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Laiškas Redaktoriui LAIÐKAS REDAKTORIUI Filmas „Kristaus kanèia“ – prieðtaravimo þenklas Irena Eglë Laumenskaitë Pradëjusi skaityti Naujàjá Testamentà, pastebëjau, kad keliose vietose esama akivaizdþiø prieðtaravimø. Pavyzdþiui, Jonas Krikðtytojas, jau bûda- mas kalëjime, iðgirdo apie Kristaus darbus ir nusiuntë savo mokinius jo pa- klausti: Ar tu esi tas, kuris turi ateiti, ar mums laukti kito? Jëzus atsakë: Keliaukite ir apsakykite Jonui, kà èia girdite ir matote: aklieji praregi, raiðieji vaikðèioja, raupsuotieji apvalomi, kurtieji girdi, mirusieji prikeliami, betur- èiams skelbiama geroji naujiena. Bet Jis priduria: Ir palaimintas, kas nepa- sipiktins manimi (plg. Mt 11, 2–6). Pastarasis sakinys, kaip prieðtaraujan- tis visai gerajai þiniai, mane ir „uþkabino“: kaip gali kas nors piktintis, jei aklieji praregi, kurtieji girdi, raiðieji vaikðto? Ðià prieðtarà maèiau kaip durø sklendæ, kurià parûpo atidaryti, nes nujauèiau, kad durims atsivërus, turëèiau pamatyti kaþkà svarbaus. Vienà dienà supratau: iðgydomi tie, kurie pripaþásta esà akli, kurti ar raiði ir todël nori pasveikti. Savaip kurti, akli, raiði, raupsuoti esame visi... Ir palaiminti tie, kas Jëzaus akivaizdoje iðvydæ savàjà tamsà Juo nepasipiktins. Melo Gibsono filmas „Kristaus kanèia“, meistriðkai palietæs þmogiðkosios tamsos ir egzistencinio pasirinkimo tikrovæ, negalëjo netapti prieðtaravi- mo þenklu. Net Martino Scorsese’s filmas „Paskutinis Kristaus gundymas“, prieðingas Evangelijai, nes jo centre – Jëzui pripaiðoma þemiðkoji pagun- da, nesulaukë tokios stiprios krikðèioniø reakcijos. O kaþkada matyti Piero Paolo Pasolini „Evangelija pagal Matà“ ir Franco Zeffirelli „Nazareto Jë- zus“ dabar atrodo kaip graþios ir graudþios istorijos, galinèios mûsø ir nepa- liesti, nes kalba apie Jëzø, Já sekusius ir iðdavusius, bet ne apie mus. Mums patrauklus krikðèionybës modelis yra „þmonës be nuodëmës, vedami gera- ðirdþio Dievo á karalystæ be teismo, sekant Kristø be kryþiaus“. Vos pradëjus rodyti „Kristaus kanèià“, filmui pasipila ávairûs priekaið- tai: antisemitizmas, sadomazochistinis mëgavimasis kanèia, evangelinës þinios iðkraipymas, holivudinis kièas. New Yorker debatus dël filmo net pa- vadino „karu aplink Jëzø“. Ties vertinimais „holivudinis kièas“ vargu ar verta rimèiau apsistoti. Gal buvo galima apsieiti ir be akis iðkapojanèio kranklio, ið aukðtybiø nukrentan- èios Dievo aðaros ir juo labiau be perukà prarandanèio Ðëtono, tikrai holivu- diðkai nugarmanèio á nebûtá. Taèiau nëra paprasta ðioje „aðarø pakalnëje“ áþvelgti Blogio pralaimëjimà ir juo labiau tai parodyti masiniam þiûrovui, kuris maitinasi vien holivudine produkcija. Taip þvelgiant, filmo „Þiedø val- dovas“ grafika yra kur kas holivudiðkesnë bei „techniðkesnë“ ir bûtent todël suprantama ðiuolaikiniam þmogui. Ið pirmo þvilgsnio gali pasirodyti, kad á holivudiná kièà labiausiai taiko Ðëtono ávaizdis ir visa, kas su juo susijæ – dvëseliena, musës, neûþauga-pabaisa jo rankose, – bet vargu ar reþisieriui rûpëjo pasiekti Romano Polanskio siaubo filmø efektà. Metafiziná siaubà Ðëtonas sukelia vidinëje akistatoje, o pasaulyje pasirodo tarsi nekaltais ir netgi trivialiais þemiðkos logikos („Tai tikrai per sunku. Per