sakhalin event), moderate winds were recorded on events, except the 1930‒1945 Shari event. The strand- ratory necropsy demonstrated that all whales had The response of local residents Yoshiko, TAKABATAKE Takamune , YAMADA hotsk Sea, off Esashi, Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of 宇仁義和 1 舘山一孝 2 2016 サハリン州スタロドフスコエ before to the coast and 1 male was rescued, close to the sea ice during winter and early spring and 148 °E. Information was collected for each event 旧豊原支庁豊栄郡栄浜村栄浜 no specimens a heavy snowstorm that led to the stoppage of rail- was reported in a nationwide newspaper with the This event occurred on the morning of Febru- 8. Starodubskoe [Стародубское], the day of the 1977 Esashi event, and no data were ing events occurred when sea ice floe beached for the abundant stomach contents, and there were no The typical response of local residents in the Isamu, SODA Kiyomi, and OHASHI Takehiro for the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, 7·8: 17‒23. (in Japa 1 東京農業大学生物産業学部 099-2493 北海道網走市 (Sato et al. 2006). On February 7, 2005, an ice-related using the following materials: the Marine Mammal more, for recent events, satellite imagery of sea ice way services with thick sea ice observed in the Soya 3. Tanne-moi, Rubetsu, Etorofu Island, March description of a female having a 1.5-m fetus (The ary 27, 2005, in Bettobu, Shana Village*, off the north- southern Sakhalin, April 19, 2016 reported for the 1930‒1945 Shari event and the 1958 first time in the season at the 2005 Aidomari and reports of sickness or parasitic infection that could 20th-century events was to take whales and obtain reporting historical events, IMAI Hideo, SAKABE nese)［宇仁義和・狩野和子・村山良子（2017）流氷 八坂 196 mass stranding of killer whales occurred at Aidomari Stranding Database created by the National Museum that occurred in and after 2005 in the Okhotsk Sea Strait (Uni et al. 2017). According to the historical tide 18, 1943 Asahi Shimbun, February 6, 1977). As per the histori- ern coast of Etorofu Islamnd. Six whales had been This event occurred on the morning of April Esashi event. Weak winds were recorded on the day probably Bettobu events, the second time with the Satellite images were obtained for the 2016 have led to their death. Ice-related stranding with whale meat for their consumption. In 1925, 1958, and Minako, and ASANO Yumi for shooting videos in the によって北海道枝幸町に集団座礁したシャチの記録 . 枝 2 北見工業大学工学部 090-8507 北見市公園町 165 in Rausu town in the Shiretoko Peninsula (Eastern of Nature and Science in Tokyo, which is the most was obtained. Visible and microwave satellite imagery height archives in Hanasaki, Eastern Hokkaido facing This event occurred on the morning of March cal tide height archives at Abashiri, Eastern Hok- trapped in ice floes, and five whales died by March 3 19, 2016, off Starodubskoe, southern Sakhalin. Weather of the 2005 Aidomari event. Thus, strong north winds 1977 Esashi event, and the third time during the 1958 Starodubskoe event in south Sakhalin (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 quick death of killer whales was not attributed to any 1977 Esashi events, as well as the 1943 Rubetsu 2005 Aidomari event, N. Eremenko for comment to 幸研究 : 7･8: 17‒23.］ 番地 Hokkaido, Japan) and attracted great interest world- comprehensive database of marine mammal stranding were observed by the MODIS mounted on the NASA the Pacific Ocean, March 21, 1925, was a day of 18 (possibly in 1943) at “Tanne-moi” in the Rubetsu kaido, facing the Okhotsk Sea, the day before the (The Mainichi Shimbun. Mar. 4, 2005). Moreover, the conditions were severe the night before the event, converge the sea ice floe to the shore and induced Esashi event. Although details were not mentioned, shows the movement of the ice floe from two days pathological disabilities. Although six adult whales event, whales were taken or attempts were made to the 2005 Bettobu event. We also appreciate the collec- Westdal, K. H., Higdon, J. W. and Ferguson, S. H. wide. Before this event, only a few ice-related mass events in Japan launched satellite “Aqua” and the AMSR2 mounted on spring-tide; the low tide was recorded at 8:00 pm, and Village, close to the western end of Etorofu Island on event (February 4) was a day of spring-tide; further- newspaper reported that a rescue effort was and the wind had changed and blew the sea ice stranding events. We consider the Aidomari event we assumed that ice floes came ashore two or more before (left) and the day of the event (middle). It had no serious injuries, one of the three calves had a take them while they were alive; the image of tions of Wakkanai City Library, Shiretoko Museum, (2017) Review of killer whale (Orcinus orca) ice 要旨 strandings had been reported in the research commu- (https://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/research/db/zoolo the JAXA-launched satellite “GCOM-W.” The satellite the recorded tidal range was 98 cm the coast of the Okhotsk Sea (Yamada 2000). Yamada more, the low tide came at 10:00 pm, and the tidal attempted, but thick ice cakes prevented the whales straight ashore (The seattle pi. 23 Jan. 2017, occurred differently caused from others as mentioned times when the 1925 Esashi, 1943 Rubetsu, and 2016 appears that the sea ice floe was pushed ashore by fracture in its lower jaw with internal bleeding in its the1930‒1945 Shari event indicates consumption. Food Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, National Museum of entrapments and ice-related mortality events in the シャチは世界の海洋に広く分布し，季節海氷域や海氷が周 nity, e.g., 19 whales were stranded in Trinity Bay, gy/marmam/index.php); official history books of the imagery was provided by the Earth Observation (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide (2000) described that strong wind and storm had range reached 101 cm from escaping. Tide height data at Hanasaki indicated https://blog.seattlepi.com/candacewhiting/2017/01/23 below. Sakhalin events occurred. north winds; there were almost no sea ice floes off middle ear (Yamada et al. 2007). With the discovery of distribution for meat and fish was insufficient along Nature and Science, and an anonymous referee for Northern Hemisphere. Polar Biology, 40(7): 1467‒ 年見られる海域（多年氷域）にまで回遊する．沖合形成 Canada, in April 1957, and 2 whales were stranded off coastal municipals along the Okhotsk coast of Hok- Research Center of Japan Aerospace Exploration /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1925/192503/org192503HN.txt swept out sea ice from the small bay; then a few days (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l that the tidal range from the night of the 26th to the /courageous-rescue-of-killer-whales-trapped-among-ice- Although both strandings occurred on the first southern Sakhalin on the event day (right). This event pulmonary edemas, Yamada et al. (2007) concluded the Okhotsk Coast of Hokkaido and Etorofu Island helpful suggestions to the manuscript. 1473. 海氷が存在する最も低緯度のオホーツク海南部にもシャチは southwest Newfoundland in March 1975 (Mitchell and kaido; and related literature concerning sea ice in the Agency. Accessed May 20, 2020). The official tide height later, sea ice came back to the bay and completely ev_var/sea_lev_var.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The morning of the 27th was 97 cm; furthermore, the low floes-in-russia/ Accessed May 20, 2020). At least three Tidal situation day that sea ice came onshore in 2005 at Aidomari, as confirmed that a small fragment of sea-ice floe in geo- that eight of the nine whales suffered from respira- before the 1960s because the shortage of cold chain WMO [World Meteorological Organization] (2014) 普通に観察される．ところがこの海域の北海道，樺太（サ Reeves 1988). After the Aidomari event, based on a Okhotsk Sea. When we found a particular description, No survey was conducted for offshore ice archives contain data from December 1924; therefore, covered it. His little brother found 13 whales were coastal configuration of the location was sandy (Uni et tide on the 27th came at 12:00 am and 11:00 am whales, including a calf, managed to quickly escape, For all events, tidal situations were obtained, well as at Bettobu, which was reported a few days logical scale can cause ice-related stranding at the tory failure. We considered death in the 2005 Aid- and frozen food was uncommon for personal con- References Sea-Ice Nomenclature. ハリン），択捉島の沿岸では 1925‒2016 年に 8 件の漂流す literature search, Uni et al. (2005) compiled seven ice- extensive searches were made to seek evidence of entrapment in the Okhotsk Sea. we could not obtain data of March 1924. The coastal trapped in sea ice floes at the northern tip of the bay, al. 2017). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb but one large male remained until the next morning. except for the 1930‒1945 Shari event, using historical after, satellite images demonstrated that these two shore. Moreover, in this case, the ice floe was a omari event to be caused by sea ice condition as sumption at that time. Such reactions in the local resi- Amano, M., Yamada, T. K., Brownell, R. L. Jr., and https://www.jcomm.info/index.php?option=com_oe る海氷（流氷）によるシャチのストランディングが観察されて Fig.1 Location of ice-related stranding of killer whales in the related strandings in the southern Okhotsk Sea off the event (e.g., newspaper articles, images, and speci- southern Okhotsk Sea, off the coast of Hokkaido, Etorofu configuration of the location was rocky, which which was named “Kotobutsu.” The largest whale o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- Then, a rescue effort was attempted, after which the tidal records archives from the Japan Meteorological events can be attributed to different ice conditions. narrow fragment; therefore, the rescue operation was brash ice. The whales were embedded among brash dent were as subsistence taking. In the 1977 Esashi Uni, Y. (2011) Age determination and reproductive &task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=14598 いる．これはおおよそ10 年に 1 度の頻度である．座礁を起 Island, and southern Sakhalin between 1925 and 2016. The Hokkaido and Etorofu Island. Furthermore, Uni et al. mens). If there was an observer of the event, we Results numbers are reported in Table 1. matched the observer’ s account. Although this event appeared to be 5‒6 m in length, whereas others 5. Aidomari, Rausu, Eastern Hokkaido, February figuration of the location was a rocky beach. The last whale fled into open water (The Siberian Times 20 Agency. The 1925 Esashi and 2005 Aidomari events The Aidomari event was induced by an ice floe that successful in helping a male flee, and the other three ice that filled the area from the bottom to the sea sur- event, all whales were sold to a marine-related prod- traits of killer whales entrapped in ice off Aidomari, Yamada, I. (2000) [Sea Ice of my home Etorofu Is. Ice こした流氷の厚みや密度はさまざまで，流氷原の本体から (2017) included certain concrete evidence and made a arranged an interview with them. In addition to the We identified eight instances of ice-related occurred about 115 years ago, two skulls (one male appeared to be smaller. His elder brother tried to 7, 2005 whale died on the next day, and no specimens were April 2016 occurred on the day of spring tide, whereas the other was a front mass separated from the main ice floe whales could escape by themselves before the rescue face; the whales became immobilized and stranded in ucts company and a small portion of whale meat was Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(2): 275‒ trapped whales], pp. 36–40. In: Okhotsk Culture Group 先端部，さらには流氷原の切れ端の場合があり，氷の大き small correction to the previous study. To consider abovementioned materials, we used direct observa- strandings at the shore of killer whales with support- 1. Menashi-domari, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, and one female) were kept in the house garden of his secure a whale using wire; however, three days later, This event occurred in the early morning of preserved from this event (Eremenko, N.A., pers. https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/n0649- three events (1943 Rubetsu, 1977 Esashi, and 2005 and just touched the coast, whereas the Bettobu event. ice. When the low tide came and seawater went out, used for local consumption. 282. (ed.) [Our Sea Ice to be carried to the 21th Century]. さも大きな氷盤から砕け氷まであった．シャチの座礁に対す future responses to stranding events, Westdal et al. tions and video analysis for the recent events. For ing evidence in the study area between 1925 and March 21, 1925 (or 1924) niece (Kanoh 1994), which are now stored at the another strong wind swept all the whales and sea ice February 7, 2005, at a rocky coast off Aidomari in comm. Nov. 30, 2005). heroic- rescue-saveswhalestrapped-by-floating-ice-off- Bettobu) occurred on large tidal range days. A large event, which was found 4 or 5 days after the first day they were left on the debris of brash ice; then, their In the 21st century, the response of local resi- Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Kamikawa, S., Ochi, Y., Abashiri. (in Japanese). 278pp.［山田勇「故郷エトロフの る住民の対応は 1970 年代までは食料利用であったが，21 (2016) reviewed 17 ice-related strandings both onshore each event, causes of ice-related stranding regarding 2016. All these events included mass strandings of The event occurred on March 21 in either 1925 National Museum of Nature and Science since 2005 from the bay. All the whales died within three days. Rausu Town on the eastern coast of the Shiretoko * English newspaper articles reported the location as sakhalin-island/ Accessed May 20, 2020). As per tidal range plays an important role in ice-related of sea ice floe onshore (on February 22 or 23), was Choked hypothesis for the 2005 Aidomari body weight choked their throats and lungs, and they dents to the event was completely different, rescue Yano, S. and Tanabe, S. (2006) Organohalogen and 流氷̶流氷にはさまれたクジラ」オホーツク文化の会編 世紀には救出活動が試みられるなど劇的に変化した． and offshore ice entrapment in and before 2013 in the weather, sea ice behavior, tide height, and coastal con- between 4 and 13 individuals. Stranding events were or 1924 on the northern coast of Esashi Town, (YAMADA Tadasu K., pers. comm.). Yamada recalled that this was the only known event Peninsula, Eastern Hokkaido. The group comprised 11 “Reidovo” recent tide height data at Abashiri, the 18th and 19th stranding with drift ice near and at the shore. When caused by a main sea ice floe with thick and large ice event suffocated to death (Fig. 5). efforts were attempted in all recent events, i.e., in organotin compounds in killer whales mass- （2000）21世紀へ伝えたい私の流氷 . オホーツク文化の northern hemisphere. This study compiled ice-related figuration were discussed. To evaluate stranding observed approximately once per decade between “Menashi-domari,” Northern Hokkaido. A short article of ice entrapment of killer whales at Etorofu Island to or 12 whales that were stranded, from which nine were days with small tidal ranges of <40 cm sea ice comes ashore and moves by wind or current cakes (Fig. 3). Uni et al. (2005) defined sea ice-related strand- 2005 at Aidomari and Bettobu and in 2016 at Sakhalin. stranded in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, 会 , 網走 .］ strandings at the shore of killer whales in the south- causes using these criteria, we used tide height data early February and mid-March; five occurred off Hok- in a community newsletter reported an interview 2. Maehama, Shari, Eastern Hokkaido, ca. date, and the seafloor was sandy (Yamada Isamu, carcasses were retrieved (Amano et al. 2011). Uni et 7. Okajima, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, March (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb during the high tide, it becomes fixed ashore during As assumed by observers in 1925 and 1977 ings at shore into three categories: brash ice, block- Coastal topography In the 2005 Aidomari event, considerable research Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bul. 52: 1066-76. Yamada T.K., Uni Y, Amano M. et al. (2007) Biological ern Okhotsk Sea and considered criteria such as archived by the Japan Meteorological Agency kaido, two occurred off Etorofu Island, and one from an observer who was born in 1904 (Kanoh 1994). 1930‒1945 pers. comm., July 31, 2005). The event day and the al. (2005) reported that a female whale escaped from 19, 1958 o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- the low tide, especially on rocky coasts, i.e., it can Esashi and 1943 Rubetsu, the whales were possibly age, and re-touch types. Both blockage and re-touch All satellite images in Google Maps at the was conducted and several scientific papers were Kanoh, K. (1994) [Whale?]. Katsuraoka Shizen Shimbun indices obtained from a pod of killer whales weather, tidal range, sea ice behavior, and coastal (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l occurred off Sakhalin (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The serial The observer recalled that a group of killer whales This event occurred on the northern coast of day before were not a day of large tidal range, and the sea ice floe on the next morning. The nine This event occurred on the morning of March figuration of the location was a rocky beach as easily catch sea ice cakes. In this situation, whales trapped in a sea ice cakes when the sea ice floes came types were attributed to converging of large and event locations show the sea floors. The sea floors at published (Kajiwara et al. 2006, Yamada et al. 2007, (private print), 25: 1‒2. Otaru. (in Japanese).［桂岡 自 entrapped by sea ice off northern Japan. Paper topography with reviews of responses by locals. ev_var/index_hourly.php) and Google Maps. Further - number in the table and figure followed was the same came very close to the rocky coast “Sosetsu-no-hama” the Shari Town Center, Eastern Hokkaido. It is only the low tide came at 10:00 pm for both days as per retrieved carcasses comprised one adult male, five 19, 1958, on a rocky coast in southern Esashi, “Oka- observed using Google Maps. cannot escape from sea-ice heap. back ashore after it had gone away from the coast thick ice cakes at the shore, whereas brash ice type the 1925 and 1958 Esashi, 2005 Aidomari and Bettobu, Amano et al. 2011). Note that no scientific research 然新聞］ SC/59/SM12 presented to the Scientific Committee, as that of Uni et al. (2005). Four events were recorded while trying to avoid an incoming sea ice floe. He recorded in a couple of paper prints from the same the historical tide height of Hanasaki adult females, and three calves (one male and two jima.” A group of 10 whales was trapped in sea ice and left in open water. During these events, the locals occurs with “brash ice,” which is accumulations of and 2016 Sakhalin events were rocky, whereas sandy was reported for the 20th-century events; however, a Sato, H., Ishikawa S., Ezaki, I., Sasamori, K., Takahashi, International Whaling Commission, Anchorage. in the Marine Mammal Stranding Database. The event killed a whale using a Japanese sword to get whale negative that were preserved in the Shiretoko Museum (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide females), while the large whales were necropsied on- floes and approximately seven or eight whales were Discussion Sea ice behavior and condition stood on the sea ice cakes to hunt the whales, i.e., the floating ice made up of fragments not more than 2 m sea floors were reported at the 1940 Shari, 1943 skeleton was collected by the Otaru Aquarium in the T., Masuda, Y., and Yoshida, T. (2006) Opportunistic Newspapers (in Japanese) accounts are described in the following paragraphs. meat. The whales were then sold to a fish dealer in in Shari (Fig. 2). The image shows a large male killer /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1943/194303/org194303HN.txt site and calves were sent to the National Museum of taken by the locals with horses to obtain whale meat. All recorded ice-related strandings at the shore Sea ice behavior was reported from all the ice cakes were thick enough for people to walk on. across, the wreckage of other forms of ice (WMO Rubetsu, and 1977 Esashi events. It is possible that 1977 Esashi event. sighting‒basis trend of occurrence of Orcinus orca, The Asahi Shimbun. February, 6 1977［朝日新聞，

12 Ice-related Strandings of Killer Whales at Shore in the Southern Okhotsk Sea

whale laying right-side down on a sled in the sea ice Accessed May 20, 2020). Nature and Science, Tokyo (Yamada et al. 2007). Some A local newspaper reported that the whales came in the study area were attributed to offshore formed rocky coasts can easily catch ice cakes compared to and their photographic identification catalog in 流氷の海岸で大捕物／閉じ込められたシャチ８頭／北海 field, probably along the seacoast, and approximately 30 residents who lived close to the shore heard odd close to the beach with a re-beached ice floe (Soya ice floes; they never occurred with fast ice that sandy beaches and can possibly cause an ice-related Conclusions Shiretoko-Nemuro Strait water, Eastern Hokkaido, 道漁民らが仕とめる］ men standing nearby and on the whale. This image 4. Shimo-horobetsu, Esashi, Northern Hok- noises in the early morning that day; later, they saw Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958), and the strand- formed from the coast. The causes of these events stranding, especially in the situation of small ice Ice-related stranding of killer whales at the Japan, 1990‒2005. Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum, The Hokkaido Shimbun. March 6, 1956［北海道新聞， appears to be a commemorative photo of a catch. One of kaido, February 5, 1977 the whales trapped in sea ice near the shore. This ing event occurred on the day when the ice floe regarding weather, tidal situation, sea ice behavior cakes. shore in the southern Okhotsk Sea occurred between 27: 9‒36. (in Japanese with English abstract)［佐藤晴 死んだイルカ五十数頭が漂着］ the prints has a short note on the back that the whales This event occurred on the morning of Febru- event was observed and video recorded by local beached for the third time (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. and condition, and coastal topography are discussed early February and mid-April 1925 and 2016. All 子・石川聖・江崎逸郎・笹森琴絵・高橋俊男・増田泰・ The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 10, 1977［北海道新 were taken off Maehama and that the group comprised ary 5, 1977, at Shimo-horobetsu or "Wen-nai," on the researchers (Mass Stranding of Killer Whales in Sea March 23, 1958). (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, below. Frequency stranding events occurred in drift ice floes, and not in 吉田孝哉（2006）1990‒2005年の偶発的な目視情報に基 聞，七メートルの巨体、骨格標本／小樽水族館 捕獲 five whales including one calf. The image was taken by southern coast of Esashi Town, In the morning at 8:00 Ice off Shiretoko, 1958). A skull maintained by a village man was later Uni et al. (2005) reported seven ice-related fast ice. The thickness and density of sea ice floes づく，知床・根室海峡海域におけるシャチ（Orcinus orca） のシャチを解体］ a photo studio in the town, which was established in the am, eight dorsal fins were observed from the coast, so https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPRLHyfZaOM& transferred to another person who wished to obtain it Weather strandings of killer whales at the shore in the south- were different among events from the main ice floe to の出現傾向と写真識別カタログ. 知床博物館研究報告 , The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 12, 1977［北海道新 middle or late 1930s, and the policeman in the photo the local fishermen approached the whales in boats to t=83s Accessed May 20, 2020). As per the recent tide for religious purposes. At present, the skull is housed The ice-related strandings occurred between ernmost Okhotsk Sea between 1925 and 2005 and con- small ice floe fragment in a geological scale from a 27: 9‒36.］ 聞，流氷バックに大活劇 シャチ生け捕り／寒さこらえ観

