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Exposure to a Mixture of Toxic Chemicals: Implications for the Health of Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales

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Exposure to a Mixture of Toxic Chemicals: Implications for the Health of Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-135 Exposure to a Mixture of Toxic Chemicals: Implications for the Health of Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales doi:10.7289/V5/TM-NWFSC-135 November 2016 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Fisheries Science Center NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-135 Exposure to a Mixture of Toxic Chemicals: Implications for the Health of Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales doi:10.7289/V5/TM-NWFSC-135 Teresa M. Mongillo, Gina M. Ylitalo,1 Linda D. Rhodes,1 Sandie M. O’Neill,1, 2 Dawn P. Noren,3 and M. Bradley Hanson3 National Marine Fisheries Service West Coast Region Protected Resources Division 7600 Sand Point Way Northeast Seattle, Washington 98115 1Northwest Fisheries Science Center Environmental and Fisheries Science Division 2725 Montlake Boulevard East Seattle, Washington 98112 2Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 600 Capitol Way North, MS 43150 Olympia, Washington 98501 3Northwest Fisheries Science Center Conservation Biology Division 2725 Montlake Boulevard East Seattle, Washington 98112 November 2016 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Fisheries Science Center https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/index.cfm NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC Series The Northwest Fisheries Science Center of NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC series to issue scientific and technical publications. Manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and edited. Publications in this series can be cited in the scientific and technical literature. The Northwest Fisheries Science Center’s NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC series continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Science Center, which subsequently was divided into the Northwest Fisheries Science Center and the Alaska Fisheries Science Center. The latter uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC series. NOAA Technical Memorandums NMFS-NWFSC are available at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center website, https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/index.cfm. Mention throughout this document to trade names or commercial companies is for identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Reference this document as follows: Mongillo, T. M., G. M. Ylitalo, L. D. Rhodes, S. M. O’Neill, D. P. Noren, and M. B. Hanson. 2016. Exposure to a mixture of toxic chemicals: Implications for the health of endangered Southern Resident killer whales. U.S. Dept. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS- NWFSC-135, 107 p. doi:10.7289/V5/TM-NWFSC-135 ii Contents List of Figures ..............................................................................................................................................................iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................................v Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................................ix Introduction and Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Contaminants of Concern ..........................................................................................................................................3 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) ..................................................................................................................6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) ..................................................................................................................7 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) ....................................................................................................8 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT and Metabolites) ....................................................................... 10 Other Toxic Chemicals of Concern ................................................................................................................... 12 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) ................................................................................................ 12 Trace Elements ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Geographic Distribution of Southern Resident Killer Whales ............................................................................ 14 POPs in Southern Resident Killer Whale Prey ...................................................................................................... 15 Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation in Whales ..................................................................................................26 Influence of Geographic Distribution and Diet on POP Accumulation .......................................................26 Dynamics of POP Transfer from Mother to Offspring ...................................................................................27 Other Influential Factors Affecting POP Accumulation ..................................................................................31 Potential Adverse Health Effects from POP Exposure .........................................................................................33 Influence of Organic Contaminants on the Endocrine System ......................................................................33 Thyroid Hormones ..........................................................................................................................................33 Effects on Thyroid Hormones from Organic Contaminant Exposure .....................................................35 Sex Hormones ..................................................................................................................................................36 Effects on Reproduction from Organic Contaminant Exposure ................................................................37 Influence of Organic Contaminants on the Nervous System ....................................................................38 Influence of Organic Contaminants on Immune Function and Disease Susceptibility ..............................40 Immune System and Functional Testing Overview ....................................................................................40 Effects on Immune Function of Organic Contaminant Exposure ............................................................42 Disease Susceptibility ......................................................................................................................................43 iii The Development of Biomarkers for Toxicity ........................................................................................................45 Interactive Effects ......................................................................................................................................................48 PCBs and PBDEs ..................................................................................................................................................48 PCBs, PBDEs, and Chlorinated Paraffins (CPs) ...............................................................................................49 PCBs, PBDEs, and Methyl Mercury (MeHg) ....................................................................................................50 (Anti)Estrogenic Compounds ............................................................................................................................50 Summary ...............................................................................................................................................................52 Implications for Southern Resident Killer Whales ...............................................................................................53 Contaminated Prey and Nutritional Limitation ...............................................................................................56 Endocrine Disruption and Sensitive Life Stages ..............................................................................................57 Immunotoxicity and Disease Susceptibility ......................................................................................................59 Interactive Effects .................................................................................................................................................60 Data Needs and Future Directions ..........................................................................................................................63 Persistent Pollutants in Killer Whales ................................................................................................................63 Persistent Pollutant Exposure in Calves ............................................................................................................64 Persistent Pollutants in Prey and Prey Availability ..........................................................................................66 Health Effects ........................................................................................................................................................66
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