brangu yra NAUJASIS ÞIDINYS-AIDAI 2004 / 4 145 gelbëti jø sielas“), belytiðkumo, tuðèio þvilgsnio, negyvo balso pavidalais. Gibsonas labiausiai kaltinamas antisemitizmu, kuris jau tampa Vakarø pasaulio fobija. Prancûzai tuoj pat pareiðkë, kad didþiuosiuose ekranuose filmo kol kas nero- dysià – lauksià reakcijø kitose ðalyse, nes ir taip yra kaltinami didþiausiu an- tisemitizmu. Tikrà ir pavojingà antisemitizmà ar kitoká anti sukels ne meno kûrinys, bet veikiau tai, kad ðiandien pasaulyje vertinamas nebe poelgis, ginamas ne asmuo, o formalus priklausymas tautai, rasei, lyèiai ar seksualinei maþumai. Juk filme, iðskyrus romënus, visi yra þydai: ir fariziejai, ir Jëzus, ir Marija, ir Simonas Kirë- nietis, ir minia, ir gailestingos moterys joje... Lenkø kilmës teologijos profesorius, Tarptautinës krikðèioniø–þydø Tarybos narys Johnas T. Pawlikowskis ðá filmà JAV laikraðtyje Baltimore Sun pavadino „þydø puolimu“ ir pareiðkë, kad jis, kaip katalikas, kunigas, teologas, atsipraðo þydø uþ Gibsonà. Kitas lenkø kilmës ku- nigas ir teologas, dabartinis popieþius Jonas Paulius II, kurio niekas neapkal- tintø antisemitizmu, pamatæs ðá filmà, kaip raðë laikraðèiai, pasakë: „Viskas taip ir buvo“. Perskyra yra ne tarp þydø ir ne þydø, bet tarp tiesos ir melo kiekviena- me mûsø – tarp Dievo paveikslo ir nuodëmës tamsos. Filme bûtent tai sukreèia, nes yra iððûkis mums. Dievo ir Þmogaus Sûnaus nuolankumo bei iðtvermës akivaizdoje ði átampa atveria þmoguje glûdintá neþmoniðkà þiaurumà. Todël filmas yra þiaurus, bet jo þiaurumas nëra sadistinis, nes katarsiðkas. Jau filmo epiloge Izaijo knygos citata yra pasakoma, kad Kristaus kanèios mastas virðija þmogiðkas jëgas, nes atperka viso pasaulio nuodëmæ: Jis buvo suþalotas dël mûsø nusiþengimø, ant jo krito kirèiai uþ mûsø kaltes... Mes buvome iðgydyti jo þaizdomis (Iz 53, 5). Regis, ðiuolaikinis þmogus bevelija þiûrëti kompiuteriná siaubà, dirbtinio þiaurumo trilerius, bet uþsimerkia prieð tebevykstanèio realaus karo neþmoniðkumà, kad pabëgtø nuo kanèios, susidûræs su þmogiðkàja tamsa. „Kristaus kanèia“ bûtent jà liudija. Siekdamas parodyti Kristaus Kryþiaus prasmæ (filme Jëzus jà tiesiogiai iðsako pro kareivius prasiverþusiai Marijai: Ðtai að visa darau nauja! – Apr 21, 5), Gib- sonas pagrindiná dëmesá skiria Dievo ir þmogaus susitikimo dramai. Ji aktuali- zuojama, apeliuojant á tiesos klausimà – opiausià mûsø laikø problemà, todël vertëtø tai aptarti plaèiau. Nors visas konfliktas vyksta dël tiesos (Jëzus sako, kad atëjæs paliudyti tiesà, o fariziejai – kad Jis iðniekino jø mokymà, yra apsimetëlis, o ne Mesijas), Gibsonas, pasitelkdamas Piloto paveikslà, atskleidþià du naujus dalykus. Viena vertus, norëdamas pabrëþti, kad tiesa nëra vien teisinga idëja ar abstrak- cija, bet aktuali kiekvienam asmeniðkai, reþisierius, neiðkreipdamas Evangeli- jos minties, jà uþaðtrina. Filme Jëzus Pilotui sako: „Visi, kas girdi tiesà, girdi mano balsà“ (lietuviðki titrai, deja, to nepaiso ir cituoja Jono evangelijos eilutæ: Kas tik brangina tiesà, klauso mano balso). Todël Pilotas þmonos klausia: „Ar tu jà girdi? Ar atpaþásti, kai sako tiesà? Kaip?