Fig.2 A celebratory photo of the Shari event (ca. 1930‒1945) wore a uniform with a stand-up collar, which was used obtain whale meat. They tied the whale flukes with height data at Abashiri and Hanasaki, February 7, at the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI (Uni et al. 2017). As early February and mid-April, i.e., the events sidered that it occurred roughly once per decade. The large ice cake to brash ice debris. Such an event was Uni Y, Aota M., and Tateyama K. (2005) Ice- 客五百人／たっぷり４時間／珍味もたんのう］ until the end of WWII in 1945. Therefore, the image was ropes to pull them up to the coast using a bulldozer. was a day of spring tide and the low tide came at 9:00 per historical tide height archives at Abashiri, the occurred in the late winter or early spring in the 2014). While stranded killer whales survived a few coastline of the study area is scarce habitation and observed roughly once per decade. Moreover, these entrapment of killer whales in the Sea of Okhotsk. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958［宗谷日報， Introduction Materials and Methods the village and locals consumed the whale meat. surely taken between 1930 and 1945. The whales were still alive when the locals arrived on pm; furthermore, the tidal range reached 136 cm at 18th and 19th were days with small tidal ranges of 55 region and seasonal winds generally blow from the days or longer in two types (blockage and re-touch) in uninhabited in place. It is possible that unobserved events are rare; however, they are sometimes experi- Poster presented at 16th Biennial Conference on 枝幸でいるか退治／思はぬ流氷の贈り物］ Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have a cosmopolitan This study is based on a poster presentation Moreover, whale meat was obtained from the stom- Although the short note did not mention the the coast. The whale group comprised eight whales: Abashiri and 145 cm at Hanasaki and 67 cm, and the low tide came at 9:00 pm on the north during that period. All the locations of the the Okhotsk Sea and a few weeks in off-shore ice events occurred in the period. In this study, eight enced by humans living in the study area either by the Biology of Marine Mammals, San Diego, CA, USA. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, 1958［宗谷日報， distribution, are commonly found in pack ice, and may for the 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of ach of a stranded whale and was salted for preserva- cause of the death, we consider the whales died by an two males and six females (The Hokkaido Shimbun, (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb 18th and at 8:00 am on the 19th events were on the northern coast except the 2005 entrapment in North America (Westdal et al. 2017), such events were reported in 90 years from 1925, and direct observation or by news media. http://nodaiweb.university.jp/muse/unisan/data/bc 流氷も悪くない／「シヤチ」退治の攻防戦］ extend their range into ice-covered water in the Ant- Marine Mammals in San Diego in 2005 (Uni et al. tion. The whale group comprised 13 whales that ice-related stranding because the death occurred in a February 12, 1977). One carcass was dissected at the o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l Aidomari event. Strong winds or storms were they died quickly within a day in brash ice-type the frequency of observation of such events was mm/bcmm_akw.html. Accessed May 20, 2020 arctic. In the southern Okhotsk Sea, which contains 2005). The study area was the southernmost Okhotsk included males and females, of which two whales sea-ice field at the shore because of mass stranding as site while the skeleton was sent to the Otaru ev_var/sea_lev_var.php accessed May 20, 2020). reported a day before or on the day of the events stranding, which was seen only at Aidomari in 2005. roughly once per decade. Acknowledgements Uni, Y., Kano, K. and Murayama, Y. (2017) Ice- オホーツク海南部の沿岸で発生した流氷によるシャチの the most southern offshore formation sea ice in the Sea, along the coast of southern Sakhalin, Hokkaido were able to escape. The weather and sea ice con- there can be no other reasonable cause of death for a Aquarium in Hokkaido as a specimen (The Hokkaido 6. Bettobu, Shana, Etorofu Island, February 27, There is no sex or age information for the whales. (e.g., 1925 Esashi event, 1943 Rubetsu event, and 2016 In the 2005 Aidomari event, on-site and labo- We thank KANOH Kazuko, MURAYAMA entrapment of killer whales in the southern Ok スト ラ ン ディン グ northern hemisphere, killer whales are often seen and Etorofu Island, between 44 ° and 50°N and 142 ° ditions were reported by local newspapers; there was group of killer whales. Shimbun, February 10, 1977). Moreover, this event 2005 Sakhalin event), moderate winds were recorded on events, except the 1930‒1945 Shari event. The strand- ratory necropsy demonstrated that all whales had The response of local residents Yoshiko, TAKABATAKE Takamune , YAMADA hotsk Sea, off Esashi, Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of 宇仁義和 1 舘山一孝 2 close to the sea ice during winter and early spring and 148 °E. Information was collected for each event a heavy snowstorm that led to the stoppage of rail- was reported in a nationwide newspaper with the This event occurred on the morning of Febru- 8. Starodubskoe [Стародубское], the day of the 1977 Esashi event, and no data were ing events occurred when sea ice floe beached for the abundant stomach contents, and there were no The typical response of local residents in the Isamu, SODA Kiyomi, and OHASHI Takehiro for the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, 7·8: 17‒23. (in Japa 1 東京農業大学生物産業学部 099-2493 北海道網走市 (Sato et al. 2006). On February 7, 2005, an ice-related using the following materials: the Marine Mammal more, for recent events, satellite imagery of sea ice way services with thick sea ice observed in the Soya 3. Tanne-moi, Rubetsu, Etorofu Island, March description of a female having a 1.5-m fetus (The ary 27, 2005, in Bettobu, Shana Village*, off the north- southern Sakhalin, April 19, 2016 reported for the 1930‒1945 Shari event and the 1958 first time in the season at the 2005 Aidomari and reports of sickness or parasitic infection that could 20th-century events was to take whales and obtain reporting historical events, IMAI Hideo, SAKABE nese)［宇仁義和・狩野和子・村山良子（2017）流氷 八坂 196 mass stranding of killer whales occurred at Aidomari Stranding Database created by the National Museum that occurred in and after 2005 in the Okhotsk Sea Strait (Uni et al. 2017). According to the historical tide 18, 1943 Asahi Shimbun, February 6, 1977). As per the histori- ern coast of Etorofu Islamnd. Six whales had been This event occurred on the morning of April Esashi event. Weak winds were recorded on the day probably Bettobu events, the second time with the Satellite images were obtained for the 2016 have led to their death. Ice-related stranding with whale meat for their consumption. In 1925, 1958, and Minako, and ASANO Yumi for shooting videos in the によって北海道枝幸町に集団座礁したシャチの記録 . 枝 2 北見工業大学工学部 090-8507 北見市公園町 165 in Rausu town in the Shiretoko Peninsula (Eastern of Nature and Science in Tokyo, which is the most was obtained. Visible and microwave satellite imagery height archives in Hanasaki, Eastern Hokkaido facing This event occurred on the morning of March cal tide height archives at Abashiri, Eastern Hok- trapped in ice floes, and five whales died by March 3 19, 2016, off Starodubskoe, southern Sakhalin. Weather of the 2005 Aidomari event. Thus, strong north winds 1977 Esashi event, and the third time during the 1958 Starodubskoe event in south Sakhalin (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 quick death of killer whales was not attributed to any 1977 Esashi events, as well as the 1943 Rubetsu 2005 Aidomari event, N. Eremenko for comment to 幸研究 : 7･8: 17‒23.］ 番地 Hokkaido, Japan) and attracted great interest world- comprehensive database of marine mammal stranding were observed by the MODIS mounted on the NASA the Pacific Ocean, March 21, 1925, was a day of 18 (possibly in 1943) at “Tanne-moi” in the Rubetsu kaido, facing the Okhotsk Sea, the day before the (The Mainichi Shimbun. Mar. 4, 2005). Moreover, the conditions were severe the night before the event, converge the sea ice floe to the shore and induced Esashi event. Although details were not mentioned, shows the movement of the ice floe from two days pathological disabilities. Although six adult whales event, whales were taken or attempts were made to the 2005 Bettobu event. We also appreciate the collec- Westdal, K. H., Higdon, J. W. and Ferguson, S. H. wide. Before this event, only a few ice-related mass events in Japan launched satellite “Aqua” and the AMSR2 mounted on spring-tide; the low tide was recorded at 8:00 pm, and Village, close to the western end of Etorofu Island on event (February 4) was a day of spring-tide; further- newspaper reported that a rescue effort was and the wind had changed and blew the sea ice stranding events. We consider the Aidomari event we assumed that ice floes came ashore two or more before (left) and the day of the event (middle). It had no serious injuries, one of the three calves had a take them while they were alive; the image of tions of Wakkanai City Library, Shiretoko Museum, (2017) Review of killer whale (Orcinus orca) ice 要旨 strandings had been reported in the research commu- (https://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/research/db/zoolo the JAXA-launched satellite “GCOM-W.” The satellite the recorded tidal range was 98 cm the coast of the Okhotsk Sea (Yamada 2000). Yamada more, the low tide came at 10:00 pm, and the tidal attempted, but thick ice cakes prevented the whales straight ashore (The seattle pi. 23 Jan. 2017, occurred differently caused from others as mentioned times when the 1925 Esashi, 1943 Rubetsu, and 2016 appears that the sea ice floe was pushed ashore by fracture in its lower jaw with internal bleeding in its the1930‒1945 Shari event indicates consumption. Food Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, National Museum of entrapments and ice-related mortality events in the シャチは世界の海洋に広く分布し，季節海氷域や海氷が周 nity, e.g., 19 whales were stranded in Trinity Bay, gy/marmam/index.php); official history books of the imagery was provided by the Earth Observation (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide (2000) described that strong wind and storm had range reached 101 cm from escaping. Tide height data at Hanasaki indicated https://blog.seattlepi.com/candacewhiting/2017/01/23 below. Sakhalin events occurred. north winds; there were almost no sea ice floes off middle ear (Yamada et al. 2007). With the discovery of distribution for meat and fish was insufficient along Nature and Science, and an anonymous referee for Northern Hemisphere. Polar Biology, 40(7): 1467‒ 年見られる海域（多年氷域）にまで回遊する．沖合形成 Canada, in April 1957, and 2 whales were stranded off coastal municipals along the Okhotsk coast of Hok- Research Center of Japan Aerospace Exploration /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1925/192503/org192503HN.txt swept out sea ice from the small bay; then a few days (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l that the tidal range from the night of the 26th to the /courageous-rescue-of-killer-whales-trapped-among-ice- Although both strandings occurred on the first southern Sakhalin on the event day (right). This event pulmonary edemas, Yamada et al. (2007) concluded the Okhotsk Coast of Hokkaido and Etorofu Island helpful suggestions to the manuscript. 1473. 海氷が存在する最も低緯度のオホーツク海南部にもシャチは southwest Newfoundland in March 1975 (Mitchell and kaido; and related literature concerning sea ice in the Agency. Accessed May 20, 2020). The official tide height later, sea ice came back to the bay and completely ev_var/sea_lev_var.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The morning of the 27th was 97 cm; furthermore, the low floes-in-russia/ Accessed May 20, 2020). At least three Tidal situation day that sea ice came onshore in 2005 at Aidomari, as confirmed that a small fragment of sea-ice floe in geo- that eight of the nine whales suffered from respira- before the 1960s because the shortage of cold chain WMO [World Meteorological Organization] (2014) 普通に観察される．ところがこの海域の北海道，樺太（サ Reeves 1988). After the Aidomari event, based on a Okhotsk Sea. When we found a particular description, No survey was conducted for offshore ice archives contain data from December 1924; therefore, covered it. His little brother found 13 whales were coastal configuration of the location was sandy (Uni et tide on the 27th came at 12:00 am and 11:00 am whales, including a calf, managed to quickly escape, For all events, tidal situations were obtained, well as at Bettobu, which was reported a few days logical scale can cause ice-related stranding at the tory failure. We considered death in the 2005 Aid- and frozen food was uncommon for personal con- References Sea-Ice Nomenclature. ハリン），択捉島の沿岸では 1925‒2016 年に 8 件の漂流す literature search, Uni et al. (2005) compiled seven ice- extensive searches were made to seek evidence of entrapment in the Okhotsk Sea. we could not obtain data of March 1924. The coastal trapped in sea ice floes at the northern tip of the bay, al. 2017). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb but one large male remained until the next morning. except for the 1930‒1945 Shari event, using historical after, satellite images demonstrated that these two shore. Moreover, in this case, the ice floe was a omari event to be caused by sea ice condition as sumption at that time. Such reactions in the local resi- Amano, M., Yamada, T. K., Brownell, R. L. Jr., and https://www.jcomm.info/index.php?option=com_oe る海氷（流氷）によるシャチのストランディングが観察されて related strandings in the southern Okhotsk Sea off the event (e.g., newspaper articles, images, and speci- configuration of the location was rocky, which which was named “Kotobutsu.” The largest whale o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- Then, a rescue effort was attempted, after which the tidal records archives from the Japan Meteorological events can be attributed to different ice conditions. narrow fragment; therefore, the rescue operation was brash ice. The whales were embedded among brash dent were as subsistence taking. In the 1977 Esashi Uni, Y. (2011) Age determination and reproductive &task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=14598 いる．これはおおよそ10 年に 1 度の頻度である．座礁を起 Hokkaido and Etorofu Island. Furthermore, Uni et al. mens). If there was an observer of the event, we Results matched the observer’ s account. Although this event appeared to be 5‒6 m in length, whereas others 5. Aidomari, Rausu, Eastern Hokkaido, February figuration of the location was a rocky beach. The last whale fled into open water (The Siberian Times 20 Agency. The 1925 Esashi and 2005 Aidomari events The Aidomari event was induced by an ice floe that successful in helping a male flee, and the other three ice that filled the area from the bottom to the sea sur- event, all whales were sold to a marine-related prod- traits of killer whales entrapped in ice off Aidomari, Yamada, I. (2000) [Sea Ice of my home Etorofu Is. Ice こした流氷の厚みや密度はさまざまで，流氷原の本体から (2017) included certain concrete evidence and made a arranged an interview with them. In addition to the We identified eight instances of ice-related occurred about 115 years ago, two skulls (one male appeared to be smaller. His elder brother tried to 7, 2005 whale died on the next day, and no specimens were April 2016 occurred on the day of spring tide, whereas the other was a front mass separated from the main ice floe whales could escape by themselves before the rescue face; the whales became immobilized and stranded in ucts company and a small portion of whale meat was Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(2): 275‒ trapped whales], pp. 36–40. In: Okhotsk Culture Group 先端部，さらには流氷原の切れ端の場合があり，氷の大き small correction to the previous study. To consider abovementioned materials, we used direct observa- strandings at the shore of killer whales with support- 1. Menashi-domari, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, and one female) were kept in the house garden of his secure a whale using wire; however, three days later, This event occurred in the early morning of preserved from this event (Eremenko, N.A., pers. https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/n0649- three events (1943 Rubetsu, 1977 Esashi, and 2005 and just touched the coast, whereas the Bettobu event. ice. When the low tide came and seawater went out, used for local consumption. 282. (ed.) [Our Sea Ice to be carried to the 21th Century]. さも大きな氷盤から砕け氷まであった．シャチの座礁に対す future responses to stranding events, Westdal et al. tions and video analysis for the recent events. For ing evidence in the study area between 1925 and March 21, 1925 (or 1924) niece (Kanoh 1994), which are now stored at the another strong wind swept all the whales and sea ice February 7, 2005, at a rocky coast off Aidomari in comm. Nov. 30, 2005). heroic- rescue-saveswhalestrapped-by-floating-ice-off- Bettobu) occurred on large tidal range days. A large event, which was found 4 or 5 days after the first day they were left on the debris of brash ice; then, their In the 21st century, the response of local resi- Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Kamikawa, S., Ochi, Y., Abashiri. (in Japanese). 278pp.［山田勇「故郷エトロフの る住民の対応は 1970 年代までは食料利用であったが，21 (2016) reviewed 17 ice-related strandings both onshore each event, causes of ice-related stranding regarding 2016. All these events included mass strandings of The event occurred on March 21 in either 1925 National Museum of Nature and Science since 2005 from the bay. All the whales died within three days. Rausu Town on the eastern coast of the Shiretoko * English newspaper articles reported the location as sakhalin-island/ Accessed May 20, 2020). As per tidal range plays an important role in ice-related of sea ice floe onshore (on February 22 or 23), was Choked hypothesis for the 2005 Aidomari body weight choked their throats and lungs, and they dents to the event was completely different, rescue Yano, S. and Tanabe, S. (2006) Organohalogen and 流氷̶流氷にはさまれたクジラ」オホーツク文化の会編 世紀には救出活動が試みられるなど劇的に変化した． and offshore ice entrapment in and before 2013 in the weather, sea ice behavior, tide height, and coastal con- between 4 and 13 individuals. Stranding events were or 1924 on the northern coast of Esashi Town, (YAMADA Tadasu K., pers. comm.). Yamada recalled that this was the only known event Peninsula, Eastern Hokkaido. The group comprised 11 “Reidovo” recent tide height data at Abashiri, the 18th and 19th stranding with drift ice near and at the shore. When caused by a main sea ice floe with thick and large ice event suffocated to death (Fig. 5). efforts were attempted in all recent events, i.e., in organotin compounds in killer whales mass- （2000）21世紀へ伝えたい私の流氷 . オホーツク文化の northern hemisphere. This study compiled ice-related figuration were discussed. To evaluate stranding observed approximately once per decade between “Menashi-domari,” Northern Hokkaido. A short article of ice entrapment of killer whales at Etorofu Island to or 12 whales that were stranded, from which nine were days with small tidal ranges of <40 cm sea ice comes ashore and moves by wind or current cakes (Fig. 3). Uni et al. (2005) defined sea ice-related strand- 2005 at Aidomari and Bettobu and in 2016 at Sakhalin. stranded in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, 会 , 網走 .］ strandings at the shore of killer whales in the south- causes using these criteria, we used tide height data early February and mid-March; five occurred off Hok- in a community newsletter reported an interview 2. Maehama, Shari, Eastern Hokkaido, ca. date, and the seafloor was sandy (Yamada Isamu, carcasses were retrieved (Amano et al. 2011). Uni et 7. Okajima, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, March (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb during the high tide, it becomes fixed ashore during As assumed by observers in 1925 and 1977 ings at shore into three categories: brash ice, block- Coastal topography In the 2005 Aidomari event, considerable research Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bul. 52: 1066-76. Yamada T.K., Uni Y, Amano M. et al. (2007) Biological ern Okhotsk Sea and considered criteria such as archived by the Japan Meteorological Agency kaido, two occurred off Etorofu Island, and one from an observer who was born in 1904 (Kanoh 1994). 1930‒1945 pers. comm., July 31, 2005). The event day and the al. (2005) reported that a female whale escaped from 19, 1958 o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- the low tide, especially on rocky coasts, i.e., it can Esashi and 1943 Rubetsu, the whales were possibly age, and re-touch types. Both blockage and re-touch All satellite images in Google Maps at the was conducted and several scientific papers were Kanoh, K. (1994) [Whale?]. Katsuraoka Shizen Shimbun indices obtained from a pod of killer whales weather, tidal range, sea ice behavior, and coastal (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l occurred off Sakhalin (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The serial The observer recalled that a group of killer whales This event occurred on the northern coast of day before were not a day of large tidal range, and the sea ice floe on the next morning. The nine This event occurred on the morning of March figuration of the location was a rocky beach as easily catch sea ice cakes. In this situation, whales trapped in a sea ice cakes when the sea ice floes came types were attributed to converging of large and event locations show the sea floors. The sea floors at published (Kajiwara et al. 2006, Yamada et al. 2007, (private print), 25: 1‒2. Otaru. (in Japanese).［桂岡 自 entrapped by sea ice off northern Japan. Paper topography with reviews of responses by locals. ev_var/index_hourly.php) and Google Maps. Further - number in the table and figure followed was the same came very close to the rocky coast “Sosetsu-no-hama” the Shari Town Center, Eastern Hokkaido. It is only the low tide came at 10:00 pm for both days as per retrieved carcasses comprised one adult male, five 19, 1958, on a rocky coast in southern Esashi, “Oka- observed using Google Maps. cannot escape from sea-ice heap. back ashore after it had gone away from the coast thick ice cakes at the shore, whereas brash ice type the 1925 and 1958 Esashi, 2005 Aidomari and Bettobu, Amano et al. 2011). Note that no scientific research 然新聞］ SC/59/SM12 presented to the Scientific Committee, as that of Uni et al. (2005). Four events were recorded while trying to avoid an incoming sea ice floe. He recorded in a couple of paper prints from the same the historical tide height of Hanasaki adult females, and three calves (one male and two jima.” A group of 10 whales was trapped in sea ice and left in open water. During these events, the locals occurs with “brash ice,” which is accumulations of and 2016 Sakhalin events were rocky, whereas sandy was reported for the 20th-century events; however, a Sato, H., Ishikawa S., Ezaki, I., Sasamori, K., Takahashi, International Whaling Commission, Anchorage. in the Marine Mammal Stranding Database. The event killed a whale using a Japanese sword to get whale negative that were preserved in the Shiretoko Museum (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide females), while the large whales were necropsied on- floes and approximately seven or eight whales were Discussion Sea ice behavior and condition stood on the sea ice cakes to hunt the whales, i.e., the floating ice made up of fragments not more than 2 m sea floors were reported at the 1940 Shari, 1943 skeleton was collected by the Otaru Aquarium in the T., Masuda, Y., and Yoshida, T. (2006) Opportunistic Newspapers (in Japanese) accounts are described in the following paragraphs. meat. The whales were then sold to a fish dealer in in Shari (Fig. 2). The image shows a large male killer /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1943/194303/org194303HN.txt site and calves were sent to the National Museum of taken by the locals with horses to obtain whale meat. All recorded ice-related strandings at the shore Sea ice behavior was reported from all the ice cakes were thick enough for people to walk on. across, the wreckage of other forms of ice (WMO Rubetsu, and 1977 Esashi events. It is possible that 1977 Esashi event. sighting‒basis trend of occurrence of Orcinus orca, The Asahi Shimbun. February, 6 1977［朝日新聞，

13 UNI Yoshikazu, TATEYAMA Kazutaka whale laying right-side down on a sled in the sea ice Accessed May 20, 2020). Nature and Science, Tokyo (Yamada et al. 2007). Some A local newspaper reported that the whales came in the study area were attributed to offshore formed rocky coasts can easily catch ice cakes compared to and their photographic identification catalog in 流氷の海岸で大捕物／閉じ込められたシャチ８頭／北海 field, probably along the seacoast, and approximately 30 residents who lived close to the shore heard odd close to the beach with a re-beached ice floe (Soya ice floes; they never occurred with fast ice that sandy beaches and can possibly cause an ice-related Conclusions Shiretoko-Nemuro Strait water, Eastern Hokkaido, 道漁民らが仕とめる］ men standing nearby and on the whale. This image 4. Shimo-horobetsu, Esashi, Northern Hok- noises in the early morning that day; later, they saw Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958), and the strand- formed from the coast. The causes of these events stranding, especially in the situation of small ice Ice-related stranding of killer whales at the Japan, 1990‒2005. Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum, The Hokkaido Shimbun. March 6, 1956［北海道新聞， appears to be a commemorative photo of a catch. One of kaido, February 5, 1977 the whales trapped in sea ice near the shore. This ing event occurred on the day when the ice floe regarding weather, tidal situation, sea ice behavior cakes. shore in the southern Okhotsk Sea occurred between 27: 9‒36. (in Japanese with English abstract)［佐藤晴 死んだイルカ五十数頭が漂着］ the prints has a short note on the back that the whales This event occurred on the morning of Febru- event was observed and video recorded by local beached for the third time (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. and condition, and coastal topography are discussed early February and mid-April 1925 and 2016. All 子・石川聖・江崎逸郎・笹森琴絵・高橋俊男・増田泰・ The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 10, 1977［北海道新 were taken off Maehama and that the group comprised ary 5, 1977, at Shimo-horobetsu or "Wen-nai," on the researchers (Mass Stranding of Killer Whales in Sea March 23, 1958). (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, below. Frequency stranding events occurred in drift ice floes, and not in 吉田孝哉（2006）1990‒2005年の偶発的な目視情報に基 聞，七メートルの巨体、骨格標本／小樽水族館 捕獲 five whales including one calf. The image was taken by southern coast of Esashi Town, In the morning at 8:00 Ice off Shiretoko, 1958). A skull maintained by a village man was later Uni et al. (2005) reported seven ice-related fast ice. The thickness and density of sea ice floes づく，知床・根室海峡海域におけるシャチ（Orcinus orca） のシャチを解体］ a photo studio in the town, which was established in the am, eight dorsal fins were observed from the coast, so https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPRLHyfZaOM& transferred to another person who wished to obtain it Weather strandings of killer whales at the shore in the south- were different among events from the main ice floe to の出現傾向と写真識別カタログ. 知床博物館研究報告 , The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 12, 1977［北海道新 middle or late 1930s, and the policeman in the photo the local fishermen approached the whales in boats to t=83s Accessed May 20, 2020). As per the recent tide for religious purposes. At present, the skull is housed The ice-related strandings occurred between ernmost Okhotsk Sea between 1925 and 2005 and con- small ice floe fragment in a geological scale from a 27: 9‒36.］ 聞，流氷バックに大活劇 シャチ生け捕り／寒さこらえ観 wore a uniform with a stand-up collar, which was used obtain whale meat. They tied the whale flukes with height data at Abashiri and Hanasaki, February 7, at the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI (Uni et al. 2017). As early February and mid-April, i.e., the events sidered that it occurred roughly once per decade. The large ice cake to brash ice debris. Such an event was Uni Y, Aota M., and Tateyama K. (2005) Ice- 客五百人／たっぷり４時間／珍味もたんのう］ until the end of WWII in 1945. Therefore, the image was ropes to pull them up to the coast using a bulldozer. was a day of spring tide and the low tide came at 9:00 per historical tide height archives at Abashiri, the occurred in the late winter or early spring in the 2014). While stranded killer whales survived a few coastline of the study area is scarce habitation and observed roughly once per decade. Moreover, these entrapment of killer whales in the Sea of Okhotsk. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958［宗谷日報， Introduction Materials and Methods the village and locals consumed the whale meat. surely taken between 1930 and 1945. The whales were still alive when the locals arrived on pm; furthermore, the tidal range reached 136 cm at 18th and 19th were days with small tidal ranges of 55 region and seasonal winds generally blow from the days or longer in two types (blockage and re-touch) in uninhabited in place. It is possible that unobserved events are rare; however, they are sometimes experi- Poster presented at 16th Biennial Conference on 枝幸でいるか退治／思はぬ流氷の贈り物］ Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have a cosmopolitan This study is based on a poster presentation Moreover, whale meat was obtained from the stom- Although the short note did not mention the the coast. The whale group comprised eight whales: Abashiri and 145 cm at Hanasaki and 67 cm, and the low tide came at 9:00 pm on the north during that period. All the locations of the the Okhotsk Sea and a few weeks in off-shore ice events occurred in the period. In this study, eight enced by humans living in the study area either by the Biology of Marine Mammals, San Diego, CA, USA. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, 1958［宗谷日報， distribution, are commonly found in pack ice, and may for the 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of ach of a stranded whale and was salted for preserva- cause of the death, we consider the whales died by an two males and six females (The Hokkaido Shimbun, (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb 18th and at 8:00 am on the 19th events were on the northern coast except the 2005 entrapment in North America (Westdal et al. 2017), such events were reported in 90 years from 1925, and direct observation or by news media. http://nodaiweb.university.jp/muse/unisan/data/bc 流氷も悪くない／「シヤチ」退治の攻防戦］ extend their range into ice-covered water in the Ant- Marine Mammals in San Diego in 2005 (Uni et al. tion. The whale group comprised 13 whales that ice-related stranding because the death occurred in a February 12, 1977). One carcass was dissected at the o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l Aidomari event. Strong winds or storms were they died quickly within a day in brash ice-type the frequency of observation of such events was mm/bcmm_akw.html. Accessed May 20, 2020 arctic. In the southern Okhotsk Sea, which contains 2005). The study area was the southernmost Okhotsk included males and females, of which two whales sea-ice field at the shore because of mass stranding as site while the skeleton was sent to the Otaru ev_var/sea_lev_var.php accessed May 20, 2020). reported a day before or on the day of the events stranding, which was seen only at Aidomari in 2005. roughly once per decade. Acknowledgements Uni, Y., Kano, K. and Murayama, Y. (2017) Ice- オホーツク海南部の沿岸で発生した流氷によるシャチの the most southern offshore formation sea ice in the Sea, along the coast of southern Sakhalin, Hokkaido were able to escape. The weather and sea ice con- there can be no other reasonable cause of death for a Aquarium in Hokkaido as a specimen (The Hokkaido 6. Bettobu, Shana, Etorofu Island, February 27, There is no sex or age information for the whales. (e.g., 1925 Esashi event, 1943 Rubetsu event, and 2016 In the 2005 Aidomari event, on-site and labo- We thank KANOH Kazuko, MURAYAMA entrapment of killer whales in the southern Ok スト ラ ン ディン グ northern hemisphere, killer whales are often seen and Etorofu Island, between 44 ° and 50°N and 142 ° ditions were reported by local newspapers; there was group of killer whales. Shimbun, February 10, 1977). Moreover, this event 2005 Sakhalin event), moderate winds were recorded on events, except the 1930‒1945 Shari event. The strand- ratory necropsy demonstrated that all whales had The response of local residents Yoshiko, TAKABATAKE Takamune , YAMADA hotsk Sea, off Esashi, Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of 宇仁義和 1 舘山一孝 2 close to the sea ice during winter and early spring and 148 °E. Information was collected for each event a heavy snowstorm that led to the stoppage of rail- was reported in a nationwide newspaper with the This event occurred on the morning of Febru- 8. Starodubskoe [Стародубское], the day of the 1977 Esashi event, and no data were ing events occurred when sea ice floe beached for the abundant stomach contents, and there were no The typical response of local residents in the Isamu, SODA Kiyomi, and OHASHI Takehiro for the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, 7·8: 17‒23. (in Japa 1 東京農業大学生物産業学部 099-2493 北海道網走市 (Sato et al. 2006). On February 7, 2005, an ice-related using the following materials: the Marine Mammal more, for recent events, satellite imagery of sea ice way services with thick sea ice observed in the Soya 3. Tanne-moi, Rubetsu, Etorofu Island, March description of a female having a 1.5-m fetus (The ary 27, 2005, in Bettobu, Shana Village*, off the north- southern Sakhalin, April 19, 2016 reported for the 1930‒1945 Shari event and the 1958 first time in the season at the 2005 Aidomari and reports of sickness or parasitic infection that could 20th-century events was to take whales and obtain reporting historical events, IMAI Hideo, SAKABE nese)［宇仁義和・狩野和子・村山良子（2017）流氷 八坂 196 mass stranding of killer whales occurred at Aidomari Stranding Database created by the National Museum that occurred in and after 2005 in the Okhotsk Sea Strait (Uni et al. 2017). According to the historical tide 18, 1943 Asahi Shimbun, February 6, 1977). As per the histori- ern coast of Etorofu Islamnd. Six whales had been This event occurred on the morning of April Esashi event. Weak winds were recorded on the day probably Bettobu events, the second time with the Satellite images were obtained for the 2016 have led to their death. Ice-related stranding with whale meat for their consumption. In 1925, 1958, and Minako, and ASANO Yumi for shooting videos in the によって北海道枝幸町に集団座礁したシャチの記録 . 枝 2 北見工業大学工学部 090-8507 北見市公園町 165 in Rausu town in the Shiretoko Peninsula (Eastern of Nature and Science in Tokyo, which is the most was obtained. Visible and microwave satellite imagery height archives in Hanasaki, Eastern Hokkaido facing This event occurred on the morning of March cal tide height archives at Abashiri, Eastern Hok- trapped in ice floes, and five whales died by March 3 19, 2016, off Starodubskoe, southern Sakhalin. Weather of the 2005 Aidomari event. Thus, strong north winds 1977 Esashi event, and the third time during the 1958 Starodubskoe event in south Sakhalin (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 quick death of killer whales was not attributed to any 1977 Esashi events, as well as the 1943 Rubetsu 2005 Aidomari event, N. Eremenko for comment to 幸研究 : 7･8: 17‒23.］ 番地 Hokkaido, Japan) and attracted great interest world- comprehensive database of marine mammal stranding were observed by the MODIS mounted on the NASA the Pacific Ocean, March 21, 1925, was a day of 18 (possibly in 1943) at “Tanne-moi” in the Rubetsu kaido, facing the Okhotsk Sea, the day before the (The Mainichi Shimbun. Mar. 4, 2005). Moreover, the conditions were severe the night before the event, converge the sea ice floe to the shore and induced Esashi event. Although details were not mentioned, shows the movement of the ice floe from two days pathological disabilities. Although six adult whales event, whales were taken or attempts were made to the 2005 Bettobu event. We also appreciate the collec- Westdal, K. H., Higdon, J. W. and Ferguson, S. H. wide. Before this event, only a few ice-related mass events in Japan launched satellite “Aqua” and the AMSR2 mounted on spring-tide; the low tide was recorded at 8:00 pm, and Village, close to the western end of Etorofu Island on event (February 4) was a day of spring-tide; further- newspaper reported that a rescue effort was and the wind had changed and blew the sea ice stranding events. We consider the Aidomari event we assumed that ice floes came ashore two or more before (left) and the day of the event (middle). It had no serious injuries, one of the three calves had a take them while they were alive; the image of tions of Wakkanai City Library, Shiretoko Museum, (2017) Review of killer whale (Orcinus orca) ice 要旨 strandings had been reported in the research commu- (https://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/research/db/zoolo the JAXA-launched satellite “GCOM-W.” The satellite the recorded tidal range was 98 cm the coast of the Okhotsk Sea (Yamada 2000). Yamada more, the low tide came at 10:00 pm, and the tidal attempted, but thick ice cakes prevented the whales straight ashore (The seattle pi. 23 Jan. 2017, occurred differently caused from others as mentioned times when the 1925 Esashi, 1943 Rubetsu, and 2016 appears that the sea ice floe was pushed ashore by fracture in its lower jaw with internal bleeding in its the1930‒1945 Shari event indicates consumption. Food Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, National Museum of entrapments and ice-related mortality events in the シャチは世界の海洋に広く分布し，季節海氷域や海氷が周 nity, e.g., 19 whales were stranded in Trinity Bay, gy/marmam/index.php); official history books of the imagery was provided by the Earth Observation (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide (2000) described that strong wind and storm had range reached 101 cm from escaping. Tide height data at Hanasaki indicated https://blog.seattlepi.com/candacewhiting/2017/01/23 below. Sakhalin events occurred. north winds; there were almost no sea ice floes off middle ear (Yamada et al. 2007). With the discovery of distribution for meat and fish was insufficient along Nature and Science, and an anonymous referee for Northern Hemisphere. Polar Biology, 40(7): 1467‒ 年見られる海域（多年氷域）にまで回遊する．沖合形成 Canada, in April 1957, and 2 whales were stranded off coastal municipals along the Okhotsk coast of Hok- Research Center of Japan Aerospace Exploration /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1925/192503/org192503HN.txt swept out sea ice from the small bay; then a few days (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l that the tidal range from the night of the 26th to the /courageous-rescue-of-killer-whales-trapped-among-ice- Although both strandings occurred on the first southern Sakhalin on the event day (right). This event pulmonary edemas, Yamada et al. (2007) concluded the Okhotsk Coast of Hokkaido and Etorofu Island helpful suggestions to the manuscript. 1473. 海氷が存在する最も低緯度のオホーツク海南部にもシャチは southwest Newfoundland in March 1975 (Mitchell and kaido; and related literature concerning sea ice in the Agency. Accessed May 20, 2020). The official tide height later, sea ice came back to the bay and completely ev_var/sea_lev_var.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The morning of the 27th was 97 cm; furthermore, the low floes-in-russia/ Accessed May 20, 2020). At least three Tidal situation day that sea ice came onshore in 2005 at Aidomari, as confirmed that a small fragment of sea-ice floe in geo- that eight of the nine whales suffered from respira- before the 1960s because the shortage of cold chain WMO [World Meteorological Organization] (2014) 普通に観察される．ところがこの海域の北海道，樺太（サ Reeves 1988). After the Aidomari event, based on a Okhotsk Sea. When we found a particular description, No survey was conducted for offshore ice archives contain data from December 1924; therefore, covered it. His little brother found 13 whales were coastal configuration of the location was sandy (Uni et tide on the 27th came at 12:00 am and 11:00 am whales, including a calf, managed to quickly escape, For all events, tidal situations were obtained, well as at Bettobu, which was reported a few days logical scale can cause ice-related stranding at the tory failure. We considered death in the 2005 Aid- and frozen food was uncommon for personal con- References Sea-Ice Nomenclature. ハリン），択捉島の沿岸では 1925‒2016 年に 8 件の漂流す literature search, Uni et al. (2005) compiled seven ice- extensive searches were made to seek evidence of entrapment in the Okhotsk Sea. we could not obtain data of March 1924. The coastal trapped in sea ice floes at the northern tip of the bay, al. 2017). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb but one large male remained until the next morning. except for the 1930‒1945 Shari event, using historical after, satellite images demonstrated that these two shore. Moreover, in this case, the ice floe was a omari event to be caused by sea ice condition as sumption at that time. Such reactions in the local resi- Amano, M., Yamada, T. K., Brownell, R. L. Jr., and https://www.jcomm.info/index.php?option=com_oe る海氷（流氷）によるシャチのストランディングが観察されて related strandings in the southern Okhotsk Sea off the event (e.g., newspaper articles, images, and speci- configuration of the location was rocky, which which was named “Kotobutsu.” The largest whale o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- Then, a rescue effort was attempted, after which the tidal records archives from the Japan Meteorological events can be attributed to different ice conditions. narrow fragment; therefore, the rescue operation was brash ice. The whales were embedded among brash dent were as subsistence taking. In the 1977 Esashi Uni, Y. (2011) Age determination and reproductive &task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=14598 いる．これはおおよそ10 年に 1 度の頻度である．座礁を起 Hokkaido and Etorofu Island. Furthermore, Uni et al. mens). If there was an observer of the event, we Results matched the observer’ s account. Although this event appeared to be 5‒6 m in length, whereas others 5. Aidomari, Rausu, Eastern Hokkaido, February figuration of the location was a rocky beach. The last whale fled into open water (The Siberian Times 20 Agency. The 1925 Esashi and 2005 Aidomari events The Aidomari event was induced by an ice floe that successful in helping a male flee, and the other three ice that filled the area from the bottom to the sea sur- event, all whales were sold to a marine-related prod- traits of killer whales entrapped in ice off Aidomari, Yamada, I. (2000) [Sea Ice of my home Etorofu Is. Ice こした流氷の厚みや密度はさまざまで，流氷原の本体から (2017) included certain concrete evidence and made a arranged an interview with them. In addition to the We identified eight instances of ice-related occurred about 115 years ago, two skulls (one male appeared to be smaller. His elder brother tried to 7, 2005 whale died on the next day, and no specimens were April 2016 occurred on the day of spring tide, whereas the other was a front mass separated from the main ice floe whales could escape by themselves before the rescue face; the whales became immobilized and stranded in ucts company and a small portion of whale meat was Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(2): 275‒ trapped whales], pp. 36–40. In: Okhotsk Culture Group 先端部，さらには流氷原の切れ端の場合があり，氷の大き small correction to the previous study. To consider abovementioned materials, we used direct observa- strandings at the shore of killer whales with support- 1. Menashi-domari, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, and one female) were kept in the house garden of his secure a whale using wire; however, three days later, This event occurred in the early morning of preserved from this event (Eremenko, N.A., pers. https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/n0649- three events (1943 Rubetsu, 1977 Esashi, and 2005 and just touched the coast, whereas the Bettobu event. ice. When the low tide came and seawater went out, used for local consumption. 282. (ed.) [Our Sea Ice to be carried to the 21th Century]. さも大きな氷盤から砕け氷まであった．シャチの座礁に対す future responses to stranding events, Westdal et al. tions and video analysis for the recent events. For ing evidence in the study area between 1925 and March 21, 1925 (or 1924) niece (Kanoh 1994), which are now stored at the another strong wind swept all the whales and sea ice February 7, 2005, at a rocky coast off Aidomari in comm. Nov. 30, 2005). heroic- rescue-saveswhalestrapped-by-floating-ice-off- Bettobu) occurred on large tidal range days. A large event, which was found 4 or 5 days after the first day they were left on the debris of brash ice; then, their In the 21st century, the response of local resi- Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Kamikawa, S., Ochi, Y., Abashiri. (in Japanese). 278pp.［山田勇「故郷エトロフの る住民の対応は 1970 年代までは食料利用であったが，21 (2016) reviewed 17 ice-related strandings both onshore each event, causes of ice-related stranding regarding 2016. All these events included mass strandings of The event occurred on March 21 in either 1925 National Museum of Nature and Science since 2005 from the bay. All the whales died within three days. Rausu Town on the eastern coast of the Shiretoko * English newspaper articles reported the location as sakhalin-island/ Accessed May 20, 2020). As per tidal range plays an important role in ice-related of sea ice floe onshore (on February 22 or 23), was Choked hypothesis for the 2005 Aidomari body weight choked their throats and lungs, and they dents to the event was completely different, rescue Yano, S. and Tanabe, S. (2006) Organohalogen and 流氷̶流氷にはさまれたクジラ」オホーツク文化の会編 世紀には救出活動が試みられるなど劇的に変化した． and offshore ice entrapment in and before 2013 in the weather, sea ice behavior, tide height, and coastal con- between 4 and 13 individuals. Stranding events were or 1924 on the northern coast of Esashi Town, (YAMADA Tadasu K., pers. comm.). Yamada recalled that this was the only known event Peninsula, Eastern Hokkaido. The group comprised 11 “Reidovo” recent tide height data at Abashiri, the 18th and 19th stranding with drift ice near and at the shore. When caused by a main sea ice floe with thick and large ice event suffocated to death (Fig. 5). efforts were attempted in all recent events, i.e., in organotin compounds in killer whales mass- （2000）21世紀へ伝えたい私の流氷 . オホーツク文化の northern hemisphere. This study compiled ice-related figuration were discussed. To evaluate stranding observed approximately once per decade between “Menashi-domari,” Northern Hokkaido. A short article of ice entrapment of killer whales at Etorofu Island to or 12 whales that were stranded, from which nine were days with small tidal ranges of <40 cm sea ice comes ashore and moves by wind or current cakes (Fig. 3). Uni et al. (2005) defined sea ice-related strand- 2005 at Aidomari and Bettobu and in 2016 at Sakhalin. stranded in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, 会 , 網走 .］ strandings at the shore of killer whales in the south- causes using these criteria, we used tide height data early February and mid-March; five occurred off Hok- in a community newsletter reported an interview 2. Maehama, Shari, Eastern Hokkaido, ca. date, and the seafloor was sandy (Yamada Isamu, carcasses were retrieved (Amano et al. 2011). Uni et 7. Okajima, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, March (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb during the high tide, it becomes fixed ashore during As assumed by observers in 1925 and 1977 ings at shore into three categories: brash ice, block- Coastal topography In the 2005 Aidomari event, considerable research Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bul. 52: 1066-76. Yamada T.K., Uni Y, Amano M. et al. (2007) Biological ern Okhotsk Sea and considered criteria such as archived by the Japan Meteorological Agency kaido, two occurred off Etorofu Island, and one from an observer who was born in 1904 (Kanoh 1994). 1930‒1945 pers. comm., July 31, 2005). The event day and the al. (2005) reported that a female whale escaped from 19, 1958 o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- the low tide, especially on rocky coasts, i.e., it can Esashi and 1943 Rubetsu, the whales were possibly age, and re-touch types. Both blockage and re-touch All satellite images in Google Maps at the was conducted and several scientific papers were Kanoh, K. (1994) [Whale?]. Katsuraoka Shizen Shimbun indices obtained from a pod of killer whales weather, tidal range, sea ice behavior, and coastal (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l occurred off Sakhalin (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The serial The observer recalled that a group of killer whales This event occurred on the northern coast of day before were not a day of large tidal range, and the sea ice floe on the next morning. The nine This event occurred on the morning of March figuration of the location was a rocky beach as easily catch sea ice cakes. In this situation, whales trapped in a sea ice cakes when the sea ice floes came types were attributed to converging of large and event locations show the sea floors. The sea floors at published (Kajiwara et al. 2006, Yamada et al. 2007, (private print), 25: 1‒2. Otaru. (in Japanese).［桂岡 自 entrapped by sea ice off northern Japan. Paper topography with reviews of responses by locals. ev_var/index_hourly.php) and Google Maps. Further - number in the table and figure followed was the same came very close to the rocky coast “Sosetsu-no-hama” the Shari Town Center, Eastern Hokkaido. It is only the low tide came at 10:00 pm for both days as per retrieved carcasses comprised one adult male, five 19, 1958, on a rocky coast in southern Esashi, “Oka- observed using Google Maps. cannot escape from sea-ice heap. back ashore after it had gone away from the coast thick ice cakes at the shore, whereas brash ice type the 1925 and 1958 Esashi, 2005 Aidomari and Bettobu, Amano et al. 2011). Note that no scientific research 然新聞］ SC/59/SM12 presented to the Scientific Committee, as that of Uni et al. (2005). Four events were recorded while trying to avoid an incoming sea ice floe. He recorded in a couple of paper prints from the same the historical tide height of Hanasaki adult females, and three calves (one male and two jima.” A group of 10 whales was trapped in sea ice and left in open water. During these events, the locals occurs with “brash ice,” which is accumulations of and 2016 Sakhalin events were rocky, whereas sandy was reported for the 20th-century events; however, a Sato, H., Ishikawa S., Ezaki, I., Sasamori, K., Takahashi, International Whaling Commission, Anchorage. in the Marine Mammal Stranding Database. The event killed a whale using a Japanese sword to get whale negative that were preserved in the Shiretoko Museum (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide females), while the large whales were necropsied on- floes and approximately seven or eight whales were Discussion Sea ice behavior and condition stood on the sea ice cakes to hunt the whales, i.e., the floating ice made up of fragments not more than 2 m sea floors were reported at the 1940 Shari, 1943 skeleton was collected by the Otaru Aquarium in the T., Masuda, Y., and Yoshida, T. (2006) Opportunistic Newspapers (in Japanese) accounts are described in the following paragraphs. meat. The whales were then sold to a fish dealer in in Shari (Fig. 2). The image shows a large male killer /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1943/194303/org194303HN.txt site and calves were sent to the National Museum of taken by the locals with horses to obtain whale meat. All recorded ice-related strandings at the shore Sea ice behavior was reported from all the ice cakes were thick enough for people to walk on. across, the wreckage of other forms of ice (WMO Rubetsu, and 1977 Esashi events. It is possible that 1977 Esashi event. sighting‒basis trend of occurrence of Orcinus orca, The Asahi Shimbun. February, 6 1977［朝日新聞，

14 Ice-related Strandings of Killer Whales at Shore in the Southern Okhotsk Sea whale laying right-side down on a sled in the sea ice Accessed May 20, 2020). Nature and Science, Tokyo (Yamada et al. 2007). Some A local newspaper reported that the whales came in the study area were attributed to offshore formed rocky coasts can easily catch ice cakes compared to and their photographic identification catalog in 流氷の海岸で大捕物／閉じ込められたシャチ８頭／北海 field, probably along the seacoast, and approximately 30 residents who lived close to the shore heard odd close to the beach with a re-beached ice floe (Soya ice floes; they never occurred with fast ice that sandy beaches and can possibly cause an ice-related Conclusions Shiretoko-Nemuro Strait water, Eastern Hokkaido, 道漁民らが仕とめる］ men standing nearby and on the whale. This image 4. Shimo-horobetsu, Esashi, Northern Hok- noises in the early morning that day; later, they saw Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958), and the strand- formed from the coast. The causes of these events stranding, especially in the situation of small ice Ice-related stranding of killer whales at the Japan, 1990‒2005. Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum, The Hokkaido Shimbun. March 6, 1956［北海道新聞， appears to be a commemorative photo of a catch. One of kaido, February 5, 1977 the whales trapped in sea ice near the shore. This ing event occurred on the day when the ice floe regarding weather, tidal situation, sea ice behavior cakes. shore in the southern Okhotsk Sea occurred between 27: 9‒36. (in Japanese with English abstract)［佐藤晴 死んだイルカ五十数頭が漂着］ the prints has a short note on the back that the whales This event occurred on the morning of Febru- event was observed and video recorded by local beached for the third time (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. and condition, and coastal topography are discussed early February and mid-April 1925 and 2016. All 子・石川聖・江崎逸郎・笹森琴絵・高橋俊男・増田泰・ The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 10, 1977［北海道新 were taken off Maehama and that the group comprised ary 5, 1977, at Shimo-horobetsu or "Wen-nai," on the researchers (Mass Stranding of Killer Whales in Sea March 23, 1958). (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, below. Frequency stranding events occurred in drift ice floes, and not in 吉田孝哉（2006）1990‒2005年の偶発的な目視情報に基 聞，七メートルの巨体、骨格標本／小樽水族館 捕獲 five whales including one calf. The image was taken by southern coast of Esashi Town, In the morning at 8:00 Ice off Shiretoko, 1958). A skull maintained by a village man was later Uni et al. (2005) reported seven ice-related fast ice. The thickness and density of sea ice floes づく，知床・根室海峡海域におけるシャチ（Orcinus orca） のシャチを解体］ a photo studio in the town, which was established in the am, eight dorsal fins were observed from the coast, so https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPRLHyfZaOM& transferred to another person who wished to obtain it Weather strandings of killer whales at the shore in the south- were different among events from the main ice floe to の出現傾向と写真識別カタログ. 知床博物館研究報告 , The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 12, 1977［北海道新 middle or late 1930s, and the policeman in the photo the local fishermen approached the whales in boats to t=83s Accessed May 20, 2020). As per the recent tide for religious purposes. At present, the skull is housed The ice-related strandings occurred between ernmost Okhotsk Sea between 1925 and 2005 and con- small ice floe fragment in a geological scale from a 27: 9‒36.］ 聞，流氷バックに大活劇 シャチ生け捕り／寒さこらえ観 wore a uniform with a stand-up collar, which was used obtain whale meat. They tied the whale flukes with height data at Abashiri and Hanasaki, February 7, at the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI (Uni et al. 2017). As early February and mid-April, i.e., the events sidered that it occurred roughly once per decade. The large ice cake to brash ice debris. Such an event was Uni Y, Aota M., and Tateyama K. (2005) Ice- 客五百人／たっぷり４時間／珍味もたんのう］ until the end of WWII in 1945. Therefore, the image was ropes to pull them up to the coast using a bulldozer. was a day of spring tide and the low tide came at 9:00 per historical tide height archives at Abashiri, the occurred in the late winter or early spring in the 2014). While stranded killer whales survived a few coastline of the study area is scarce habitation and observed roughly once per decade. Moreover, these entrapment of killer whales in the Sea of Okhotsk. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958［宗谷日報， Introduction Materials and Methods the village and locals consumed the whale meat. surely taken between 1930 and 1945. The whales were still alive when the locals arrived on pm; furthermore, the tidal range reached 136 cm at 18th and 19th were days with small tidal ranges of 55 region and seasonal winds generally blow from the days or longer in two types (blockage and re-touch) in uninhabited in place. It is possible that unobserved events are rare; however, they are sometimes experi- Poster presented at 16th Biennial Conference on 枝幸でいるか退治／思はぬ流氷の贈り物］ Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have a cosmopolitan This study is based on a poster presentation Moreover, whale meat was obtained from the stom- Although the short note did not mention the the coast. The whale group comprised eight whales: Abashiri and 145 cm at Hanasaki and 67 cm, and the low tide came at 9:00 pm on the north during that period. All the locations of the the Okhotsk Sea and a few weeks in off-shore ice events occurred in the period. In this study, eight enced by humans living in the study area either by the Biology of Marine Mammals, San Diego, CA, USA. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, 1958［宗谷日報， distribution, are commonly found in pack ice, and may for the 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of ach of a stranded whale and was salted for preserva- cause of the death, we consider the whales died by an two males and six females (The Hokkaido Shimbun, (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb 18th and at 8:00 am on the 19th events were on the northern coast except the 2005 entrapment in North America (Westdal et al. 2017), such events were reported in 90 years from 1925, and direct observation or by news media. http://nodaiweb.university.jp/muse/unisan/data/bc 流氷も悪くない／「シヤチ」退治の攻防戦］ extend their range into ice-covered water in the Ant- Marine Mammals in San Diego in 2005 (Uni et al. tion. The whale group comprised 13 whales that ice-related stranding because the death occurred in a February 12, 1977). One carcass was dissected at the o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l Aidomari event. Strong winds or storms were they died quickly within a day in brash ice-type the frequency of observation of such events was mm/bcmm_akw.html. Accessed May 20, 2020 arctic. In the southern Okhotsk Sea, which contains 2005). The study area was the southernmost Okhotsk included males and females, of which two whales sea-ice field at the shore because of mass stranding as site while the skeleton was sent to the Otaru ev_var/sea_lev_var.php accessed May 20, 2020). reported a day before or on the day of the events stranding, which was seen only at Aidomari in 2005. roughly once per decade. Acknowledgements Uni, Y., Kano, K. and Murayama, Y. (2017) Ice- オホーツク海南部の沿岸で発生した流氷によるシャチの the most southern offshore formation sea ice in the Sea, along the coast of southern Sakhalin, Hokkaido were able to escape. The weather and sea ice con- there can be no other reasonable cause of death for a Aquarium in Hokkaido as a specimen (The Hokkaido 6. Bettobu, Shana, Etorofu Island, February 27, There is no sex or age information for the whales. (e.g., 1925 Esashi event, 1943 Rubetsu event, and 2016 In the 2005 Aidomari event, on-site and labo- We thank KANOH Kazuko, MURAYAMA entrapment of killer whales in the southern Ok スト ラ ン ディン グ northern hemisphere, killer whales are often seen and Etorofu Island, between 44 ° and 50°N and 142 ° ditions were reported by local newspapers; there was group of killer whales. Shimbun, February 10, 1977). Moreover, this event 2005 Sakhalin event), moderate winds were recorded on events, except the 1930‒1945 Shari event. The strand- ratory necropsy demonstrated that all whales had The response of local residents Yoshiko, TAKABATAKE Takamune , YAMADA hotsk Sea, off Esashi, Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of 宇仁義和 1 舘山一孝 2 close to the sea ice during winter and early spring and 148 °E. Information was collected for each event a heavy snowstorm that led to the stoppage of rail- was reported in a nationwide newspaper with the This event occurred on the morning of Febru- 8. Starodubskoe [Стародубское], the day of the 1977 Esashi event, and no data were ing events occurred when sea ice floe beached for the abundant stomach contents, and there were no The typical response of local residents in the Isamu, SODA Kiyomi, and OHASHI Takehiro for the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, 7·8: 17‒23. (in Japa 1 東京農業大学生物産業学部 099-2493 北海道網走市 (Sato et al. 2006). On February 7, 2005, an ice-related using the following materials: the Marine Mammal more, for recent events, satellite imagery of sea ice way services with thick sea ice observed in the Soya 3. Tanne-moi, Rubetsu, Etorofu Island, March description of a female having a 1.5-m fetus (The ary 27, 2005, in Bettobu, Shana Village*, off the north- southern Sakhalin, April 19, 2016 reported for the 1930‒1945 Shari event and the 1958 first time in the season at the 2005 Aidomari and reports of sickness or parasitic infection that could 20th-century events was to take whales and obtain reporting historical events, IMAI Hideo, SAKABE nese)［宇仁義和・狩野和子・村山良子（2017）流氷 八坂 196 mass stranding of killer whales occurred at Aidomari Stranding Database created by the National Museum that occurred in and after 2005 in the Okhotsk Sea Strait (Uni et al. 2017). According to the historical tide 18, 1943 Asahi Shimbun, February 6, 1977). As per the histori- ern coast of Etorofu Islamnd. Six whales had been This event occurred on the morning of April Esashi event. Weak winds were recorded on the day probably Bettobu events, the second time with the Satellite images were obtained for the 2016 have led to their death. Ice-related stranding with whale meat for their consumption. In 1925, 1958, and Minako, and ASANO Yumi for shooting videos in the によって北海道枝幸町に集団座礁したシャチの記録 . 枝 2 北見工業大学工学部 090-8507 北見市公園町 165 in Rausu town in the Shiretoko Peninsula (Eastern of Nature and Science in Tokyo, which is the most was obtained. Visible and microwave satellite imagery height archives in Hanasaki, Eastern Hokkaido facing This event occurred on the morning of March cal tide height archives at Abashiri, Eastern Hok- trapped in ice floes, and five whales died by March 3 19, 2016, off Starodubskoe, southern Sakhalin. Weather of the 2005 Aidomari event. Thus, strong north winds 1977 Esashi event, and the third time during the 1958 Starodubskoe event in south Sakhalin (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 quick death of killer whales was not attributed to any 1977 Esashi events, as well as the 1943 Rubetsu 2005 Aidomari event, N. Eremenko for comment to 幸研究 : 7･8: 17‒23.］ 番地 Hokkaido, Japan) and attracted great interest world- comprehensive database of marine mammal stranding were observed by the MODIS mounted on the NASA the Pacific Ocean, March 21, 1925, was a day of 18 (possibly in 1943) at “Tanne-moi” in the Rubetsu kaido, facing the Okhotsk Sea, the day before the (The Mainichi Shimbun. Mar. 4, 2005). Moreover, the conditions were severe the night before the event, converge the sea ice floe to the shore and induced Esashi event. Although details were not mentioned, shows the movement of the ice floe from two days pathological disabilities. Although six adult whales event, whales were taken or attempts were made to the 2005 Bettobu event. We also appreciate the collec- Westdal, K. H., Higdon, J. W. and Ferguson, S. H. wide. Before this event, only a few ice-related mass events in Japan launched satellite “Aqua” and the AMSR2 mounted on spring-tide; the low tide was recorded at 8:00 pm, and Village, close to the western end of Etorofu Island on event (February 4) was a day of spring-tide; further- newspaper reported that a rescue effort was and the wind had changed and blew the sea ice stranding events. We consider the Aidomari event we assumed that ice floes came ashore two or more before (left) and the day of the event (middle). It had no serious injuries, one of the three calves had a take them while they were alive; the image of tions of Wakkanai City Library, Shiretoko Museum, (2017) Review of killer whale (Orcinus orca) ice 要旨 strandings had been reported in the research commu- (https://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/research/db/zoolo the JAXA-launched satellite “GCOM-W.” The satellite the recorded tidal range was 98 cm the coast of the Okhotsk Sea (Yamada 2000). Yamada more, the low tide came at 10:00 pm, and the tidal attempted, but thick ice cakes prevented the whales straight ashore (The seattle pi. 23 Jan. 2017, occurred differently caused from others as mentioned times when the 1925 Esashi, 1943 Rubetsu, and 2016 appears that the sea ice floe was pushed ashore by fracture in its lower jaw with internal bleeding in its the1930‒1945 Shari event indicates consumption. Food Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, National Museum of entrapments and ice-related mortality events in the シャチは世界の海洋に広く分布し，季節海氷域や海氷が周 nity, e.g., 19 whales were stranded in Trinity Bay, gy/marmam/index.php); official history books of the imagery was provided by the Earth Observation (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide (2000) described that strong wind and storm had range reached 101 cm from escaping. Tide height data at Hanasaki indicated https://blog.seattlepi.com/candacewhiting/2017/01/23 below. Sakhalin events occurred. north winds; there were almost no sea ice floes off middle ear (Yamada et al. 2007). With the discovery of distribution for meat and fish was insufficient along Nature and Science, and an anonymous referee for Northern Hemisphere. Polar Biology, 40(7): 1467‒ 年見られる海域（多年氷域）にまで回遊する．沖合形成 Canada, in April 1957, and 2 whales were stranded off coastal municipals along the Okhotsk coast of Hok- Research Center of Japan Aerospace Exploration /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1925/192503/org192503HN.txt swept out sea ice from the small bay; then a few days (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l that the tidal range from the night of the 26th to the /courageous-rescue-of-killer-whales-trapped-among-ice- Although both strandings occurred on the first southern Sakhalin on the event day (right). This event pulmonary edemas, Yamada et al. (2007) concluded the Okhotsk Coast of Hokkaido and Etorofu Island helpful suggestions to the manuscript. 1473. 海氷が存在する最も低緯度のオホーツク海南部にもシャチは southwest Newfoundland in March 1975 (Mitchell and kaido; and related literature concerning sea ice in the Agency. Accessed May 20, 2020). The official tide height later, sea ice came back to the bay and completely ev_var/sea_lev_var.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The morning of the 27th was 97 cm; furthermore, the low floes-in-russia/ Accessed May 20, 2020). At least three Tidal situation day that sea ice came onshore in 2005 at Aidomari, as confirmed that a small fragment of sea-ice floe in geo- that eight of the nine whales suffered from respira- before the 1960s because the shortage of cold chain WMO [World Meteorological Organization] (2014) 普通に観察される．ところがこの海域の北海道，樺太（サ Reeves 1988). After the Aidomari event, based on a Okhotsk Sea. When we found a particular description, No survey was conducted for offshore ice archives contain data from December 1924; therefore, covered it. His little brother found 13 whales were coastal configuration of the location was sandy (Uni et tide on the 27th came at 12:00 am and 11:00 am whales, including a calf, managed to quickly escape, For all events, tidal situations were obtained, well as at Bettobu, which was reported a few days logical scale can cause ice-related stranding at the tory failure. We considered death in the 2005 Aid- and frozen food was uncommon for personal con- References Sea-Ice Nomenclature. ハリン），択捉島の沿岸では 1925‒2016 年に 8 件の漂流す literature search, Uni et al. (2005) compiled seven ice- extensive searches were made to seek evidence of entrapment in the Okhotsk Sea. we could not obtain data of March 1924. The coastal trapped in sea ice floes at the northern tip of the bay, al. 2017). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb but one large male remained until the next morning. except for the 1930‒1945 Shari event, using historical after, satellite images demonstrated that these two shore. Moreover, in this case, the ice floe was a omari event to be caused by sea ice condition as sumption at that time. Such reactions in the local resi- Amano, M., Yamada, T. K., Brownell, R. L. Jr., and https://www.jcomm.info/index.php?option=com_oe る海氷（流氷）によるシャチのストランディングが観察されて related strandings in the southern Okhotsk Sea off the event (e.g., newspaper articles, images, and speci- configuration of the location was rocky, which which was named “Kotobutsu.” The largest whale o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- Then, a rescue effort was attempted, after which the tidal records archives from the Japan Meteorological events can be attributed to different ice conditions. narrow fragment; therefore, the rescue operation was brash ice. The whales were embedded among brash dent were as subsistence taking. In the 1977 Esashi Uni, Y. (2011) Age determination and reproductive &task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=14598 いる．これはおおよそ10 年に 1 度の頻度である．座礁を起 Hokkaido and Etorofu Island. Furthermore, Uni et al. mens). If there was an observer of the event, we Results matched the observer’ s account. Although this event appeared to be 5‒6 m in length, whereas others 5. Aidomari, Rausu, Eastern Hokkaido, February figuration of the location was a rocky beach. The last whale fled into open water (The Siberian Times 20 Agency. The 1925 Esashi and 2005 Aidomari events The Aidomari event was induced by an ice floe that successful in helping a male flee, and the other three ice that filled the area from the bottom to the sea sur- event, all whales were sold to a marine-related prod- traits of killer whales entrapped in ice off Aidomari, Yamada, I. (2000) [Sea Ice of my home Etorofu Is. Ice こした流氷の厚みや密度はさまざまで，流氷原の本体から (2017) included certain concrete evidence and made a arranged an interview with them. In addition to the We identified eight instances of ice-related occurred about 115 years ago, two skulls (one male appeared to be smaller. His elder brother tried to 7, 2005 whale died on the next day, and no specimens were April 2016 occurred on the day of spring tide, whereas the other was a front mass separated from the main ice floe whales could escape by themselves before the rescue face; the whales became immobilized and stranded in ucts company and a small portion of whale meat was Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(2): 275‒ trapped whales], pp. 36–40. In: Okhotsk Culture Group 先端部，さらには流氷原の切れ端の場合があり，氷の大き small correction to the previous study. To consider abovementioned materials, we used direct observa- strandings at the shore of killer whales with support- 1. Menashi-domari, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, and one female) were kept in the house garden of his secure a whale using wire; however, three days later, This event occurred in the early morning of preserved from this event (Eremenko, N.A., pers. https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/n0649- three events (1943 Rubetsu, 1977 Esashi, and 2005 and just touched the coast, whereas the Bettobu event. ice. When the low tide came and seawater went out, used for local consumption. 282. (ed.) [Our Sea Ice to be carried to the 21th Century]. さも大きな氷盤から砕け氷まであった．シャチの座礁に対す future responses to stranding events, Westdal et al. tions and video analysis for the recent events. For ing evidence in the study area between 1925 and March 21, 1925 (or 1924) niece (Kanoh 1994), which are now stored at the another strong wind swept all the whales and sea ice February 7, 2005, at a rocky coast off Aidomari in comm. Nov. 30, 2005). heroic- rescue-saveswhalestrapped-by-floating-ice-off- Bettobu) occurred on large tidal range days. A large event, which was found 4 or 5 days after the first day they were left on the debris of brash ice; then, their In the 21st century, the response of local resi- Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Kamikawa, S., Ochi, Y., Abashiri. (in Japanese). 278pp.［山田勇「故郷エトロフの る住民の対応は 1970 年代までは食料利用であったが，21 (2016) reviewed 17 ice-related strandings both onshore each event, causes of ice-related stranding regarding 2016. All these events included mass strandings of The event occurred on March 21 in either 1925 National Museum of Nature and Science since 2005 from the bay. All the whales died within three days. Rausu Town on the eastern coast of the Shiretoko * English newspaper articles reported the location as sakhalin-island/ Accessed May 20, 2020). As per tidal range plays an important role in ice-related of sea ice floe onshore (on February 22 or 23), was Choked hypothesis for the 2005 Aidomari body weight choked their throats and lungs, and they dents to the event was completely different, rescue Yano, S. and Tanabe, S. (2006) Organohalogen and 流氷̶流氷にはさまれたクジラ」オホーツク文化の会編 世紀には救出活動が試みられるなど劇的に変化した． and offshore ice entrapment in and before 2013 in the weather, sea ice behavior, tide height, and coastal con- between 4 and 13 individuals. Stranding events were or 1924 on the northern coast of Esashi Town, (YAMADA Tadasu K., pers. comm.). Yamada recalled that this was the only known event Peninsula, Eastern Hokkaido. The group comprised 11 “Reidovo” recent tide height data at Abashiri, the 18th and 19th stranding with drift ice near and at the shore. When caused by a main sea ice floe with thick and large ice event suffocated to death (Fig. 5). efforts were attempted in all recent events, i.e., in organotin compounds in killer whales mass- （2000）21世紀へ伝えたい私の流氷 . オホーツク文化の northern hemisphere. This study compiled ice-related figuration were discussed. To evaluate stranding observed approximately once per decade between “Menashi-domari,” Northern Hokkaido. A short article of ice entrapment of killer whales at Etorofu Island to or 12 whales that were stranded, from which nine were days with small tidal ranges of <40 cm sea ice comes ashore and moves by wind or current cakes (Fig. 3). Uni et al. (2005) defined sea ice-related strand- 2005 at Aidomari and Bettobu and in 2016 at Sakhalin. stranded in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, 会 , 網走 .］ strandings at the shore of killer whales in the south- causes using these criteria, we used tide height data early February and mid-March; five occurred off Hok- in a community newsletter reported an interview 2. Maehama, Shari, Eastern Hokkaido, ca. date, and the seafloor was sandy (Yamada Isamu, carcasses were retrieved (Amano et al. 2011). Uni et 7. Okajima, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, March (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb during the high tide, it becomes fixed ashore during As assumed by observers in 1925 and 1977 ings at shore into three categories: brash ice, block- Coastal topography In the 2005 Aidomari event, considerable research Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bul. 52: 1066-76. Yamada T.K., Uni Y, Amano M. et al. (2007) Biological ern Okhotsk Sea and considered criteria such as archived by the Japan Meteorological Agency kaido, two occurred off Etorofu Island, and one from an observer who was born in 1904 (Kanoh 1994). 1930‒1945 pers. comm., July 31, 2005). The event day and the al. (2005) reported that a female whale escaped from 19, 1958 o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- the low tide, especially on rocky coasts, i.e., it can Esashi and 1943 Rubetsu, the whales were possibly age, and re-touch types. Both blockage and re-touch All satellite images in Google Maps at the was conducted and several scientific papers were Kanoh, K. (1994) [Whale?]. Katsuraoka Shizen Shimbun indices obtained from a pod of killer whales weather, tidal range, sea ice behavior, and coastal (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l occurred off Sakhalin (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The serial The observer recalled that a group of killer whales This event occurred on the northern coast of day before were not a day of large tidal range, and the sea ice floe on the next morning. The nine This event occurred on the morning of March figuration of the location was a rocky beach as easily catch sea ice cakes. In this situation, whales trapped in a sea ice cakes when the sea ice floes came types were attributed to converging of large and event locations show the sea floors. The sea floors at published (Kajiwara et al. 2006, Yamada et al. 2007, (private print), 25: 1‒2. Otaru. (in Japanese).［桂岡 自 entrapped by sea ice off northern Japan. Paper topography with reviews of responses by locals. ev_var/index_hourly.php) and Google Maps. Further - number in the table and figure followed was the same came very close to the rocky coast “Sosetsu-no-hama” the Shari Town Center, Eastern Hokkaido. It is only the low tide came at 10:00 pm for both days as per retrieved carcasses comprised one adult male, five 19, 1958, on a rocky coast in southern Esashi, “Oka- observed using Google Maps. cannot escape from sea-ice heap. back ashore after it had gone away from the coast thick ice cakes at the shore, whereas brash ice type the 1925 and 1958 Esashi, 2005 Aidomari and Bettobu, Amano et al. 2011). Note that no scientific research 然新聞］ SC/59/SM12 presented to the Scientific Committee, as that of Uni et al. (2005). Four events were recorded while trying to avoid an incoming sea ice floe. He recorded in a couple of paper prints from the same the historical tide height of Hanasaki adult females, and three calves (one male and two jima.” A group of 10 whales was trapped in sea ice and left in open water. During these events, the locals occurs with “brash ice,” which is accumulations of and 2016 Sakhalin events were rocky, whereas sandy was reported for the 20th-century events; however, a Sato, H., Ishikawa S., Ezaki, I., Sasamori, K., Takahashi, International Whaling Commission, Anchorage. in the Marine Mammal Stranding Database. The event killed a whale using a Japanese sword to get whale negative that were preserved in the Shiretoko Museum (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide females), while the large whales were necropsied on- floes and approximately seven or eight whales were Discussion Sea ice behavior and condition stood on the sea ice cakes to hunt the whales, i.e., the floating ice made up of fragments not more than 2 m sea floors were reported at the 1940 Shari, 1943 skeleton was collected by the Otaru Aquarium in the T., Masuda, Y., and Yoshida, T. (2006) Opportunistic Newspapers (in Japanese) accounts are described in the following paragraphs. meat. The whales were then sold to a fish dealer in in Shari (Fig. 2). The image shows a large male killer /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1943/194303/org194303HN.txt site and calves were sent to the National Museum of taken by the locals with horses to obtain whale meat. All recorded ice-related strandings at the shore Sea ice behavior was reported from all the ice cakes were thick enough for people to walk on. across, the wreckage of other forms of ice (WMO Rubetsu, and 1977 Esashi events. It is possible that 1977 Esashi event. sighting‒basis trend of occurrence of Orcinus orca, The Asahi Shimbun. February, 6 1977［朝日新聞，

15 UNI Yoshikazu, TATEYAMA Kazutaka whale laying right-side down on a sled in the sea ice Accessed May 20, 2020). Nature and Science, Tokyo (Yamada et al. 2007). Some A local newspaper reported that the whales came in the study area were attributed to offshore formed rocky coasts can easily catch ice cakes compared to and their photographic identification catalog in 流氷の海岸で大捕物／閉じ込められたシャチ８頭／北海 field, probably along the seacoast, and approximately 30 residents who lived close to the shore heard odd close to the beach with a re-beached ice floe (Soya ice floes; they never occurred with fast ice that sandy beaches and can possibly cause an ice-related Conclusions Shiretoko-Nemuro Strait water, Eastern Hokkaido, 道漁民らが仕とめる］ men standing nearby and on the whale. This image 4. Shimo-horobetsu, Esashi, Northern Hok- noises in the early morning that day; later, they saw Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958), and the strand- formed from the coast. The causes of these events stranding, especially in the situation of small ice Ice-related stranding of killer whales at the Japan, 1990‒2005. Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum, The Hokkaido Shimbun. March 6, 1956［北海道新聞， appears to be a commemorative photo of a catch. One of kaido, February 5, 1977 the whales trapped in sea ice near the shore. This ing event occurred on the day when the ice floe regarding weather, tidal situation, sea ice behavior cakes. shore in the southern Okhotsk Sea occurred between 27: 9‒36. (in Japanese with English abstract)［佐藤晴 死んだイルカ五十数頭が漂着］ the prints has a short note on the back that the whales This event occurred on the morning of Febru- event was observed and video recorded by local beached for the third time (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. and condition, and coastal topography are discussed early February and mid-April 1925 and 2016. All 子・石川聖・江崎逸郎・笹森琴絵・高橋俊男・増田泰・ The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 10, 1977［北海道新 were taken off Maehama and that the group comprised ary 5, 1977, at Shimo-horobetsu or "Wen-nai," on the researchers (Mass Stranding of Killer Whales in Sea March 23, 1958). (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, below. Frequency stranding events occurred in drift ice floes, and not in 吉田孝哉（2006）1990‒2005年の偶発的な目視情報に基 聞，七メートルの巨体、骨格標本／小樽水族館 捕獲 five whales including one calf. The image was taken by southern coast of Esashi Town, In the morning at 8:00 Ice off Shiretoko, 1958). A skull maintained by a village man was later Uni et al. (2005) reported seven ice-related fast ice. The thickness and density of sea ice floes づく，知床・根室海峡海域におけるシャチ（Orcinus orca） のシャチを解体］ Fig.3 Two different situations on the day of the events happened a photo studio in the town, which was established in the am, eight dorsal fins were observed from the coast, so https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPRLHyfZaOM& transferred to another person who wished to obtain it Weather in 2005. Satellite images indicated two different types of sea strandings of killer whales at the shore in the south- were different among events from the main ice floe to の出現傾向と写真識別カタログ. 知床博物館研究報告 , The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 12, 1977［北海道新 ice floe distributions: on February 7, at 10:00 am on the day Fig.4 MODIS images on 17 and 19 of April 2016; and AMSR2 middle or late 1930s, and the policeman in the photo the local fishermen approached the whales in boats to t=83s Accessed May 20, 2020). As per the recent tide for religious purposes. At present, the skull is housed The ice-related strandings occurred between of the Aidomari event (left), and on February 27, at 10:00 am ernmost Okhotsk Sea between 1925 and 2005 and con- small ice floe fragment in a geological scale from a 27: 9‒36.］ 聞，流氷バックに大活劇 シャチ生け捕り／寒さこらえ観 image of 19 April 2016 off the coast of Sakhalin. Satellite on the finding day of the Bettobu event (right). Arrowheads images of sea ice concentration and distribution two days wore a uniform with a stand-up collar, which was used obtain whale meat. They tied the whale flukes with height data at Abashiri and Hanasaki, February 7, at the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI (Uni et al. 2017). As early February and mid-April, i.e., the events indicate the location of the events. The images were sidered that it occurred roughly once per decade. The large ice cake to brash ice debris. Such an event was Uni Y, Aota M., and Tateyama K. (2005) Ice- 客五百人／たっぷり４時間／珍味もたんのう］ before and on the day of the 2016 Sakhalin event. A sea ice depicted by surface reflectance in colors: sea ice as ocher, floe fragment was seen off the location (left). The sea ice floe until the end of WWII in 1945. Therefore, the image was ropes to pull them up to the coast using a bulldozer. was a day of spring tide and the low tide came at 9:00 per historical tide height archives at Abashiri, the occurred in the late winter or early spring in the cloud as white, snow in the land as yellow, forest as green, 2014). While stranded killer whales survived a few coastline of the study area is scarce habitation and observed roughly once per decade. Moreover, these entrapment of killer whales in the Sea of Okhotsk. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958［宗谷日報， reached the coast (middle), the sea ice floe retreated into the and seawater as black. There was almost no ice off of north on the event day, and almost no ice appeared off Introduction Materials and Methods the village and locals consumed the whale meat. surely taken between 1930 and 1945. The whales were still alive when the locals arrived on pm; furthermore, the tidal range reached 136 cm at 18th and 19th were days with small tidal ranges of 55 region and seasonal winds generally blow from the Aidomari on February 7. Images provided by JAXA EORC days or longer in two types (blockage and re-touch) in uninhabited in place. It is possible that unobserved events are rare; however, they are sometimes experi- Poster presented at 16th Biennial Conference on 枝幸でいるか退治／思はぬ流氷の贈り物］ Sakhalin. The right image indicates the concentration of sea Earth Observation Research Center Terra/MODIS (Left: Killer whales ( ) have a cosmopolitan This study is based on a poster presentation ice by color, red as thick, yellow as medium, watery blue as Orcinus orca Moreover, whale meat was obtained from the stom- Although the short note did not mention the the coast. The whale group comprised eight whales: Abashiri and 145 cm at Hanasaki and 67 cm, and the low tide came at 9:00 pm on the north during that period. All the locations of the https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/cgi- the Okhotsk Sea and a few weeks in off-shore ice events occurred in the period. In this study, eight enced by humans living in the study area either by the Biology of Marine Mammals, San Diego, CA, USA. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, 1958［宗谷日報， sparse, dark blue as open water surface, and white as no bin/adeos2/seaice/seaice_v2.cgi?lang=j&mode=large&y=20 distribution, are commonly found in pack ice, and may for the 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of ach of a stranded whale and was salted for preserva- cause of the death, we consider the whales died by an two males and six females (The Hokkaido Shimbun, (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb 18th and at 8:00 am on the 19th events were on the northern coast except the 2005 data in the area. Images provided by JAXA EORC entrapment in North America (Westdal et al. 2017), such events were reported in 90 years from 1925, and direct observation or by news media. http://nodaiweb.university.jp/muse/unisan/data/bc 流氷も悪くない／「シヤチ」退治の攻防戦］ 05&m=2&d=7&sen=A1MOD&area=hok&pro=3ch&prsflg=0 Terra/MODIS, GCOM-W/AMSR2 &wndflg=0 Right: https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/cgi- extend their range into ice-covered water in the Ant- Marine Mammals in San Diego in 2005 (Uni et al. tion. The whale group comprised 13 whales that ice-related stranding because the death occurred in a February 12, 1977). One carcass was dissected at the o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l Aidomari event. Strong winds or storms were (Left: https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/cgibin/adeos2/seaice/seaic they died quickly within a day in brash ice-type the frequency of observation of such events was mm/bcmm_akw.html. Accessed May 20, 2020 bin/adeos2/seaice/seaice_v2.cgi?lang=j&mode=large&y=20 e_v2.cgi?mode=large&lang=j&sen=A1MOD&pro=3ch&area 05&m=2&d=27&sen=A1MOD&area=hok&pro=3ch&prsflg= arctic. In the southern Okhotsk Sea, which contains 2005). The study area was the southernmost Okhotsk included males and females, of which two whales sea-ice field at the shore because of mass stranding as site while the skeleton was sent to the Otaru ev_var/sea_lev_var.php accessed May 20, 2020). reported a day before or on the day of the events =okh&y=2016&m=4&d=17 stranding, which was seen only at Aidomari in 2005. roughly once per decade. Acknowledgements Uni, Y., Kano, K. and Murayama, Y. (2017) Ice- オホーツク海南部の沿岸で発生した流氷によるシャチの 0&wndflg=0 Accessed May 20, 2020). Middle: https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/cgibin/adeos2/seaice/sea the most southern offshore formation sea ice in the Sea, along the coast of southern Sakhalin, Hokkaido were able to escape. The weather and sea ice con- there can be no other reasonable cause of death for a Aquarium in Hokkaido as a specimen (The Hokkaido 6. Bettobu, Shana, Etorofu Island, February 27, There is no sex or age information for the whales. (e.g., 1925 Esashi event, 1943 Rubetsu event, and 2016 ice_v2.cgi?lang=j&mode=large&y=2016&m=4&d=19&sen= In the 2005 Aidomari event, on-site and labo- We thank KANOH Kazuko, MURAYAMA entrapment of killer whales in the southern Ok スト ラ ン ディン グ A1MOD&area=okh&pro=3ch&prsflg=0&wndflg=0 northern hemisphere, killer whales are often seen and Etorofu Island, between 44 ° and 50°N and 142 ° ditions were reported by local newspapers; there was group of killer whales. Shimbun, February 10, 1977). Moreover, this event 2005 Sakhalin event), moderate winds were recorded on events, except the 1930‒1945 Shari event. The strand- Right:https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/cgibin/adeos2/seaice/seaic ratory necropsy demonstrated that all whales had The response of local residents Yoshiko, TAKABATAKE Takamune , YAMADA hotsk Sea, off Esashi, Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of 宇仁義和 1 舘山一孝 2 close to the sea ice during winter and early spring and 148 °E. Information was collected for each event e_v2.cgi?lang=j&mode=large&y=2016&m=4&d=19&sen=W a heavy snowstorm that led to the stoppage of rail- was reported in a nationwide newspaper with the This event occurred on the morning of Febru- 8. Starodubskoe [Стародубское], the day of the 1977 Esashi event, and no data were ing events occurred when sea ice floe beached for the 1AM2&area=okh&pro=IC0. accessed May 20, 2020). abundant stomach contents, and there were no The typical response of local residents in the Isamu, SODA Kiyomi, and OHASHI Takehiro for the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, 7·8: 17‒23. (in Japa 1 東京農業大学生物産業学部 099-2493 北海道網走市 (Sato et al. 2006). On February 7, 2005, an ice-related using the following materials: the Marine Mammal more, for recent events, satellite imagery of sea ice way services with thick sea ice observed in the Soya 3. Tanne-moi, Rubetsu, Etorofu Island, March description of a female having a 1.5-m fetus (The ary 27, 2005, in Bettobu, Shana Village*, off the north- southern Sakhalin, April 19, 2016 reported for the 1930‒1945 Shari event and the 1958 first time in the season at the 2005 Aidomari and reports of sickness or parasitic infection that could 20th-century events was to take whales and obtain reporting historical events, IMAI Hideo, SAKABE nese)［宇仁義和・狩野和子・村山良子（2017）流氷 八坂 196 mass stranding of killer whales occurred at Aidomari Stranding Database created by the National Museum that occurred in and after 2005 in the Okhotsk Sea Strait (Uni et al. 2017). According to the historical tide 18, 1943 Asahi Shimbun, February 6, 1977). As per the histori- ern coast of Etorofu Islamnd. Six whales had been This event occurred on the morning of April Esashi event. Weak winds were recorded on the day probably Bettobu events, the second time with the Satellite images were obtained for the 2016 have led to their death. Ice-related stranding with whale meat for their consumption. In 1925, 1958, and Minako, and ASANO Yumi for shooting videos in the によって北海道枝幸町に集団座礁したシャチの記録 . 枝 2 北見工業大学工学部 090-8507 北見市公園町 165 in Rausu town in the Shiretoko Peninsula (Eastern of Nature and Science in Tokyo, which is the most was obtained. Visible and microwave satellite imagery height archives in Hanasaki, Eastern Hokkaido facing This event occurred on the morning of March cal tide height archives at Abashiri, Eastern Hok- trapped in ice floes, and five whales died by March 3 19, 2016, off Starodubskoe, southern Sakhalin. Weather of the 2005 Aidomari event. Thus, strong north winds 1977 Esashi event, and the third time during the 1958 Starodubskoe event in south Sakhalin (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 quick death of killer whales was not attributed to any 1977 Esashi events, as well as the 1943 Rubetsu 2005 Aidomari event, N. Eremenko for comment to 幸研究 : 7･8: 17‒23.］ 番地 Hokkaido, Japan) and attracted great interest world- comprehensive database of marine mammal stranding were observed by the MODIS mounted on the NASA the Pacific Ocean, March 21, 1925, was a day of 18 (possibly in 1943) at “Tanne-moi” in the Rubetsu kaido, facing the Okhotsk Sea, the day before the (The Mainichi Shimbun. Mar. 4, 2005). Moreover, the conditions were severe the night before the event, converge the sea ice floe to the shore and induced Esashi event. Although details were not mentioned, shows the movement of the ice floe from two days pathological disabilities. Although six adult whales event, whales were taken or attempts were made to the 2005 Bettobu event. We also appreciate the collec- Westdal, K. H., Higdon, J. W. and Ferguson, S. H. wide. Before this event, only a few ice-related mass events in Japan launched satellite “Aqua” and the AMSR2 mounted on spring-tide; the low tide was recorded at 8:00 pm, and Village, close to the western end of Etorofu Island on event (February 4) was a day of spring-tide; further- newspaper reported that a rescue effort was and the wind had changed and blew the sea ice stranding events. We consider the Aidomari event we assumed that ice floes came ashore two or more before (left) and the day of the event (middle). It had no serious injuries, one of the three calves had a take them while they were alive; the image of tions of Wakkanai City Library, Shiretoko Museum, (2017) Review of killer whale (Orcinus orca) ice 要旨 strandings had been reported in the research commu- (https://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/research/db/zoolo the JAXA-launched satellite “GCOM-W.” The satellite the recorded tidal range was 98 cm the coast of the Okhotsk Sea (Yamada 2000). Yamada more, the low tide came at 10:00 pm, and the tidal attempted, but thick ice cakes prevented the whales straight ashore (The seattle pi. 23 Jan. 2017, occurred differently caused from others as mentioned times when the 1925 Esashi, 1943 Rubetsu, and 2016 appears that the sea ice floe was pushed ashore by fracture in its lower jaw with internal bleeding in its the1930‒1945 Shari event indicates consumption. Food Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, National Museum of entrapments and ice-related mortality events in the シャチは世界の海洋に広く分布し，季節海氷域や海氷が周 nity, e.g., 19 whales were stranded in Trinity Bay, gy/marmam/index.php); official history books of the imagery was provided by the Earth Observation (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide (2000) described that strong wind and storm had range reached 101 cm from escaping. Tide height data at Hanasaki indicated https://blog.seattlepi.com/candacewhiting/2017/01/23 below. Sakhalin events occurred. north winds; there were almost no sea ice floes off middle ear (Yamada et al. 2007). With the discovery of distribution for meat and fish was insufficient along Nature and Science, and an anonymous referee for Northern Hemisphere. Polar Biology, 40(7): 1467‒ 年見られる海域（多年氷域）にまで回遊する．沖合形成 Canada, in April 1957, and 2 whales were stranded off coastal municipals along the Okhotsk coast of Hok- Research Center of Japan Aerospace Exploration /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1925/192503/org192503HN.txt swept out sea ice from the small bay; then a few days (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l that the tidal range from the night of the 26th to the /courageous-rescue-of-killer-whales-trapped-among-ice- Although both strandings occurred on the first southern Sakhalin on the event day (right). This event pulmonary edemas, Yamada et al. (2007) concluded the Okhotsk Coast of Hokkaido and Etorofu Island helpful suggestions to the manuscript. 1473. 海氷が存在する最も低緯度のオホーツク海南部にもシャチは southwest Newfoundland in March 1975 (Mitchell and kaido; and related literature concerning sea ice in the Agency. Accessed May 20, 2020). The official tide height later, sea ice came back to the bay and completely ev_var/sea_lev_var.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The morning of the 27th was 97 cm; furthermore, the low floes-in-russia/ Accessed May 20, 2020). At least three Tidal situation day that sea ice came onshore in 2005 at Aidomari, as confirmed that a small fragment of sea-ice floe in geo- that eight of the nine whales suffered from respira- before the 1960s because the shortage of cold chain WMO [World Meteorological Organization] (2014) 普通に観察される．ところがこの海域の北海道，樺太（サ Reeves 1988). After the Aidomari event, based on a Okhotsk Sea. When we found a particular description, No survey was conducted for offshore ice archives contain data from December 1924; therefore, covered it. His little brother found 13 whales were coastal configuration of the location was sandy (Uni et tide on the 27th came at 12:00 am and 11:00 am whales, including a calf, managed to quickly escape, For all events, tidal situations were obtained, well as at Bettobu, which was reported a few days logical scale can cause ice-related stranding at the tory failure. We considered death in the 2005 Aid- and frozen food was uncommon for personal con- References Sea-Ice Nomenclature. ハリン），択捉島の沿岸では 1925‒2016 年に 8 件の漂流す literature search, Uni et al. (2005) compiled seven ice- extensive searches were made to seek evidence of entrapment in the Okhotsk Sea. we could not obtain data of March 1924. The coastal trapped in sea ice floes at the northern tip of the bay, al. 2017). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb but one large male remained until the next morning. except for the 1930‒1945 Shari event, using historical after, satellite images demonstrated that these two shore. Moreover, in this case, the ice floe was a omari event to be caused by sea ice condition as sumption at that time. Such reactions in the local resi- Amano, M., Yamada, T. K., Brownell, R. L. Jr., and https://www.jcomm.info/index.php?option=com_oe る海氷（流氷）によるシャチのストランディングが観察されて related strandings in the southern Okhotsk Sea off the event (e.g., newspaper articles, images, and speci- configuration of the location was rocky, which which was named “Kotobutsu.” The largest whale o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- Then, a rescue effort was attempted, after which the tidal records archives from the Japan Meteorological events can be attributed to different ice conditions. narrow fragment; therefore, the rescue operation was brash ice. The whales were embedded among brash dent were as subsistence taking. In the 1977 Esashi Uni, Y. (2011) Age determination and reproductive &task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=14598 いる．これはおおよそ10 年に 1 度の頻度である．座礁を起 Hokkaido and Etorofu Island. Furthermore, Uni et al. mens). If there was an observer of the event, we Results matched the observer’ s account. Although this event appeared to be 5‒6 m in length, whereas others 5. Aidomari, Rausu, Eastern Hokkaido, February figuration of the location was a rocky beach. The last whale fled into open water (The Siberian Times 20 Agency. The 1925 Esashi and 2005 Aidomari events The Aidomari event was induced by an ice floe that successful in helping a male flee, and the other three ice that filled the area from the bottom to the sea sur- event, all whales were sold to a marine-related prod- traits of killer whales entrapped in ice off Aidomari, Yamada, I. (2000) [Sea Ice of my home Etorofu Is. Ice こした流氷の厚みや密度はさまざまで，流氷原の本体から (2017) included certain concrete evidence and made a arranged an interview with them. In addition to the We identified eight instances of ice-related occurred about 115 years ago, two skulls (one male appeared to be smaller. His elder brother tried to 7, 2005 whale died on the next day, and no specimens were April 2016 occurred on the day of spring tide, whereas the other was a front mass separated from the main ice floe whales could escape by themselves before the rescue face; the whales became immobilized and stranded in ucts company and a small portion of whale meat was Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(2): 275‒ trapped whales], pp. 36–40. In: Okhotsk Culture Group 先端部，さらには流氷原の切れ端の場合があり，氷の大き small correction to the previous study. To consider abovementioned materials, we used direct observa- strandings at the shore of killer whales with support- 1. Menashi-domari, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, and one female) were kept in the house garden of his secure a whale using wire; however, three days later, This event occurred in the early morning of preserved from this event (Eremenko, N.A., pers. https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/n0649- three events (1943 Rubetsu, 1977 Esashi, and 2005 and just touched the coast, whereas the Bettobu event. ice. When the low tide came and seawater went out, used for local consumption. 282. (ed.) [Our Sea Ice to be carried to the 21th Century]. さも大きな氷盤から砕け氷まであった．シャチの座礁に対す future responses to stranding events, Westdal et al. tions and video analysis for the recent events. For ing evidence in the study area between 1925 and March 21, 1925 (or 1924) niece (Kanoh 1994), which are now stored at the another strong wind swept all the whales and sea ice February 7, 2005, at a rocky coast off Aidomari in comm. Nov. 30, 2005). heroic- rescue-saveswhalestrapped-by-floating-ice-off- Bettobu) occurred on large tidal range days. A large event, which was found 4 or 5 days after the first day they were left on the debris of brash ice; then, their In the 21st century, the response of local resi- Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Kamikawa, S., Ochi, Y., Abashiri. (in Japanese). 278pp.［山田勇「故郷エトロフの る住民の対応は 1970 年代までは食料利用であったが，21 (2016) reviewed 17 ice-related strandings both onshore each event, causes of ice-related stranding regarding 2016. All these events included mass strandings of The event occurred on March 21 in either 1925 National Museum of Nature and Science since 2005 from the bay. All the whales died within three days. Rausu Town on the eastern coast of the Shiretoko * English newspaper articles reported the location as sakhalin-island/ Accessed May 20, 2020). As per tidal range plays an important role in ice-related of sea ice floe onshore (on February 22 or 23), was Choked hypothesis for the 2005 Aidomari body weight choked their throats and lungs, and they dents to the event was completely different, rescue Yano, S. and Tanabe, S. (2006) Organohalogen and 流氷̶流氷にはさまれたクジラ」オホーツク文化の会編 世紀には救出活動が試みられるなど劇的に変化した． and offshore ice entrapment in and before 2013 in the weather, sea ice behavior, tide height, and coastal con- between 4 and 13 individuals. Stranding events were or 1924 on the northern coast of Esashi Town, (YAMADA Tadasu K., pers. comm.). Yamada recalled that this was the only known event Peninsula, Eastern Hokkaido. The group comprised 11 “Reidovo” recent tide height data at Abashiri, the 18th and 19th stranding with drift ice near and at the shore. When caused by a main sea ice floe with thick and large ice event suffocated to death (Fig. 5). efforts were attempted in all recent events, i.e., in organotin compounds in killer whales mass- （2000）21世紀へ伝えたい私の流氷 . オホーツク文化の northern hemisphere. This study compiled ice-related figuration were discussed. To evaluate stranding observed approximately once per decade between “Menashi-domari,” Northern Hokkaido. A short article of ice entrapment of killer whales at Etorofu Island to or 12 whales that were stranded, from which nine were days with small tidal ranges of <40 cm sea ice comes ashore and moves by wind or current cakes (Fig. 3). Uni et al. (2005) defined sea ice-related strand- 2005 at Aidomari and Bettobu and in 2016 at Sakhalin. stranded in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, 会 , 網走 .］ strandings at the shore of killer whales in the south- causes using these criteria, we used tide height data early February and mid-March; five occurred off Hok- in a community newsletter reported an interview 2. Maehama, Shari, Eastern Hokkaido, ca. date, and the seafloor was sandy (Yamada Isamu, carcasses were retrieved (Amano et al. 2011). Uni et 7. Okajima, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, March (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb during the high tide, it becomes fixed ashore during As assumed by observers in 1925 and 1977 ings at shore into three categories: brash ice, block- Coastal topography In the 2005 Aidomari event, considerable research Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bul. 52: 1066-76. Yamada T.K., Uni Y, Amano M. et al. (2007) Biological ern Okhotsk Sea and considered criteria such as archived by the Japan Meteorological Agency kaido, two occurred off Etorofu Island, and one from an observer who was born in 1904 (Kanoh 1994). 1930‒1945 pers. comm., July 31, 2005). The event day and the al. (2005) reported that a female whale escaped from 19, 1958 o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- the low tide, especially on rocky coasts, i.e., it can Esashi and 1943 Rubetsu, the whales were possibly age, and re-touch types. Both blockage and re-touch All satellite images in Google Maps at the was conducted and several scientific papers were Kanoh, K. (1994) [Whale?]. Katsuraoka Shizen Shimbun indices obtained from a pod of killer whales weather, tidal range, sea ice behavior, and coastal (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l occurred off Sakhalin (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The serial The observer recalled that a group of killer whales This event occurred on the northern coast of day before were not a day of large tidal range, and the sea ice floe on the next morning. The nine This event occurred on the morning of March figuration of the location was a rocky beach as easily catch sea ice cakes. In this situation, whales trapped in a sea ice cakes when the sea ice floes came types were attributed to converging of large and event locations show the sea floors. The sea floors at published (Kajiwara et al. 2006, Yamada et al. 2007, (private print), 25: 1‒2. Otaru. (in Japanese).［桂岡 自 entrapped by sea ice off northern Japan. Paper topography with reviews of responses by locals. ev_var/index_hourly.php) and Google Maps. Further - number in the table and figure followed was the same came very close to the rocky coast “Sosetsu-no-hama” the Shari Town Center, Eastern Hokkaido. It is only the low tide came at 10:00 pm for both days as per retrieved carcasses comprised one adult male, five 19, 1958, on a rocky coast in southern Esashi, “Oka- observed using Google Maps. cannot escape from sea-ice heap. back ashore after it had gone away from the coast thick ice cakes at the shore, whereas brash ice type the 1925 and 1958 Esashi, 2005 Aidomari and Bettobu, Amano et al. 2011). Note that no scientific research 然新聞］ SC/59/SM12 presented to the Scientific Committee, as that of Uni et al. (2005). Four events were recorded while trying to avoid an incoming sea ice floe. He recorded in a couple of paper prints from the same the historical tide height of Hanasaki adult females, and three calves (one male and two jima.” A group of 10 whales was trapped in sea ice and left in open water. During these events, the locals occurs with “brash ice,” which is accumulations of and 2016 Sakhalin events were rocky, whereas sandy was reported for the 20th-century events; however, a Sato, H., Ishikawa S., Ezaki, I., Sasamori, K., Takahashi, International Whaling Commission, Anchorage. in the Marine Mammal Stranding Database. The event killed a whale using a Japanese sword to get whale negative that were preserved in the Shiretoko Museum (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide females), while the large whales were necropsied on- floes and approximately seven or eight whales were Discussion Sea ice behavior and condition stood on the sea ice cakes to hunt the whales, i.e., the floating ice made up of fragments not more than 2 m sea floors were reported at the 1940 Shari, 1943 skeleton was collected by the Otaru Aquarium in the T., Masuda, Y., and Yoshida, T. (2006) Opportunistic Newspapers (in Japanese) accounts are described in the following paragraphs. meat. The whales were then sold to a fish dealer in in Shari (Fig. 2). The image shows a large male killer /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1943/194303/org194303HN.txt site and calves were sent to the National Museum of taken by the locals with horses to obtain whale meat. All recorded ice-related strandings at the shore Sea ice behavior was reported from all the ice cakes were thick enough for people to walk on. across, the wreckage of other forms of ice (WMO Rubetsu, and 1977 Esashi events. It is possible that 1977 Esashi event. sighting‒basis trend of occurrence of Orcinus orca, The Asahi Shimbun. February, 6 1977［朝日新聞，

