A 1988-2011 Case Study of Cycling Routes in Vancouver, British Columbia
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From Arterial Integration to Segregated Lanes: A 1988-2011 Case Study of Cycling Routes in Vancouver, British Columbia by Erica Hirschberger B.A. (Communication), Simon Fraser University, 2008 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the School of Communication Faculty of Communication, Art and Technology © Erica Hirschberger 2012 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2012 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for “Fair Dealing.” Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review, and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. Approval Name: Erica Hirschberger Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: From Arterial Integration to Segregated Lanes: A 1988- 2011 Case Study of Cycling Routes in Vancouver, British Columbia Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Fiona Jeffries, Lecturer Dr. Zoë Druick Associate Professor Senior Supervisor Dr. Peter Chow-White Assistant Professor Supervisor Dr. Kay Teschke External Examiner Professor, School of Population and Public Health University of British Columbia Date Defended/Approved: August 14, 2012 ii Partial Copyright Licence Ethics Statement The author, whose name appears on the title page of this work, has obtained, for the research described in this work, either: a. human research ethics approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Research Ethics, or b. advance approval of the animal care protocol from the University Animal Care Committee of Simon Fraser University; or has conducted the research c. as a co-investigator, collaborator or research assistant in a research project approved in advance, or d. as a member of a course approved in advance for minimal risk human research, by the Office of Research Ethics. A copy of the approval letter has been filed at the Theses Office of the University Library at the time of submission of this thesis or project. The original application for approval and letter of approval are filed with the relevant offices. Inquiries may be directed to those authorities. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada update Spring 2010 Abstract After more than two decades of cycling transportation planning, Vancouver’s first segregated bike lanes represent a new and perhaps temporary stability in cycling route design in the city’s dense downtown core. The 1988 Vancouver Comprehensive Bicycle Plan called for the integration of cyclists with arterial vehicle traffic via the research of John Forester (1987; 1994). However, the infrastructure for cyclists created since that time, including the city’s local street bikeway network and the new downtown segregated bike lanes, has deviated significantly from this strategy. From a social construction of technologies perspective, I argue that this shift required the recognition of a new relevant social group in the social construction of the city’s cycling infrastructure. The recognition of this group, the “near market” for cycling, helped produce the conditions necessary for more powerful relevant social groups to reconstruct the meaning of cycling routes in Vancouver to favour segregated designs. Keywords: utilitarian cycling; social construction of technologies; sustainable urban transportation; Vancouver; cycling infrastructure iii Dedication For my grandmother Jane Goeth, who we affectionately know as Muzzy, and for my grandmother Phyllis Zeisler Porter, who is dearly loved and fondly remembered. iv Acknowledgements To my partner, Rachel Rees, for putting up with me at perhaps my most crazy, cranky and exhausted each in turn. Thank you for nourishing my body and mind. Thank you for keeping me grounded. To my loving parents Hans and Evie Hirschberger for their unwavering love and support. You have taught me, encouraged me and inspired me all at pivotal junctions in my life. To my beautiful and fierce younger sister Kari, who does not understand the word “no”. As the older sibling, I have always felt it was my duty to set a good example for you, but you have always insisted on forging your own path. You have been a role model for me in this way, and I respect and admire you for it. To Dr. Zoë Druick: Thank you for inspiring me to pursue graduate work, and for your patient yet firm guidance through this whole process. It has been a privilege to be your student. To Dr. Peter Chow-White: Thank you for the generosity of your time, and for introducing me to some new favourite theorists. To Dr. Zena Sharman, whose sound advice and editing expertise helped me not only enter my graduate program, but also fund it. Thank you for lending me your wisdom and your experience; they were indispensible. To my wonderful editors Naomi Moses and Ashley Dunne, thank you for applying your skills to looking over my thesis. You were incredibly thorough and alleviated a great deal of stress. To the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for granting me the Joseph-Armand Bombardier Canada Graduate Scholarship to aid me in my research. To the Dean of Graduate Studies, for funding my studies with two Graduate Fellowships. v Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iii Dedication ......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ v Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................. viii List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................... ix Preface ............................................................................................................................... x Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Method .............................................................................................................................. 5 Research Questions ................................................................................................ 6 Study Design ............................................................................................................ 7 Study Details ............................................................................................................ 9 Research Summary ........................................................................................................ 14 Chapter 1 Technology and Society Theory ................................................................ 16 The Philosophy of Technology ........................................................................................ 17 Social Construction of Technologies ............................................................................... 21 Semiotics ................................................................................................................ 27 Social Construction and Power .............................................................................. 31 Chapter 1 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 2 Framing Cycle-commuting in Vancouver ................................................. 34 Vancouver: The “Setting Waiting for a City” .................................................................... 35 What is a “Cyclist”? ......................................................................................................... 42 Relevant Social Groups .................................................................................................. 49 Users and Non-Users of the Bicycle ...................................................................... 51 The City of Vancouver ........................................................................................... 53 Provincial Government ........................................................................................... 55 Law Enforcement ................................................................................................... 55 Community and Advocacy Organizations .............................................................. 56 Others .................................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 2 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 3 Comprehensive Bicycle Plan: 1988-1997 .................................................. 60 From Arterial Integration to a Regional Bicycle Network ................................................ 62 Clouds of Change ........................................................................................................... 67 Cycling Advocacy ...........................................................................................................