“ Klaudijos atsakymas „Jei tu jos negirdi, nie- kas negalës tau pasakyti, kas yra tiesa“ já prislegia, nes Pilotui Tiesà, gebëjimà jà atpaþinti uþgoþia jo tiesa – interesas iðlaikyti valdþià. Taip filme atskleidþiama ðiuolaikinio þmogaus drama: atsiverti Dievui, priimti Kristø kaip Tiesà jam truk- do ne tik ankstesnis visuotinës tiesos abstraktumas, bet dar labiau to prieðybë, á kurià jis metësi – jo paties egoistiniai ir pragmatiðki siekiai, ávardijami kaip nuo- sava tiesa. Filmas labai dinamiðkas, o sulëtinti kadrai leidþia patirti, kad iðdavystë, Kris- taus kanèia, Jo mylintis þvilgsnis, Motinos artumas Sûnui, piktdþiugiðkas minios siautëjimas esti laike ir apeliuoja á mûsø laikà. Laike vyksta ir Jëzø asmeniðkai sutikusiø þmoniø sàmonëjimas. Scena, kai Jëzus, palietæs vyriausiojo kunigo tarno nukirstà ausá, jà iðgydo, yra svarbi ne dël „magiðko veiksmo“, uþ kà Gibsonui prie- kaiðtaujama, bet dël regimos tarno nuostabos: palytëtas Jëzaus gailestingumo, veidas palengva „atsibunda“... 146 NAUJASIS ÞIDINYS-AIDAI 2004 / 4 Prieðybë Pilotui yra Simonas Kirënietis, þydas, beje (filme tai net ávardijama). Kaip ir Pilotas teisinæsis, kad tai ne jo reikalas, kad yra nekaltas, Simonas, su- tikæs Jëzaus þvilgsná, radikaliai keièiasi. Jëzui parkritus, jis netgi pasiprieðina Já èaiþanèiøjø þiaurumui („Man nesvarbu, kà jûs man padarysite“), vëliau kryþiaus naðtoje su Juo solidarizuojasi („Beveik atëjome... Beveik áveikëme“) ir galiausiai prieð Já atsiklaupia. Kamera fiksuoja pokyèiø blykstelëjimus ir kituose veiduose – kietuose, bet ne beviltiðkuose. Kristaus kanèios ir begalinio atlaidumo akivaizdoje („Tëve, atleisk jiems... Jie neþino, kà daro...“) nuostaba ir abejonë galiausiai ðmëkðteli net vyriau- siojo kunigo veide. Filme ðie veidai „pabunda“ ar bent suklûsta ir dël moterø elg- senos. Moteris pirmoji atpaþásta Jëzaus ðventumà (Klaudija, Veronika, moteris, padràsinusi Simonà Kirënietá: „Padëk jam. Jis ðventas þmogus“). Ji praðo stab- dyti vykdomà nusikaltimà, patyrusi Jëzaus gailestingumà, ji iðstovi kanèioje iki galo. Filme moterys, bûdamos minioje, miniai nepriklauso. Akivaizdu, kad Gib- sonas, ðiuo filmu apeliuodamas á ðiuolaikinio þmogaus egzistenciná pasirinkimà, apeliuoja ir á moters vaidmená tam. Vieno kareivio, pamaèiusio Marijà, veidas nuð- èiûva ir jis klausia: „Kas ji?“ „Galilëjieèio motina“, – sako kitas, tuo tarsi patvirtin- damas, kad Motina atveria mûsø ðirdis Sûnui. Kol nebuvau maèiusi ðio filmo, labiausiai abejojau, ar bus pavykæs Marijos paveikslas, nes já ekranizuoti ypaè sunku – lengva nuslysti á sentimentalumà, emocingà dramatizmà ar statiðkà herojiðkumà. Gibsono filmas yra stebëtina iðimtis, nes èia Jëzaus Motina – tikra tikëjimo, vilties ir meilës ikona, maþa to, tikëjimo ir vilties atrama mums. Prieð Prisikëlimo scenà kamera sustoja prieðais Marijà, apglëbusià nuimtà nuo kryþiaus Sûnaus kûnà: jos ranka, iðtiesta ties Jo ðirdimi, atsiveria á mus, tuo tarytum primindama ar patvirtindama Simeono pasakytus palaiminimo þodþius: Jis bus prieðtaravimo þenklas, ir tavo paèios sielà pervers kalavijas, kad bûtø atskleistos daugelio ðirdþiø mintys (Lk 2, 34–35). Stebina priekaiðtai, jog Gibsono filmas iðkraipo Evangelijos þinià, nes susitel- kia ties Kristaus kanèia ir neatskleidþia Jo pozityvaus mokymo. Sakyèiau, prieðingai: jis atskleidþiamas tikriausiu
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