16 Ice-related Strandings of Killer Whales at Shore in the Southern Okhotsk Sea whale laying right-side down on a sled in the sea ice Accessed May 20, 2020). Nature and Science, Tokyo (Yamada et al. 2007). Some A local newspaper reported that the whales came in the study area were attributed to offshore formed rocky coasts can easily catch ice cakes compared to and their photographic identification catalog in 流氷の海岸で大捕物／閉じ込められたシャチ８頭／北海 field, probably along the seacoast, and approximately 30 residents who lived close to the shore heard odd close to the beach with a re-beached ice floe (Soya ice floes; they never occurred with fast ice that sandy beaches and can possibly cause an ice-related Conclusions Shiretoko-Nemuro Strait water, Eastern Hokkaido, 道漁民らが仕とめる］ men standing nearby and on the whale. This image 4. Shimo-horobetsu, Esashi, Northern Hok- noises in the early morning that day; later, they saw Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958), and the strand- formed from the coast. The causes of these events stranding, especially in the situation of small ice Ice-related stranding of killer whales at the Japan, 1990‒2005. Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum, The Hokkaido Shimbun. March 6, 1956［北海道新聞， appears to be a commemorative photo of a catch. One of kaido, February 5, 1977 the whales trapped in sea ice near the shore. This ing event occurred on the day when the ice floe regarding weather, tidal situation, sea ice behavior cakes. shore in the southern Okhotsk Sea occurred between 27: 9‒36. (in Japanese with English abstract)［佐藤晴 死んだイルカ五十数頭が漂着］ the prints has a short note on the back that the whales This event occurred on the morning of Febru- event was observed and video recorded by local beached for the third time (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. and condition, and coastal topography are discussed early February and mid-April 1925 and 2016. All 子・石川聖・江崎逸郎・笹森琴絵・高橋俊男・増田泰・ The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 10, 1977［北海道新 were taken off Maehama and that the group comprised ary 5, 1977, at Shimo-horobetsu or "Wen-nai," on the researchers (Mass Stranding of Killer Whales in Sea March 23, 1958). (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, below. Frequency stranding events occurred in drift ice floes, and not in 吉田孝哉（2006）1990‒2005年の偶発的な目視情報に基 聞，七メートルの巨体、骨格標本／小樽水族館 捕獲 five whales including one calf. The image was taken by southern coast of Esashi Town, In the morning at 8:00 Ice off Shiretoko, 1958). A skull maintained by a village man was later Uni et al. (2005) reported seven ice-related fast ice. The thickness and density of sea ice floes づく，知床・根室海峡海域におけるシャチ（Orcinus orca） のシャチを解体］ a photo studio in the town, which was established in the am, eight dorsal fins were observed from the coast, so https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPRLHyfZaOM& transferred to another person who wished to obtain it Weather strandings of killer whales at the shore in the south- were different among events from the main ice floe to の出現傾向と写真識別カタログ. 知床博物館研究報告 , The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 12, 1977［北海道新 middle or late 1930s, and the policeman in the photo the local fishermen approached the whales in boats to t=83s Accessed May 20, 2020). As per the recent tide for religious purposes. At present, the skull is housed The ice-related strandings occurred between Fig.5 A sketch of the choked stranding hypothesis on the brash ernmost Okhotsk Sea between 1925 and 2005 and con- small ice floe fragment in a geological scale from a 27: 9‒36.］ 聞，流氷バックに大活劇 シャチ生け捕り／寒さこらえ観 ice debris at Aidomari in 2005. wore a uniform with a stand-up collar, which was used obtain whale meat. They tied the whale flukes with height data at Abashiri and Hanasaki, February 7, at the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI (Uni et al. 2017). As early February and mid-April, i.e., the events sidered that it occurred roughly once per decade. The large ice cake to brash ice debris. Such an event was Uni Y, Aota M., and Tateyama K. (2005) Ice- 客五百人／たっぷり４時間／珍味もたんのう］ until the end of WWII in 1945. Therefore, the image was ropes to pull them up to the coast using a bulldozer. was a day of spring tide and the low tide came at 9:00 per historical tide height archives at Abashiri, the occurred in the late winter or early spring in the 2014). While stranded killer whales survived a few coastline of the study area is scarce habitation and observed roughly once per decade. Moreover, these entrapment of killer whales in the Sea of Okhotsk. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958［宗谷日報， Introduction Materials and Methods the village and locals consumed the whale meat. surely taken between 1930 and 1945. The whales were still alive when the locals arrived on pm; furthermore, the tidal range reached 136 cm at 18th and 19th were days with small tidal ranges of 55 region and seasonal winds generally blow from the days or longer in two types (blockage and re-touch) in uninhabited in place. It is possible that unobserved events are rare; however, they are sometimes experi- Poster presented at 16th Biennial Conference on 枝幸でいるか退治／思はぬ流氷の贈り物］ Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have a cosmopolitan This study is based on a poster presentation Moreover, whale meat was obtained from the stom- Although the short note did not mention the the coast. The whale group comprised eight whales: Abashiri and 145 cm at Hanasaki and 67 cm, and the low tide came at 9:00 pm on the north during that period. All the locations of the the Okhotsk Sea and a few weeks in off-shore ice events occurred in the period. In this study, eight enced by humans living in the study area either by the Biology of Marine Mammals, San Diego, CA, USA. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, 1958［宗谷日報， distribution, are commonly found in pack ice, and may for the 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of ach of a stranded whale and was salted for preserva- cause of the death, we consider the whales died by an two males and six females (The Hokkaido Shimbun, (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb 18th and at 8:00 am on the 19th events were on the northern coast except the 2005 entrapment in North America (Westdal et al. 2017), such events were reported in 90 years from 1925, and direct observation or by news media. http://nodaiweb.university.jp/muse/unisan/data/bc 流氷も悪くない／「シヤチ」退治の攻防戦］ extend their range into ice-covered water in the Ant- Marine Mammals in San Diego in 2005 (Uni et al. tion. The whale group comprised 13 whales that ice-related stranding because the death occurred in a February 12, 1977). One carcass was dissected at the o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l Aidomari event. Strong winds or storms were they died quickly within a day in brash ice-type the frequency of observation of such events was mm/bcmm_akw.html. Accessed May 20, 2020 arctic. In the southern Okhotsk Sea, which contains 2005). The study area was the southernmost Okhotsk included males and females, of which two whales sea-ice field at the shore because of mass stranding as site while the skeleton was sent to the Otaru ev_var/sea_lev_var.php accessed May 20, 2020). reported a day before or on the day of the events stranding, which was seen only at Aidomari in 2005. roughly once per decade. Acknowledgements Uni, Y., Kano, K. and Murayama, Y. (2017) Ice- オホーツク海南部の沿岸で発生した流氷によるシャチの the most southern offshore formation sea ice in the Sea, along the coast of southern Sakhalin, Hokkaido were able to escape. The weather and sea ice con- there can be no other reasonable cause of death for a Aquarium in Hokkaido as a specimen (The Hokkaido 6. Bettobu, Shana, Etorofu Island, February 27, There is no sex or age information for the whales. (e.g., 1925 Esashi event, 1943 Rubetsu event, and 2016 In the 2005 Aidomari event, on-site and labo- We thank KANOH Kazuko, MURAYAMA entrapment of killer whales in the southern Ok スト ラ ン ディン グ northern hemisphere, killer whales are often seen and Etorofu Island, between 44 ° and 50°N and 142 ° ditions were reported by local newspapers; there was group of killer whales. Shimbun, February 10, 1977). Moreover, this event 2005 Sakhalin event), moderate winds were recorded on events, except the 1930‒1945 Shari event. The strand- ratory necropsy demonstrated that all whales had The response of local residents Yoshiko, TAKABATAKE Takamune , YAMADA hotsk Sea, off Esashi, Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of 宇仁義和 1 舘山一孝 2 close to the sea ice during winter and early spring and 148 °E. Information was collected for each event a heavy snowstorm that led to the stoppage of rail- was reported in a nationwide newspaper with the This event occurred on the morning of Febru- 8. Starodubskoe [Стародубское], the day of the 1977 Esashi event, and no data were ing events occurred when sea ice floe beached for the abundant stomach contents, and there were no The typical response of local residents in the Isamu, SODA Kiyomi, and OHASHI Takehiro for the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, 7·8: 17‒23. (in Japa 1 東京農業大学生物産業学部 099-2493 北海道網走市 (Sato et al. 2006). On February 7, 2005, an ice-related using the following materials: the Marine Mammal more, for recent events, satellite imagery of sea ice way services with thick sea ice observed in the Soya 3. Tanne-moi, Rubetsu, Etorofu Island, March description of a female having a 1.5-m fetus (The ary 27, 2005, in Bettobu, Shana Village*, off the north- southern Sakhalin, April 19, 2016 reported for the 1930‒1945 Shari event and the 1958 first time in the season at the 2005 Aidomari and reports of sickness or parasitic infection that could 20th-century events was to take whales and obtain reporting historical events, IMAI Hideo, SAKABE nese)［宇仁義和・狩野和子・村山良子（2017）流氷 八坂 196 mass stranding of killer whales occurred at Aidomari Stranding Database created by the National Museum that occurred in and after 2005 in the Okhotsk Sea Strait (Uni et al. 2017). According to the historical tide 18, 1943 Asahi Shimbun, February 6, 1977). As per the histori- ern coast of Etorofu Islamnd. Six whales had been This event occurred on the morning of April Esashi event. Weak winds were recorded on the day probably Bettobu events, the second time with the Satellite images were obtained for the 2016 have led to their death. Ice-related stranding with whale meat for their consumption. In 1925, 1958, and Minako, and ASANO Yumi for shooting videos in the によって北海道枝幸町に集団座礁したシャチの記録 . 枝 2 北見工業大学工学部 090-8507 北見市公園町 165 in Rausu town in the Shiretoko Peninsula (Eastern of Nature and Science in Tokyo, which is the most was obtained. Visible and microwave satellite imagery height archives in Hanasaki, Eastern Hokkaido facing This event occurred on the morning of March cal tide height archives at Abashiri, Eastern Hok- trapped in ice floes, and five whales died by March 3 19, 2016, off Starodubskoe, southern Sakhalin. Weather of the 2005 Aidomari event. Thus, strong north winds 1977 Esashi event, and the third time during the 1958 Starodubskoe event in south Sakhalin (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 quick death of killer whales was not attributed to any 1977 Esashi events, as well as the 1943 Rubetsu 2005 Aidomari event, N. Eremenko for comment to 幸研究 : 7･8: 17‒23.］ 番地 Hokkaido, Japan) and attracted great interest world- comprehensive database of marine mammal stranding were observed by the MODIS mounted on the NASA the Pacific Ocean, March 21, 1925, was a day of 18 (possibly in 1943) at “Tanne-moi” in the Rubetsu kaido, facing the Okhotsk Sea, the day before the (The Mainichi Shimbun. Mar. 4, 2005). Moreover, the conditions were severe the night before the event, converge the sea ice floe to the shore and induced Esashi event. Although details were not mentioned, shows the movement of the ice floe from two days pathological disabilities. Although six adult whales event, whales were taken or attempts were made to the 2005 Bettobu event. We also appreciate the collec- Westdal, K. H., Higdon, J. W. and Ferguson, S. H. wide. Before this event, only a few ice-related mass events in Japan launched satellite “Aqua” and the AMSR2 mounted on spring-tide; the low tide was recorded at 8:00 pm, and Village, close to the western end of Etorofu Island on event (February 4) was a day of spring-tide; further- newspaper reported that a rescue effort was and the wind had changed and blew the sea ice stranding events. We consider the Aidomari event we assumed that ice floes came ashore two or more before (left) and the day of the event (middle). It had no serious injuries, one of the three calves had a take them while they were alive; the image of tions of Wakkanai City Library, Shiretoko Museum, (2017) Review of killer whale (Orcinus orca) ice 要旨 strandings had been reported in the research commu- (https://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/research/db/zoolo the JAXA-launched satellite “GCOM-W.” The satellite the recorded tidal range was 98 cm the coast of the Okhotsk Sea (Yamada 2000). Yamada more, the low tide came at 10:00 pm, and the tidal attempted, but thick ice cakes prevented the whales straight ashore (The seattle pi. 23 Jan. 2017, occurred differently caused from others as mentioned times when the 1925 Esashi, 1943 Rubetsu, and 2016 appears that the sea ice floe was pushed ashore by fracture in its lower jaw with internal bleeding in its the1930‒1945 Shari event indicates consumption. Food Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, National Museum of entrapments and ice-related mortality events in the シャチは世界の海洋に広く分布し，季節海氷域や海氷が周 nity, e.g., 19 whales were stranded in Trinity Bay, gy/marmam/index.php); official history books of the imagery was provided by the Earth Observation (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide (2000) described that strong wind and storm had range reached 101 cm from escaping. Tide height data at Hanasaki indicated https://blog.seattlepi.com/candacewhiting/2017/01/23 below. Sakhalin events occurred. north winds; there were almost no sea ice floes off middle ear (Yamada et al. 2007). With the discovery of distribution for meat and fish was insufficient along Nature and Science, and an anonymous referee for Northern Hemisphere. Polar Biology, 40(7): 1467‒ 年見られる海域（多年氷域）にまで回遊する．沖合形成 Canada, in April 1957, and 2 whales were stranded off coastal municipals along the Okhotsk coast of Hok- Research Center of Japan Aerospace Exploration /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1925/192503/org192503HN.txt swept out sea ice from the small bay; then a few days (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l that the tidal range from the night of the 26th to the /courageous-rescue-of-killer-whales-trapped-among-ice- Although both strandings occurred on the first southern Sakhalin on the event day (right). This event pulmonary edemas, Yamada et al. (2007) concluded the Okhotsk Coast of Hokkaido and Etorofu Island helpful suggestions to the manuscript. 1473. 海氷が存在する最も低緯度のオホーツク海南部にもシャチは southwest Newfoundland in March 1975 (Mitchell and kaido; and related literature concerning sea ice in the Agency. Accessed May 20, 2020). The official tide height later, sea ice came back to the bay and completely ev_var/sea_lev_var.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The morning of the 27th was 97 cm; furthermore, the low floes-in-russia/ Accessed May 20, 2020). At least three Tidal situation day that sea ice came onshore in 2005 at Aidomari, as confirmed that a small fragment of sea-ice floe in geo- that eight of the nine whales suffered from respira- before the 1960s because the shortage of cold chain WMO [World Meteorological Organization] (2014) 普通に観察される．ところがこの海域の北海道，樺太（サ Reeves 1988). After the Aidomari event, based on a Okhotsk Sea. When we found a particular description, No survey was conducted for offshore ice archives contain data from December 1924; therefore, covered it. His little brother found 13 whales were coastal configuration of the location was sandy (Uni et tide on the 27th came at 12:00 am and 11:00 am whales, including a calf, managed to quickly escape, For all events, tidal situations were obtained, well as at Bettobu, which was reported a few days logical scale can cause ice-related stranding at the tory failure. We considered death in the 2005 Aid- and frozen food was uncommon for personal con- References Sea-Ice Nomenclature. ハリン），択捉島の沿岸では 1925‒2016 年に 8 件の漂流す literature search, Uni et al. (2005) compiled seven ice- extensive searches were made to seek evidence of entrapment in the Okhotsk Sea. we could not obtain data of March 1924. The coastal trapped in sea ice floes at the northern tip of the bay, al. 2017). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb but one large male remained until the next morning. except for the 1930‒1945 Shari event, using historical after, satellite images demonstrated that these two shore. Moreover, in this case, the ice floe was a omari event to be caused by sea ice condition as sumption at that time. Such reactions in the local resi- Amano, M., Yamada, T. K., Brownell, R. L. Jr., and https://www.jcomm.info/index.php?option=com_oe る海氷（流氷）によるシャチのストランディングが観察されて related strandings in the southern Okhotsk Sea off the event (e.g., newspaper articles, images, and speci- configuration of the location was rocky, which which was named “Kotobutsu.” The largest whale o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- Then, a rescue effort was attempted, after which the tidal records archives from the Japan Meteorological events can be attributed to different ice conditions. narrow fragment; therefore, the rescue operation was brash ice. The whales were embedded among brash dent were as subsistence taking. In the 1977 Esashi Uni, Y. (2011) Age determination and reproductive &task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=14598 いる．これはおおよそ10 年に 1 度の頻度である．座礁を起 Hokkaido and Etorofu Island. Furthermore, Uni et al. mens). If there was an observer of the event, we Results matched the observer’ s account. Although this event appeared to be 5‒6 m in length, whereas others 5. Aidomari, Rausu, Eastern Hokkaido, February figuration of the location was a rocky beach. The last whale fled into open water (The Siberian Times 20 Agency. The 1925 Esashi and 2005 Aidomari events The Aidomari event was induced by an ice floe that successful in helping a male flee, and the other three ice that filled the area from the bottom to the sea sur- event, all whales were sold to a marine-related prod- traits of killer whales entrapped in ice off Aidomari, Yamada, I. (2000) [Sea Ice of my home Etorofu Is. Ice こした流氷の厚みや密度はさまざまで，流氷原の本体から (2017) included certain concrete evidence and made a arranged an interview with them. In addition to the We identified eight instances of ice-related occurred about 115 years ago, two skulls (one male appeared to be smaller. His elder brother tried to 7, 2005 whale died on the next day, and no specimens were April 2016 occurred on the day of spring tide, whereas the other was a front mass separated from the main ice floe whales could escape by themselves before the rescue face; the whales became immobilized and stranded in ucts company and a small portion of whale meat was Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(2): 275‒ trapped whales], pp. 36–40. In: Okhotsk Culture Group 先端部，さらには流氷原の切れ端の場合があり，氷の大き small correction to the previous study. To consider abovementioned materials, we used direct observa- strandings at the shore of killer whales with support- 1. Menashi-domari, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, and one female) were kept in the house garden of his secure a whale using wire; however, three days later, This event occurred in the early morning of preserved from this event (Eremenko, N.A., pers. https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/n0649- three events (1943 Rubetsu, 1977 Esashi, and 2005 and just touched the coast, whereas the Bettobu event. ice. When the low tide came and seawater went out, used for local consumption. 282. (ed.) [Our Sea Ice to be carried to the 21th Century]. さも大きな氷盤から砕け氷まであった．シャチの座礁に対す future responses to stranding events, Westdal et al. tions and video analysis for the recent events. For ing evidence in the study area between 1925 and March 21, 1925 (or 1924) niece (Kanoh 1994), which are now stored at the another strong wind swept all the whales and sea ice February 7, 2005, at a rocky coast off Aidomari in comm. Nov. 30, 2005). heroic- rescue-saveswhalestrapped-by-floating-ice-off- Bettobu) occurred on large tidal range days. A large event, which was found 4 or 5 days after the first day they were left on the debris of brash ice; then, their In the 21st century, the response of local resi- Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Kamikawa, S., Ochi, Y., Abashiri. (in Japanese). 278pp.［山田勇「故郷エトロフの る住民の対応は 1970 年代までは食料利用であったが，21 (2016) reviewed 17 ice-related strandings both onshore each event, causes of ice-related stranding regarding 2016. All these events included mass strandings of The event occurred on March 21 in either 1925 National Museum of Nature and Science since 2005 from the bay. All the whales died within three days. Rausu Town on the eastern coast of the Shiretoko * English newspaper articles reported the location as sakhalin-island/ Accessed May 20, 2020). As per tidal range plays an important role in ice-related of sea ice floe onshore (on February 22 or 23), was Choked hypothesis for the 2005 Aidomari body weight choked their throats and lungs, and they dents to the event was completely different, rescue Yano, S. and Tanabe, S. (2006) Organohalogen and 流氷̶流氷にはさまれたクジラ」オホーツク文化の会編 世紀には救出活動が試みられるなど劇的に変化した． and offshore ice entrapment in and before 2013 in the weather, sea ice behavior, tide height, and coastal con- between 4 and 13 individuals. Stranding events were or 1924 on the northern coast of Esashi Town, (YAMADA Tadasu K., pers. comm.). Yamada recalled that this was the only known event Peninsula, Eastern Hokkaido. The group comprised 11 “Reidovo” recent tide height data at Abashiri, the 18th and 19th stranding with drift ice near and at the shore. When caused by a main sea ice floe with thick and large ice event suffocated to death (Fig. 5). efforts were attempted in all recent events, i.e., in organotin compounds in killer whales mass- （2000）21世紀へ伝えたい私の流氷 . オホーツク文化の northern hemisphere. This study compiled ice-related figuration were discussed. To evaluate stranding observed approximately once per decade between “Menashi-domari,” Northern Hokkaido. A short article of ice entrapment of killer whales at Etorofu Island to or 12 whales that were stranded, from which nine were days with small tidal ranges of <40 cm sea ice comes ashore and moves by wind or current cakes (Fig. 3). Uni et al. (2005) defined sea ice-related strand- 2005 at Aidomari and Bettobu and in 2016 at Sakhalin. stranded in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, 会 , 網走 .］ strandings at the shore of killer whales in the south- causes using these criteria, we used tide height data early February and mid-March; five occurred off Hok- in a community newsletter reported an interview 2. Maehama, Shari, Eastern Hokkaido, ca. date, and the seafloor was sandy (Yamada Isamu, carcasses were retrieved (Amano et al. 2011). Uni et 7. Okajima, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, March (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb during the high tide, it becomes fixed ashore during As assumed by observers in 1925 and 1977 ings at shore into three categories: brash ice, block- Coastal topography In the 2005 Aidomari event, considerable research Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bul. 52: 1066-76. Yamada T.K., Uni Y, Amano M. et al. (2007) Biological ern Okhotsk Sea and considered criteria such as archived by the Japan Meteorological Agency kaido, two occurred off Etorofu Island, and one from an observer who was born in 1904 (Kanoh 1994). 1930‒1945 pers. comm., July 31, 2005). The event day and the al. (2005) reported that a female whale escaped from 19, 1958 o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- the low tide, especially on rocky coasts, i.e., it can Esashi and 1943 Rubetsu, the whales were possibly age, and re-touch types. Both blockage and re-touch All satellite images in Google Maps at the was conducted and several scientific papers were Kanoh, K. (1994) [Whale?]. Katsuraoka Shizen Shimbun indices obtained from a pod of killer whales weather, tidal range, sea ice behavior, and coastal (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l occurred off Sakhalin (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The serial The observer recalled that a group of killer whales This event occurred on the northern coast of day before were not a day of large tidal range, and the sea ice floe on the next morning. The nine This event occurred on the morning of March figuration of the location was a rocky beach as easily catch sea ice cakes. In this situation, whales trapped in a sea ice cakes when the sea ice floes came types were attributed to converging of large and event locations show the sea floors. The sea floors at published (Kajiwara et al. 2006, Yamada et al. 2007, (private print), 25: 1‒2. Otaru. (in Japanese).［桂岡 自 entrapped by sea ice off northern Japan. Paper topography with reviews of responses by locals. ev_var/index_hourly.php) and Google Maps. Further - number in the table and figure followed was the same came very close to the rocky coast “Sosetsu-no-hama” the Shari Town Center, Eastern Hokkaido. It is only the low tide came at 10:00 pm for both days as per retrieved carcasses comprised one adult male, five 19, 1958, on a rocky coast in southern Esashi, “Oka- observed using Google Maps. cannot escape from sea-ice heap. back ashore after it had gone away from the coast thick ice cakes at the shore, whereas brash ice type the 1925 and 1958 Esashi, 2005 Aidomari and Bettobu, Amano et al. 2011). Note that no scientific research 然新聞］ SC/59/SM12 presented to the Scientific Committee, as that of Uni et al. (2005). Four events were recorded while trying to avoid an incoming sea ice floe. He recorded in a couple of paper prints from the same the historical tide height of Hanasaki adult females, and three calves (one male and two jima.” A group of 10 whales was trapped in sea ice and left in open water. During these events, the locals occurs with “brash ice,” which is accumulations of and 2016 Sakhalin events were rocky, whereas sandy was reported for the 20th-century events; however, a Sato, H., Ishikawa S., Ezaki, I., Sasamori, K., Takahashi, International Whaling Commission, Anchorage. in the Marine Mammal Stranding Database. The event killed a whale using a Japanese sword to get whale negative that were preserved in the Shiretoko Museum (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide females), while the large whales were necropsied on- floes and approximately seven or eight whales were Discussion Sea ice behavior and condition stood on the sea ice cakes to hunt the whales, i.e., the floating ice made up of fragments not more than 2 m sea floors were reported at the 1940 Shari, 1943 skeleton was collected by the Otaru Aquarium in the T., Masuda, Y., and Yoshida, T. (2006) Opportunistic Newspapers (in Japanese) accounts are described in the following paragraphs. meat. The whales were then sold to a fish dealer in in Shari (Fig. 2). The image shows a large male killer /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1943/194303/org194303HN.txt site and calves were sent to the National Museum of taken by the locals with horses to obtain whale meat. All recorded ice-related strandings at the shore Sea ice behavior was reported from all the ice cakes were thick enough for people to walk on. across, the wreckage of other forms of ice (WMO Rubetsu, and 1977 Esashi events. It is possible that 1977 Esashi event. sighting‒basis trend of occurrence of Orcinus orca, The Asahi Shimbun. February, 6 1977［朝日新聞，

17 UNI Yoshikazu, TATEYAMA Kazutaka whale laying right-side down on a sled in the sea ice Accessed May 20, 2020). Nature and Science, Tokyo (Yamada et al. 2007). Some A local newspaper reported that the whales came in the study area were attributed to offshore formed rocky coasts can easily catch ice cakes compared to and their photographic identification catalog in 流氷の海岸で大捕物／閉じ込められたシャチ８頭／北海 field, probably along the seacoast, and approximately 30 residents who lived close to the shore heard odd close to the beach with a re-beached ice floe (Soya ice floes; they never occurred with fast ice that sandy beaches and can possibly cause an ice-related Conclusions Shiretoko-Nemuro Strait water, Eastern Hokkaido, 道漁民らが仕とめる］ men standing nearby and on the whale. This image 4. Shimo-horobetsu, Esashi, Northern Hok- noises in the early morning that day; later, they saw Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958), and the strand- formed from the coast. The causes of these events stranding, especially in the situation of small ice Ice-related stranding of killer whales at the Japan, 1990‒2005. Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum, The Hokkaido Shimbun. March 6, 1956［北海道新聞， appears to be a commemorative photo of a catch. One of kaido, February 5, 1977 the whales trapped in sea ice near the shore. This ing event occurred on the day when the ice floe regarding weather, tidal situation, sea ice behavior cakes. shore in the southern Okhotsk Sea occurred between 27: 9‒36. (in Japanese with English abstract)［佐藤晴 死んだイルカ五十数頭が漂着］ the prints has a short note on the back that the whales This event occurred on the morning of Febru- event was observed and video recorded by local beached for the third time (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. and condition, and coastal topography are discussed early February and mid-April 1925 and 2016. All 子・石川聖・江崎逸郎・笹森琴絵・高橋俊男・増田泰・ The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 10, 1977［北海道新 were taken off Maehama and that the group comprised ary 5, 1977, at Shimo-horobetsu or "Wen-nai," on the researchers (Mass Stranding of Killer Whales in Sea March 23, 1958). (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, below. Frequency stranding events occurred in drift ice floes, and not in 吉田孝哉（2006）1990‒2005年の偶発的な目視情報に基 聞，七メートルの巨体、骨格標本／小樽水族館 捕獲 five whales including one calf. The image was taken by southern coast of Esashi Town, In the morning at 8:00 Ice off Shiretoko, 1958). A skull maintained by a village man was later Uni et al. (2005) reported seven ice-related fast ice. The thickness and density of sea ice floes づく，知床・根室海峡海域におけるシャチ（Orcinus orca） のシャチを解体］ a photo studio in the town, which was established in the am, eight dorsal fins were observed from the coast, so https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPRLHyfZaOM& transferred to another person who wished to obtain it Weather strandings of killer whales at the shore in the south- were different among events from the main ice floe to の出現傾向と写真識別カタログ. 知床博物館研究報告 , The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 12, 1977［北海道新 middle or late 1930s, and the policeman in the photo the local fishermen approached the whales in boats to t=83s Accessed May 20, 2020). As per the recent tide for religious purposes. At present, the skull is housed The ice-related strandings occurred between ernmost Okhotsk Sea between 1925 and 2005 and con- small ice floe fragment in a geological scale from a 27: 9‒36.］ 聞，流氷バックに大活劇 シャチ生け捕り／寒さこらえ観 wore a uniform with a stand-up collar, which was used obtain whale meat. They tied the whale flukes with height data at Abashiri and Hanasaki, February 7, at the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI (Uni et al. 2017). As early February and mid-April, i.e., the events sidered that it occurred roughly once per decade. The large ice cake to brash ice debris. Such an event was Uni Y, Aota M., and Tateyama K. (2005) Ice- 客五百人／たっぷり４時間／珍味もたんのう］ until the end of WWII in 1945. Therefore, the image was ropes to pull them up to the coast using a bulldozer. was a day of spring tide and the low tide came at 9:00 per historical tide height archives at Abashiri, the occurred in the late winter or early spring in the 2014). While stranded killer whales survived a few coastline of the study area is scarce habitation and observed roughly once per decade. Moreover, these entrapment of killer whales in the Sea of Okhotsk. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958［宗谷日報， Introduction Materials and Methods the village and locals consumed the whale meat. surely taken between 1930 and 1945. The whales were still alive when the locals arrived on pm; furthermore, the tidal range reached 136 cm at 18th and 19th were days with small tidal ranges of 55 region and seasonal winds generally blow from the days or longer in two types (blockage and re-touch) in uninhabited in place. It is possible that unobserved events are rare; however, they are sometimes experi- Poster presented at 16th Biennial Conference on 枝幸でいるか退治／思はぬ流氷の贈り物］ Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have a cosmopolitan This study is based on a poster presentation Moreover, whale meat was obtained from the stom- Although the short note did not mention the the coast. The whale group comprised eight whales: Abashiri and 145 cm at Hanasaki and 67 cm, and the low tide came at 9:00 pm on the north during that period. All the locations of the the Okhotsk Sea and a few weeks in off-shore ice events occurred in the period. In this study, eight enced by humans living in the study area either by the Biology of Marine Mammals, San Diego, CA, USA. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, 1958［宗谷日報， distribution, are commonly found in pack ice, and may for the 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of ach of a stranded whale and was salted for preserva- cause of the death, we consider the whales died by an two males and six females (The Hokkaido Shimbun, (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb 18th and at 8:00 am on the 19th events were on the northern coast except the 2005 entrapment in North America (Westdal et al. 2017), such events were reported in 90 years from 1925, and direct observation or by news media. http://nodaiweb.university.jp/muse/unisan/data/bc 流氷も悪くない／「シヤチ」退治の攻防戦］ extend their range into ice-covered water in the Ant- Marine Mammals in San Diego in 2005 (Uni et al. tion. The whale group comprised 13 whales that ice-related stranding because the death occurred in a February 12, 1977). One carcass was dissected at the o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l Aidomari event. Strong winds or storms were they died quickly within a day in brash ice-type the frequency of observation of such events was mm/bcmm_akw.html. Accessed May 20, 2020 arctic. In the southern Okhotsk Sea, which contains 2005). The study area was the southernmost Okhotsk included males and females, of which two whales sea-ice field at the shore because of mass stranding as site while the skeleton was sent to the Otaru ev_var/sea_lev_var.php accessed May 20, 2020). reported a day before or on the day of the events stranding, which was seen only at Aidomari in 2005. roughly once per decade. Acknowledgements Uni, Y., Kano, K. and Murayama, Y. (2017) Ice- オホーツク海南部の沿岸で発生した流氷によるシャチの the most southern offshore formation sea ice in the Sea, along the coast of southern Sakhalin, Hokkaido were able to escape. The weather and sea ice con- there can be no other reasonable cause of death for a Aquarium in Hokkaido as a specimen (The Hokkaido 6. Bettobu, Shana, Etorofu Island, February 27, There is no sex or age information for the whales. (e.g., 1925 Esashi event, 1943 Rubetsu event, and 2016 In the 2005 Aidomari event, on-site and labo- We thank KANOH Kazuko, MURAYAMA entrapment of killer whales in the southern Ok スト ラ ン ディン グ northern hemisphere, killer whales are often seen and Etorofu Island, between 44 ° and 50°N and 142 ° ditions were reported by local newspapers; there was group of killer whales. Shimbun, February 10, 1977). Moreover, this event 2005 Sakhalin event), moderate winds were recorded on events, except the 1930‒1945 Shari event. The strand- ratory necropsy demonstrated that all whales had The response of local residents Yoshiko, TAKABATAKE Takamune , YAMADA hotsk Sea, off Esashi, Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of 宇仁義和 1 舘山一孝 2 close to the sea ice during winter and early spring and 148 °E. Information was collected for each event a heavy snowstorm that led to the stoppage of rail- was reported in a nationwide newspaper with the This event occurred on the morning of Febru- 8. Starodubskoe [Стародубское], the day of the 1977 Esashi event, and no data were ing events occurred when sea ice floe beached for the abundant stomach contents, and there were no The typical response of local residents in the Isamu, SODA Kiyomi, and OHASHI Takehiro for the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, 7·8: 17‒23. (in Japa 1 東京農業大学生物産業学部 099-2493 北海道網走市 (Sato et al. 2006). On February 7, 2005, an ice-related using the following materials: the Marine Mammal more, for recent events, satellite imagery of sea ice way services with thick sea ice observed in the Soya 3. Tanne-moi, Rubetsu, Etorofu Island, March description of a female having a 1.5-m fetus (The ary 27, 2005, in Bettobu, Shana Village*, off the north- southern Sakhalin, April 19, 2016 reported for the 1930‒1945 Shari event and the 1958 first time in the season at the 2005 Aidomari and reports of sickness or parasitic infection that could 20th-century events was to take whales and obtain reporting historical events, IMAI Hideo, SAKABE nese)［宇仁義和・狩野和子・村山良子（2017）流氷 八坂 196 mass stranding of killer whales occurred at Aidomari Stranding Database created by the National Museum that occurred in and after 2005 in the Okhotsk Sea Strait (Uni et al. 2017). According to the historical tide 18, 1943 Asahi Shimbun, February 6, 1977). As per the histori- ern coast of Etorofu Islamnd. Six whales had been This event occurred on the morning of April Esashi event. Weak winds were recorded on the day probably Bettobu events, the second time with the Satellite images were obtained for the 2016 have led to their death. Ice-related stranding with whale meat for their consumption. In 1925, 1958, and Minako, and ASANO Yumi for shooting videos in the によって北海道枝幸町に集団座礁したシャチの記録 . 枝 2 北見工業大学工学部 090-8507 北見市公園町 165 in Rausu town in the Shiretoko Peninsula (Eastern of Nature and Science in Tokyo, which is the most was obtained. Visible and microwave satellite imagery height archives in Hanasaki, Eastern Hokkaido facing This event occurred on the morning of March cal tide height archives at Abashiri, Eastern Hok- trapped in ice floes, and five whales died by March 3 19, 2016, off Starodubskoe, southern Sakhalin. Weather of the 2005 Aidomari event. Thus, strong north winds 1977 Esashi event, and the third time during the 1958 Starodubskoe event in south Sakhalin (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 quick death of killer whales was not attributed to any 1977 Esashi events, as well as the 1943 Rubetsu 2005 Aidomari event, N. Eremenko for comment to 幸研究 : 7･8: 17‒23.］ 番地 Hokkaido, Japan) and attracted great interest world- comprehensive database of marine mammal stranding were observed by the MODIS mounted on the NASA the Pacific Ocean, March 21, 1925, was a day of 18 (possibly in 1943) at “Tanne-moi” in the Rubetsu kaido, facing the Okhotsk Sea, the day before the (The Mainichi Shimbun. Mar. 4, 2005). Moreover, the conditions were severe the night before the event, converge the sea ice floe to the shore and induced Esashi event. Although details were not mentioned, shows the movement of the ice floe from two days pathological disabilities. Although six adult whales event, whales were taken or attempts were made to the 2005 Bettobu event. We also appreciate the collec- Westdal, K. H., Higdon, J. W. and Ferguson, S. H. wide. Before this event, only a few ice-related mass events in Japan launched satellite “Aqua” and the AMSR2 mounted on spring-tide; the low tide was recorded at 8:00 pm, and Village, close to the western end of Etorofu Island on event (February 4) was a day of spring-tide; further- newspaper reported that a rescue effort was and the wind had changed and blew the sea ice stranding events. We consider the Aidomari event we assumed that ice floes came ashore two or more before (left) and the day of the event (middle). It had no serious injuries, one of the three calves had a take them while they were alive; the image of tions of Wakkanai City Library, Shiretoko Museum, (2017) Review of killer whale (Orcinus orca) ice 要旨 strandings had been reported in the research commu- (https://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/research/db/zoolo the JAXA-launched satellite “GCOM-W.” The satellite the recorded tidal range was 98 cm the coast of the Okhotsk Sea (Yamada 2000). Yamada more, the low tide came at 10:00 pm, and the tidal attempted, but thick ice cakes prevented the whales straight ashore (The seattle pi. 23 Jan. 2017, occurred differently caused from others as mentioned times when the 1925 Esashi, 1943 Rubetsu, and 2016 appears that the sea ice floe was pushed ashore by fracture in its lower jaw with internal bleeding in its the1930‒1945 Shari event indicates consumption. Food Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, National Museum of entrapments and ice-related mortality events in the シャチは世界の海洋に広く分布し，季節海氷域や海氷が周 nity, e.g., 19 whales were stranded in Trinity Bay, gy/marmam/index.php); official history books of the imagery was provided by the Earth Observation (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide (2000) described that strong wind and storm had range reached 101 cm from escaping. Tide height data at Hanasaki indicated https://blog.seattlepi.com/candacewhiting/2017/01/23 below. Sakhalin events occurred. north winds; there were almost no sea ice floes off middle ear (Yamada et al. 2007). With the discovery of distribution for meat and fish was insufficient along Nature and Science, and an anonymous referee for Northern Hemisphere. Polar Biology, 40(7): 1467‒ 年見られる海域（多年氷域）にまで回遊する．沖合形成 Canada, in April 1957, and 2 whales were stranded off coastal municipals along the Okhotsk coast of Hok- Research Center of Japan Aerospace Exploration /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1925/192503/org192503HN.txt swept out sea ice from the small bay; then a few days (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l that the tidal range from the night of the 26th to the /courageous-rescue-of-killer-whales-trapped-among-ice- Although both strandings occurred on the first southern Sakhalin on the event day (right). This event pulmonary edemas, Yamada et al. (2007) concluded the Okhotsk Coast of Hokkaido and Etorofu Island helpful suggestions to the manuscript. 1473. 海氷が存在する最も低緯度のオホーツク海南部にもシャチは southwest Newfoundland in March 1975 (Mitchell and kaido; and related literature concerning sea ice in the Agency. Accessed May 20, 2020). The official tide height later, sea ice came back to the bay and completely ev_var/sea_lev_var.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The morning of the 27th was 97 cm; furthermore, the low floes-in-russia/ Accessed May 20, 2020). At least three Tidal situation day that sea ice came onshore in 2005 at Aidomari, as confirmed that a small fragment of sea-ice floe in geo- that eight of the nine whales suffered from respira- before the 1960s because the shortage of cold chain WMO [World Meteorological Organization] (2014) 普通に観察される．ところがこの海域の北海道，樺太（サ Reeves 1988). After the Aidomari event, based on a Okhotsk Sea. When we found a particular description, No survey was conducted for offshore ice archives contain data from December 1924; therefore, covered it. His little brother found 13 whales were coastal configuration of the location was sandy (Uni et tide on the 27th came at 12:00 am and 11:00 am whales, including a calf, managed to quickly escape, For all events, tidal situations were obtained, well as at Bettobu, which was reported a few days logical scale can cause ice-related stranding at the tory failure. We considered death in the 2005 Aid- and frozen food was uncommon for personal con- References Sea-Ice Nomenclature. ハリン），択捉島の沿岸では 1925‒2016 年に 8 件の漂流す literature search, Uni et al. (2005) compiled seven ice- extensive searches were made to seek evidence of entrapment in the Okhotsk Sea. we could not obtain data of March 1924. The coastal trapped in sea ice floes at the northern tip of the bay, al. 2017). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb but one large male remained until the next morning. except for the 1930‒1945 Shari event, using historical after, satellite images demonstrated that these two shore. Moreover, in this case, the ice floe was a omari event to be caused by sea ice condition as sumption at that time. Such reactions in the local resi- Amano, M., Yamada, T. K., Brownell, R. L. Jr., and https://www.jcomm.info/index.php?option=com_oe る海氷（流氷）によるシャチのストランディングが観察されて related strandings in the southern Okhotsk Sea off the event (e.g., newspaper articles, images, and speci- configuration of the location was rocky, which which was named “Kotobutsu.” The largest whale o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- Then, a rescue effort was attempted, after which the tidal records archives from the Japan Meteorological events can be attributed to different ice conditions. narrow fragment; therefore, the rescue operation was brash ice. The whales were embedded among brash dent were as subsistence taking. In the 1977 Esashi Uni, Y. (2011) Age determination and reproductive &task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=14598 いる．これはおおよそ10 年に 1 度の頻度である．座礁を起 Hokkaido and Etorofu Island. Furthermore, Uni et al. mens). If there was an observer of the event, we Results matched the observer’ s account. Although this event appeared to be 5‒6 m in length, whereas others 5. Aidomari, Rausu, Eastern Hokkaido, February figuration of the location was a rocky beach. The last whale fled into open water (The Siberian Times 20 Agency. The 1925 Esashi and 2005 Aidomari events The Aidomari event was induced by an ice floe that successful in helping a male flee, and the other three ice that filled the area from the bottom to the sea sur- event, all whales were sold to a marine-related prod- traits of killer whales entrapped in ice off Aidomari, Yamada, I. (2000) [Sea Ice of my home Etorofu Is. Ice こした流氷の厚みや密度はさまざまで，流氷原の本体から (2017) included certain concrete evidence and made a arranged an interview with them. In addition to the We identified eight instances of ice-related occurred about 115 years ago, two skulls (one male appeared to be smaller. His elder brother tried to 7, 2005 whale died on the next day, and no specimens were April 2016 occurred on the day of spring tide, whereas the other was a front mass separated from the main ice floe whales could escape by themselves before the rescue face; the whales became immobilized and stranded in ucts company and a small portion of whale meat was Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(2): 275‒ trapped whales], pp. 36–40. In: Okhotsk Culture Group 先端部，さらには流氷原の切れ端の場合があり，氷の大き small correction to the previous study. To consider abovementioned materials, we used direct observa- strandings at the shore of killer whales with support- 1. Menashi-domari, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, and one female) were kept in the house garden of his secure a whale using wire; however, three days later, This event occurred in the early morning of preserved from this event (Eremenko, N.A., pers. https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/n0649- three events (1943 Rubetsu, 1977 Esashi, and 2005 and just touched the coast, whereas the Bettobu event. ice. When the low tide came and seawater went out, used for local consumption. 282. (ed.) [Our Sea Ice to be carried to the 21th Century]. さも大きな氷盤から砕け氷まであった．シャチの座礁に対す future responses to stranding events, Westdal et al. tions and video analysis for the recent events. For ing evidence in the study area between 1925 and March 21, 1925 (or 1924) niece (Kanoh 1994), which are now stored at the another strong wind swept all the whales and sea ice February 7, 2005, at a rocky coast off Aidomari in comm. Nov. 30, 2005). heroic- rescue-saveswhalestrapped-by-floating-ice-off- Bettobu) occurred on large tidal range days. A large event, which was found 4 or 5 days after the first day they were left on the debris of brash ice; then, their In the 21st century, the response of local resi- Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Kamikawa, S., Ochi, Y., Abashiri. (in Japanese). 278pp.［山田勇「故郷エトロフの る住民の対応は 1970 年代までは食料利用であったが，21 (2016) reviewed 17 ice-related strandings both onshore each event, causes of ice-related stranding regarding 2016. All these events included mass strandings of The event occurred on March 21 in either 1925 National Museum of Nature and Science since 2005 from the bay. All the whales died within three days. Rausu Town on the eastern coast of the Shiretoko * English newspaper articles reported the location as sakhalin-island/ Accessed May 20, 2020). As per tidal range plays an important role in ice-related of sea ice floe onshore (on February 22 or 23), was Choked hypothesis for the 2005 Aidomari body weight choked their throats and lungs, and they dents to the event was completely different, rescue Yano, S. and Tanabe, S. (2006) Organohalogen and 流氷̶流氷にはさまれたクジラ」オホーツク文化の会編 世紀には救出活動が試みられるなど劇的に変化した． and offshore ice entrapment in and before 2013 in the weather, sea ice behavior, tide height, and coastal con- between 4 and 13 individuals. Stranding events were or 1924 on the northern coast of Esashi Town, (YAMADA Tadasu K., pers. comm.). Yamada recalled that this was the only known event Peninsula, Eastern Hokkaido. The group comprised 11 “Reidovo” recent tide height data at Abashiri, the 18th and 19th stranding with drift ice near and at the shore. When caused by a main sea ice floe with thick and large ice event suffocated to death (Fig. 5). efforts were attempted in all recent events, i.e., in organotin compounds in killer whales mass- （2000）21世紀へ伝えたい私の流氷 . オホーツク文化の northern hemisphere. This study compiled ice-related figuration were discussed. To evaluate stranding observed approximately once per decade between “Menashi-domari,” Northern Hokkaido. A short article of ice entrapment of killer whales at Etorofu Island to or 12 whales that were stranded, from which nine were days with small tidal ranges of <40 cm sea ice comes ashore and moves by wind or current cakes (Fig. 3). Uni et al. (2005) defined sea ice-related strand- 2005 at Aidomari and Bettobu and in 2016 at Sakhalin. stranded in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, 会 , 網走 .］ strandings at the shore of killer whales in the south- causes using these criteria, we used tide height data early February and mid-March; five occurred off Hok- in a community newsletter reported an interview 2. Maehama, Shari, Eastern Hokkaido, ca. date, and the seafloor was sandy (Yamada Isamu, carcasses were retrieved (Amano et al. 2011). Uni et 7. Okajima, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, March (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb during the high tide, it becomes fixed ashore during As assumed by observers in 1925 and 1977 ings at shore into three categories: brash ice, block- Coastal topography In the 2005 Aidomari event, considerable research Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bul. 52: 1066-76. Yamada T.K., Uni Y, Amano M. et al. (2007) Biological ern Okhotsk Sea and considered criteria such as archived by the Japan Meteorological Agency kaido, two occurred off Etorofu Island, and one from an observer who was born in 1904 (Kanoh 1994). 1930‒1945 pers. comm., July 31, 2005). The event day and the al. (2005) reported that a female whale escaped from 19, 1958 o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- the low tide, especially on rocky coasts, i.e., it can Esashi and 1943 Rubetsu, the whales were possibly age, and re-touch types. Both blockage and re-touch All satellite images in Google Maps at the was conducted and several scientific papers were Kanoh, K. (1994) [Whale?]. Katsuraoka Shizen Shimbun indices obtained from a pod of killer whales weather, tidal range, sea ice behavior, and coastal (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l occurred off Sakhalin (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The serial The observer recalled that a group of killer whales This event occurred on the northern coast of day before were not a day of large tidal range, and the sea ice floe on the next morning. The nine This event occurred on the morning of March figuration of the location was a rocky beach as easily catch sea ice cakes. In this situation, whales trapped in a sea ice cakes when the sea ice floes came types were attributed to converging of large and event locations show the sea floors. The sea floors at published (Kajiwara et al. 2006, Yamada et al. 2007, (private print), 25: 1‒2. Otaru. (in Japanese).［桂岡 自 entrapped by sea ice off northern Japan. Paper topography with reviews of responses by locals. ev_var/index_hourly.php) and Google Maps. Further - number in the table and figure followed was the same came very close to the rocky coast “Sosetsu-no-hama” the Shari Town Center, Eastern Hokkaido. It is only the low tide came at 10:00 pm for both days as per retrieved carcasses comprised one adult male, five 19, 1958, on a rocky coast in southern Esashi, “Oka- observed using Google Maps. cannot escape from sea-ice heap. back ashore after it had gone away from the coast thick ice cakes at the shore, whereas brash ice type the 1925 and 1958 Esashi, 2005 Aidomari and Bettobu, Amano et al. 2011). Note that no scientific research 然新聞］ SC/59/SM12 presented to the Scientific Committee, as that of Uni et al. (2005). Four events were recorded while trying to avoid an incoming sea ice floe. He recorded in a couple of paper prints from the same the historical tide height of Hanasaki adult females, and three calves (one male and two jima.” A group of 10 whales was trapped in sea ice and left in open water. During these events, the locals occurs with “brash ice,” which is accumulations of and 2016 Sakhalin events were rocky, whereas sandy was reported for the 20th-century events; however, a Sato, H., Ishikawa S., Ezaki, I., Sasamori, K., Takahashi, International Whaling Commission, Anchorage. in the Marine Mammal Stranding Database. The event killed a whale using a Japanese sword to get whale negative that were preserved in the Shiretoko Museum (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide females), while the large whales were necropsied on- floes and approximately seven or eight whales were Discussion Sea ice behavior and condition stood on the sea ice cakes to hunt the whales, i.e., the floating ice made up of fragments not more than 2 m sea floors were reported at the 1940 Shari, 1943 skeleton was collected by the Otaru Aquarium in the T., Masuda, Y., and Yoshida, T. (2006) Opportunistic Newspapers (in Japanese) accounts are described in the following paragraphs. meat. The whales were then sold to a fish dealer in in Shari (Fig. 2). The image shows a large male killer /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1943/194303/org194303HN.txt site and calves were sent to the National Museum of taken by the locals with horses to obtain whale meat. All recorded ice-related strandings at the shore Sea ice behavior was reported from all the ice cakes were thick enough for people to walk on. across, the wreckage of other forms of ice (WMO Rubetsu, and 1977 Esashi events. It is possible that 1977 Esashi event. sighting‒basis trend of occurrence of Orcinus orca, The Asahi Shimbun. February, 6 1977［朝日新聞，

18 Ice-related Strandings of Killer Whales at Shore in the Southern Okhotsk Sea whale laying right-side down on a sled in the sea ice Accessed May 20, 2020). Nature and Science, Tokyo (Yamada et al. 2007). Some A local newspaper reported that the whales came in the study area were attributed to offshore formed rocky coasts can easily catch ice cakes compared to and their photographic identification catalog in 流氷の海岸で大捕物／閉じ込められたシャチ８頭／北海 field, probably along the seacoast, and approximately 30 residents who lived close to the shore heard odd close to the beach with a re-beached ice floe (Soya ice floes; they never occurred with fast ice that sandy beaches and can possibly cause an ice-related Conclusions Shiretoko-Nemuro Strait water, Eastern Hokkaido, 道漁民らが仕とめる］ men standing nearby and on the whale. This image 4. Shimo-horobetsu, Esashi, Northern Hok- noises in the early morning that day; later, they saw Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958), and the strand- formed from the coast. The causes of these events stranding, especially in the situation of small ice Ice-related stranding of killer whales at the Japan, 1990‒2005. Bulletin of the Shiretoko Museum, The Hokkaido Shimbun. March 6, 1956［北海道新聞， appears to be a commemorative photo of a catch. One of kaido, February 5, 1977 the whales trapped in sea ice near the shore. This ing event occurred on the day when the ice floe regarding weather, tidal situation, sea ice behavior cakes. shore in the southern Okhotsk Sea occurred between 27: 9‒36. (in Japanese with English abstract)［佐藤晴 死んだイルカ五十数頭が漂着］ the prints has a short note on the back that the whales This event occurred on the morning of Febru- event was observed and video recorded by local beached for the third time (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. and condition, and coastal topography are discussed early February and mid-April 1925 and 2016. All 子・石川聖・江崎逸郎・笹森琴絵・高橋俊男・増田泰・ The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 10, 1977［北海道新 were taken off Maehama and that the group comprised ary 5, 1977, at Shimo-horobetsu or "Wen-nai," on the researchers (Mass Stranding of Killer Whales in Sea March 23, 1958). (Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, below. Frequency stranding events occurred in drift ice floes, and not in 吉田孝哉（2006）1990‒2005年の偶発的な目視情報に基 聞，七メートルの巨体、骨格標本／小樽水族館 捕獲 five whales including one calf. The image was taken by southern coast of Esashi Town, In the morning at 8:00 Ice off Shiretoko, 1958). A skull maintained by a village man was later Uni et al. (2005) reported seven ice-related fast ice. The thickness and density of sea ice floes づく，知床・根室海峡海域におけるシャチ（Orcinus orca） のシャチを解体］ a photo studio in the town, which was established in the am, eight dorsal fins were observed from the coast, so https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPRLHyfZaOM& transferred to another person who wished to obtain it Weather strandings of killer whales at the shore in the south- were different among events from the main ice floe to の出現傾向と写真識別カタログ. 知床博物館研究報告 , The Hokkaido Shimbun. February 12, 1977［北海道新 middle or late 1930s, and the policeman in the photo the local fishermen approached the whales in boats to t=83s Accessed May 20, 2020). As per the recent tide for religious purposes. At present, the skull is housed The ice-related strandings occurred between ernmost Okhotsk Sea between 1925 and 2005 and con- small ice floe fragment in a geological scale from a 27: 9‒36.］ 聞，流氷バックに大活劇 シャチ生け捕り／寒さこらえ観 wore a uniform with a stand-up collar, which was used obtain whale meat. They tied the whale flukes with height data at Abashiri and Hanasaki, February 7, at the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI (Uni et al. 2017). As early February and mid-April, i.e., the events sidered that it occurred roughly once per decade. The large ice cake to brash ice debris. Such an event was Uni Y, Aota M., and Tateyama K. (2005) Ice- 客五百人／たっぷり４時間／珍味もたんのう］ until the end of WWII in 1945. Therefore, the image was ropes to pull them up to the coast using a bulldozer. was a day of spring tide and the low tide came at 9:00 per historical tide height archives at Abashiri, the occurred in the late winter or early spring in the 2014). While stranded killer whales survived a few coastline of the study area is scarce habitation and observed roughly once per decade. Moreover, these entrapment of killer whales in the Sea of Okhotsk. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 21, 1958［宗谷日報， Introduction Materials and Methods the village and locals consumed the whale meat. surely taken between 1930 and 1945. The whales were still alive when the locals arrived on pm; furthermore, the tidal range reached 136 cm at 18th and 19th were days with small tidal ranges of 55 region and seasonal winds generally blow from the days or longer in two types (blockage and re-touch) in uninhabited in place. It is possible that unobserved events are rare; however, they are sometimes experi- Poster presented at 16th Biennial Conference on 枝幸でいるか退治／思はぬ流氷の贈り物］ Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have a cosmopolitan This study is based on a poster presentation Moreover, whale meat was obtained from the stom- Although the short note did not mention the the coast. The whale group comprised eight whales: Abashiri and 145 cm at Hanasaki and 67 cm, and the low tide came at 9:00 pm on the north during that period. All the locations of the the Okhotsk Sea and a few weeks in off-shore ice events occurred in the period. In this study, eight enced by humans living in the study area either by the Biology of Marine Mammals, San Diego, CA, USA. Soya Nippoh [Daily Soya]. March 23, 1958［宗谷日報， distribution, are commonly found in pack ice, and may for the 14th Biennial Conference on the Biology of ach of a stranded whale and was salted for preserva- cause of the death, we consider the whales died by an two males and six females (The Hokkaido Shimbun, (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb 18th and at 8:00 am on the 19th events were on the northern coast except the 2005 entrapment in North America (Westdal et al. 2017), such events were reported in 90 years from 1925, and direct observation or by news media. http://nodaiweb.university.jp/muse/unisan/data/bc 流氷も悪くない／「シヤチ」退治の攻防戦］ extend their range into ice-covered water in the Ant- Marine Mammals in San Diego in 2005 (Uni et al. tion. The whale group comprised 13 whales that ice-related stranding because the death occurred in a February 12, 1977). One carcass was dissected at the o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l Aidomari event. Strong winds or storms were they died quickly within a day in brash ice-type the frequency of observation of such events was mm/bcmm_akw.html. Accessed May 20, 2020 arctic. In the southern Okhotsk Sea, which contains 2005). The study area was the southernmost Okhotsk included males and females, of which two whales sea-ice field at the shore because of mass stranding as site while the skeleton was sent to the Otaru ev_var/sea_lev_var.php accessed May 20, 2020). reported a day before or on the day of the events stranding, which was seen only at Aidomari in 2005. roughly once per decade. Acknowledgements Uni, Y., Kano, K. and Murayama, Y. (2017) Ice- オホーツク海南部の沿岸で発生した流氷によるシャチの the most southern offshore formation sea ice in the Sea, along the coast of southern Sakhalin, Hokkaido were able to escape. The weather and sea ice con- there can be no other reasonable cause of death for a Aquarium in Hokkaido as a specimen (The Hokkaido 6. Bettobu, Shana, Etorofu Island, February 27, There is no sex or age information for the whales. (e.g., 1925 Esashi event, 1943 Rubetsu event, and 2016 In the 2005 Aidomari event, on-site and labo- We thank KANOH Kazuko, MURAYAMA entrapment of killer whales in the southern Ok スト ラ ン ディン グ northern hemisphere, killer whales are often seen and Etorofu Island, between 44 ° and 50°N and 142 ° ditions were reported by local newspapers; there was group of killer whales. Shimbun, February 10, 1977). Moreover, this event 2005 Sakhalin event), moderate winds were recorded on events, except the 1930‒1945 Shari event. The strand- ratory necropsy demonstrated that all whales had The response of local residents Yoshiko, TAKABATAKE Takamune , YAMADA hotsk Sea, off Esashi, Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of 宇仁義和 1 舘山一孝 2 close to the sea ice during winter and early spring and 148 °E. Information was collected for each event a heavy snowstorm that led to the stoppage of rail- was reported in a nationwide newspaper with the This event occurred on the morning of Febru- 8. Starodubskoe [Стародубское], the day of the 1977 Esashi event, and no data were ing events occurred when sea ice floe beached for the abundant stomach contents, and there were no The typical response of local residents in the Isamu, SODA Kiyomi, and OHASHI Takehiro for the Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, 7·8: 17‒23. (in Japa 1 東京農業大学生物産業学部 099-2493 北海道網走市 (Sato et al. 2006). On February 7, 2005, an ice-related using the following materials: the Marine Mammal more, for recent events, satellite imagery of sea ice way services with thick sea ice observed in the Soya 3. Tanne-moi, Rubetsu, Etorofu Island, March description of a female having a 1.5-m fetus (The ary 27, 2005, in Bettobu, Shana Village*, off the north- southern Sakhalin, April 19, 2016 reported for the 1930‒1945 Shari event and the 1958 first time in the season at the 2005 Aidomari and reports of sickness or parasitic infection that could 20th-century events was to take whales and obtain reporting historical events, IMAI Hideo, SAKABE nese)［宇仁義和・狩野和子・村山良子（2017）流氷 八坂 196 mass stranding of killer whales occurred at Aidomari Stranding Database created by the National Museum that occurred in and after 2005 in the Okhotsk Sea Strait (Uni et al. 2017). According to the historical tide 18, 1943 Asahi Shimbun, February 6, 1977). As per the histori- ern coast of Etorofu Islamnd. Six whales had been This event occurred on the morning of April Esashi event. Weak winds were recorded on the day probably Bettobu events, the second time with the Satellite images were obtained for the 2016 have led to their death. Ice-related stranding with whale meat for their consumption. In 1925, 1958, and Minako, and ASANO Yumi for shooting videos in the によって北海道枝幸町に集団座礁したシャチの記録 . 枝 2 北見工業大学工学部 090-8507 北見市公園町 165 in Rausu town in the Shiretoko Peninsula (Eastern of Nature and Science in Tokyo, which is the most was obtained. Visible and microwave satellite imagery height archives in Hanasaki, Eastern Hokkaido facing This event occurred on the morning of March cal tide height archives at Abashiri, Eastern Hok- trapped in ice floes, and five whales died by March 3 19, 2016, off Starodubskoe, southern Sakhalin. Weather of the 2005 Aidomari event. Thus, strong north winds 1977 Esashi event, and the third time during the 1958 Starodubskoe event in south Sakhalin (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 quick death of killer whales was not attributed to any 1977 Esashi events, as well as the 1943 Rubetsu 2005 Aidomari event, N. Eremenko for comment to 幸研究 : 7･8: 17‒23.］ 番地 Hokkaido, Japan) and attracted great interest world- comprehensive database of marine mammal stranding were observed by the MODIS mounted on the NASA the Pacific Ocean, March 21, 1925, was a day of 18 (possibly in 1943) at “Tanne-moi” in the Rubetsu kaido, facing the Okhotsk Sea, the day before the (The Mainichi Shimbun. Mar. 4, 2005). Moreover, the conditions were severe the night before the event, converge the sea ice floe to the shore and induced Esashi event. Although details were not mentioned, shows the movement of the ice floe from two days pathological disabilities. Although six adult whales event, whales were taken or attempts were made to the 2005 Bettobu event. We also appreciate the collec- Westdal, K. H., Higdon, J. W. and Ferguson, S. H. wide. Before this event, only a few ice-related mass events in Japan launched satellite “Aqua” and the AMSR2 mounted on spring-tide; the low tide was recorded at 8:00 pm, and Village, close to the western end of Etorofu Island on event (February 4) was a day of spring-tide; further- newspaper reported that a rescue effort was and the wind had changed and blew the sea ice stranding events. We consider the Aidomari event we assumed that ice floes came ashore two or more before (left) and the day of the event (middle). It had no serious injuries, one of the three calves had a take them while they were alive; the image of tions of Wakkanai City Library, Shiretoko Museum, (2017) Review of killer whale (Orcinus orca) ice 要旨 strandings had been reported in the research commu- (https://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/research/db/zoolo the JAXA-launched satellite “GCOM-W.” The satellite the recorded tidal range was 98 cm the coast of the Okhotsk Sea (Yamada 2000). Yamada more, the low tide came at 10:00 pm, and the tidal attempted, but thick ice cakes prevented the whales straight ashore (The seattle pi. 23 Jan. 2017, occurred differently caused from others as mentioned times when the 1925 Esashi, 1943 Rubetsu, and 2016 appears that the sea ice floe was pushed ashore by fracture in its lower jaw with internal bleeding in its the1930‒1945 Shari event indicates consumption. Food Okhotsk Museum ESASHI, National Museum of entrapments and ice-related mortality events in the シャチは世界の海洋に広く分布し，季節海氷域や海氷が周 nity, e.g., 19 whales were stranded in Trinity Bay, gy/marmam/index.php); official history books of the imagery was provided by the Earth Observation (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide (2000) described that strong wind and storm had range reached 101 cm from escaping. Tide height data at Hanasaki indicated https://blog.seattlepi.com/candacewhiting/2017/01/23 below. Sakhalin events occurred. north winds; there were almost no sea ice floes off middle ear (Yamada et al. 2007). With the discovery of distribution for meat and fish was insufficient along Nature and Science, and an anonymous referee for Northern Hemisphere. Polar Biology, 40(7): 1467‒ 年見られる海域（多年氷域）にまで回遊する．沖合形成 Canada, in April 1957, and 2 whales were stranded off coastal municipals along the Okhotsk coast of Hok- Research Center of Japan Aerospace Exploration /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1925/192503/org192503HN.txt swept out sea ice from the small bay; then a few days (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l that the tidal range from the night of the 26th to the /courageous-rescue-of-killer-whales-trapped-among-ice- Although both strandings occurred on the first southern Sakhalin on the event day (right). This event pulmonary edemas, Yamada et al. (2007) concluded the Okhotsk Coast of Hokkaido and Etorofu Island helpful suggestions to the manuscript. 1473. 海氷が存在する最も低緯度のオホーツク海南部にもシャチは southwest Newfoundland in March 1975 (Mitchell and kaido; and related literature concerning sea ice in the Agency. Accessed May 20, 2020). The official tide height later, sea ice came back to the bay and completely ev_var/sea_lev_var.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The morning of the 27th was 97 cm; furthermore, the low floes-in-russia/ Accessed May 20, 2020). At least three Tidal situation day that sea ice came onshore in 2005 at Aidomari, as confirmed that a small fragment of sea-ice floe in geo- that eight of the nine whales suffered from respira- before the 1960s because the shortage of cold chain WMO [World Meteorological Organization] (2014) 普通に観察される．ところがこの海域の北海道，樺太（サ Reeves 1988). After the Aidomari event, based on a Okhotsk Sea. When we found a particular description, No survey was conducted for offshore ice archives contain data from December 1924; therefore, covered it. His little brother found 13 whales were coastal configuration of the location was sandy (Uni et tide on the 27th came at 12:00 am and 11:00 am whales, including a calf, managed to quickly escape, For all events, tidal situations were obtained, well as at Bettobu, which was reported a few days logical scale can cause ice-related stranding at the tory failure. We considered death in the 2005 Aid- and frozen food was uncommon for personal con- References Sea-Ice Nomenclature. ハリン），択捉島の沿岸では 1925‒2016 年に 8 件の漂流す literature search, Uni et al. (2005) compiled seven ice- extensive searches were made to seek evidence of entrapment in the Okhotsk Sea. we could not obtain data of March 1924. The coastal trapped in sea ice floes at the northern tip of the bay, al. 2017). (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb but one large male remained until the next morning. except for the 1930‒1945 Shari event, using historical after, satellite images demonstrated that these two shore. Moreover, in this case, the ice floe was a omari event to be caused by sea ice condition as sumption at that time. Such reactions in the local resi- Amano, M., Yamada, T. K., Brownell, R. L. Jr., and https://www.jcomm.info/index.php?option=com_oe る海氷（流氷）によるシャチのストランディングが観察されて related strandings in the southern Okhotsk Sea off the event (e.g., newspaper articles, images, and speci- configuration of the location was rocky, which which was named “Kotobutsu.” The largest whale o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- Then, a rescue effort was attempted, after which the tidal records archives from the Japan Meteorological events can be attributed to different ice conditions. narrow fragment; therefore, the rescue operation was brash ice. The whales were embedded among brash dent were as subsistence taking. In the 1977 Esashi Uni, Y. (2011) Age determination and reproductive &task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=14598 いる．これはおおよそ10 年に 1 度の頻度である．座礁を起 Hokkaido and Etorofu Island. Furthermore, Uni et al. mens). If there was an observer of the event, we Results matched the observer’ s account. Although this event appeared to be 5‒6 m in length, whereas others 5. Aidomari, Rausu, Eastern Hokkaido, February figuration of the location was a rocky beach. The last whale fled into open water (The Siberian Times 20 Agency. The 1925 Esashi and 2005 Aidomari events The Aidomari event was induced by an ice floe that successful in helping a male flee, and the other three ice that filled the area from the bottom to the sea sur- event, all whales were sold to a marine-related prod- traits of killer whales entrapped in ice off Aidomari, Yamada, I. (2000) [Sea Ice of my home Etorofu Is. Ice こした流氷の厚みや密度はさまざまで，流氷原の本体から (2017) included certain concrete evidence and made a arranged an interview with them. In addition to the We identified eight instances of ice-related occurred about 115 years ago, two skulls (one male appeared to be smaller. His elder brother tried to 7, 2005 whale died on the next day, and no specimens were April 2016 occurred on the day of spring tide, whereas the other was a front mass separated from the main ice floe whales could escape by themselves before the rescue face; the whales became immobilized and stranded in ucts company and a small portion of whale meat was Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(2): 275‒ trapped whales], pp. 36–40. In: Okhotsk Culture Group 先端部，さらには流氷原の切れ端の場合があり，氷の大き small correction to the previous study. To consider abovementioned materials, we used direct observa- strandings at the shore of killer whales with support- 1. Menashi-domari, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, and one female) were kept in the house garden of his secure a whale using wire; however, three days later, This event occurred in the early morning of preserved from this event (Eremenko, N.A., pers. https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/n0649- three events (1943 Rubetsu, 1977 Esashi, and 2005 and just touched the coast, whereas the Bettobu event. ice. When the low tide came and seawater went out, used for local consumption. 282. (ed.) [Our Sea Ice to be carried to the 21th Century]. さも大きな氷盤から砕け氷まであった．シャチの座礁に対す future responses to stranding events, Westdal et al. tions and video analysis for the recent events. For ing evidence in the study area between 1925 and March 21, 1925 (or 1924) niece (Kanoh 1994), which are now stored at the another strong wind swept all the whales and sea ice February 7, 2005, at a rocky coast off Aidomari in comm. Nov. 30, 2005). heroic- rescue-saveswhalestrapped-by-floating-ice-off- Bettobu) occurred on large tidal range days. A large event, which was found 4 or 5 days after the first day they were left on the debris of brash ice; then, their In the 21st century, the response of local resi- Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Kamikawa, S., Ochi, Y., Abashiri. (in Japanese). 278pp.［山田勇「故郷エトロフの る住民の対応は 1970 年代までは食料利用であったが，21 (2016) reviewed 17 ice-related strandings both onshore each event, causes of ice-related stranding regarding 2016. All these events included mass strandings of The event occurred on March 21 in either 1925 National Museum of Nature and Science since 2005 from the bay. All the whales died within three days. Rausu Town on the eastern coast of the Shiretoko * English newspaper articles reported the location as sakhalin-island/ Accessed May 20, 2020). As per tidal range plays an important role in ice-related of sea ice floe onshore (on February 22 or 23), was Choked hypothesis for the 2005 Aidomari body weight choked their throats and lungs, and they dents to the event was completely different, rescue Yano, S. and Tanabe, S. (2006) Organohalogen and 流氷̶流氷にはさまれたクジラ」オホーツク文化の会編 世紀には救出活動が試みられるなど劇的に変化した． and offshore ice entrapment in and before 2013 in the weather, sea ice behavior, tide height, and coastal con- between 4 and 13 individuals. Stranding events were or 1924 on the northern coast of Esashi Town, (YAMADA Tadasu K., pers. comm.). Yamada recalled that this was the only known event Peninsula, Eastern Hokkaido. The group comprised 11 “Reidovo” recent tide height data at Abashiri, the 18th and 19th stranding with drift ice near and at the shore. When caused by a main sea ice floe with thick and large ice event suffocated to death (Fig. 5). efforts were attempted in all recent events, i.e., in organotin compounds in killer whales mass- （2000）21世紀へ伝えたい私の流氷 . オホーツク文化の northern hemisphere. This study compiled ice-related figuration were discussed. To evaluate stranding observed approximately once per decade between “Menashi-domari,” Northern Hokkaido. A short article of ice entrapment of killer whales at Etorofu Island to or 12 whales that were stranded, from which nine were days with small tidal ranges of <40 cm sea ice comes ashore and moves by wind or current cakes (Fig. 3). Uni et al. (2005) defined sea ice-related strand- 2005 at Aidomari and Bettobu and in 2016 at Sakhalin. stranded in the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, 会 , 網走 .］ strandings at the shore of killer whales in the south- causes using these criteria, we used tide height data early February and mid-March; five occurred off Hok- in a community newsletter reported an interview 2. Maehama, Shari, Eastern Hokkaido, ca. date, and the seafloor was sandy (Yamada Isamu, carcasses were retrieved (Amano et al. 2011). Uni et 7. Okajima, Esashi, Northern Hokkaido, March (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/genb during the high tide, it becomes fixed ashore during As assumed by observers in 1925 and 1977 ings at shore into three categories: brash ice, block- Coastal topography In the 2005 Aidomari event, considerable research Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bul. 52: 1066-76. Yamada T.K., Uni Y, Amano M. et al. (2007) Biological ern Okhotsk Sea and considered criteria such as archived by the Japan Meteorological Agency kaido, two occurred off Etorofu Island, and one from an observer who was born in 1904 (Kanoh 1994). 1930‒1945 pers. comm., July 31, 2005). The event day and the al. (2005) reported that a female whale escaped from 19, 1958 o/genbo.php Accessed May 20, 2020). The coastal con- the low tide, especially on rocky coasts, i.e., it can Esashi and 1943 Rubetsu, the whales were possibly age, and re-touch types. Both blockage and re-touch All satellite images in Google Maps at the was conducted and several scientific papers were Kanoh, K. (1994) [Whale?]. Katsuraoka Shizen Shimbun indices obtained from a pod of killer whales weather, tidal range, sea ice behavior, and coastal (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/db/tide/sea_l occurred off Sakhalin (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The serial The observer recalled that a group of killer whales This event occurred on the northern coast of day before were not a day of large tidal range, and the sea ice floe on the next morning. The nine This event occurred on the morning of March figuration of the location was a rocky beach as easily catch sea ice cakes. In this situation, whales trapped in a sea ice cakes when the sea ice floes came types were attributed to converging of large and event locations show the sea floors. The sea floors at published (Kajiwara et al. 2006, Yamada et al. 2007, (private print), 25: 1‒2. Otaru. (in Japanese).［桂岡 自 entrapped by sea ice off northern Japan. Paper topography with reviews of responses by locals. ev_var/index_hourly.php) and Google Maps. Further - number in the table and figure followed was the same came very close to the rocky coast “Sosetsu-no-hama” the Shari Town Center, Eastern Hokkaido. It is only the low tide came at 10:00 pm for both days as per retrieved carcasses comprised one adult male, five 19, 1958, on a rocky coast in southern Esashi, “Oka- observed using Google Maps. cannot escape from sea-ice heap. back ashore after it had gone away from the coast thick ice cakes at the shore, whereas brash ice type the 1925 and 1958 Esashi, 2005 Aidomari and Bettobu, Amano et al. 2011). Note that no scientific research 然新聞］ SC/59/SM12 presented to the Scientific Committee, as that of Uni et al. (2005). Four events were recorded while trying to avoid an incoming sea ice floe. He recorded in a couple of paper prints from the same the historical tide height of Hanasaki adult females, and three calves (one male and two jima.” A group of 10 whales was trapped in sea ice and left in open water. During these events, the locals occurs with “brash ice,” which is accumulations of and 2016 Sakhalin events were rocky, whereas sandy was reported for the 20th-century events; however, a Sato, H., Ishikawa S., Ezaki, I., Sasamori, K., Takahashi, International Whaling Commission, Anchorage. in the Marine Mammal Stranding Database. The event killed a whale using a Japanese sword to get whale negative that were preserved in the Shiretoko Museum (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/tide females), while the large whales were necropsied on- floes and approximately seven or eight whales were Discussion Sea ice behavior and condition stood on the sea ice cakes to hunt the whales, i.e., the floating ice made up of fragments not more than 2 m sea floors were reported at the 1940 Shari, 1943 skeleton was collected by the Otaru Aquarium in the T., Masuda, Y., and Yoshida, T. (2006) Opportunistic Newspapers (in Japanese) accounts are described in the following paragraphs. meat. The whales were then sold to a fish dealer in in Shari (Fig. 2). The image shows a large male killer /sea_lev_var/orgdata/1943/194303/org194303HN.txt site and calves were sent to the National Museum of taken by the locals with horses to obtain whale meat. All recorded ice-related strandings at the shore Sea ice behavior was reported from all the ice cakes were thick enough for people to walk on. across, the wreckage of other forms of ice (WMO Rubetsu, and 1977 Esashi events. It is possible that 1977 Esashi event. sighting‒basis trend of occurrence of Orcinus orca, The Asahi Shimbun. February, 6 1977［朝日新聞，

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