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Downy Mildew Milestones in Grapevine Breeding

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Downy Mildew Milestones in Grapevine Breeding Needs for new disease resistance Reinhard Töpfer and Rudolf Eibach Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof www.jki.bund.de powdery mildew downy mildew Milestones in Grapevine Breeding Poor quality fungus High quality fungus resistant genotypes resistant varieties French hybrids American hybrids classically bred cultivars rootstocks (in use for grafting to combat phylloxera) 1800 1900 2000 year powdery phylloxera downy discovery of fungicidal mildew mildew properties of sulphur and copper www.jki.bund.de Occurrence of Fungicide Resistances (according to HG Hewitt (1998) Fungicides in Crop Protection, modified by Deising et al.) Class of First Years prior to Pathogen Fungicides occurrence occurrence of of resistance resistance Organic mercury 1964 40 Pyrenophora avenae Benzimidazole 1970 2 Venturia inaequalis, Botrytis cinerea Phenylamide 1980 2 Phytophthora infestans, Plasmopara viticola Dicarboximide 1982 5 Botrytis cinerea DMIs 1982 4 Blumeria graminis Carboxanilide 1986 14 Ustilago nuda Morpholine 1994 34 Blumeria graminis Strobilurine 1998 2 Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici Grapevine Resistance Breeding cultivated Vitis vinifera Vitis wild species – High quality – Poor quality – No mildew resistance – High mildew resistance Repetitive pseudo backcrosses using various V. vinifera cultivars e. g. Vitis amurensis New cultivars e.g. `Müller-Thurgau´ – High quality – High mildew resistance e.g. `Solaris´ (Breeder WBI Freiburg) www.jki.bund.de Resistance Breeding in Germany 1925 beginning of resistance breeding … identification of resistance loci: 1950 Aris, Siegfriedrebe 1950 1990 Phoenix 1990 Orion, Staufer Regent, Sirius, Merzling Hibernal, Rondo, Prinzipal, Bronner 2000 2000 Johanniter Ren2 Rpv1 Saphira, Solaris 2005 Helios Run1 C.Carbon, C.Carol, C.Cortis, Rpv2 Prior, Monarch, Bolero Rpv3.1, Rpv4 Ren3 Ren1 Allegro Rpv5, Rpv6, Rpv7 2010 Accent, Piroso Villaris, Reberger, Calandro Rpv8, Rpv9, Rpv11,Rpv13 Run2.1, Run2.2 Baron Rpv10,Rpv3.2 Ren4, Ren5 Muscaris, Souvignier gris, Rpv12 Pinotin, Cabernet blanc 2015 2015 Rpv14 Ren6, Ren7, Ren8 Rpv15 (in preparation) Ren9 (in preparation) 2020 www.jki.bund.de Durability of resistances Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew) 6 dpi Peressotti et al.(2010) BMC Plant Biol. 10: 147 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Isolate SL Rpv3-1 Rpv10 QTL Rpv3 disappears Ren3 applying isolate SL Ren3 Bianca → formation of P. viticola races Bianca www.jki.bund.de Classical Boom-and-Bust Cycle (Form: Mundt et al. 2014, modified; original data from Browning andwww.jki.bund.de Frey 1969) Specific Considerations: Durability of resistance Riesling Weisser Heunisch x (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris x Traminer) ? First mentioning: 1435Rüsselsheim: bill for plants Diebach: vines in a vineyard 1464/1465 Trier: plants for cultivation 1490First documented mentioning of a vineyard 1491(“Ruslingwingart”) near Worms. Downy Mildew: Example I Bacchus Villard blanc Merzling Rpv10 Severnyi X X X Muscat Ottonel Rpv3 Gf.Ga-52-42 Solaris X Rpv3 Rpv10 Rpv10 Gf.2008-059 Rpv3 Rpv3 Rpv10 Rpv3 Rpv10 Rpv3 Rpv10 Rpv3 Rpv10 www.jki.bund.de 11 Variability of Downy Mildew resistance within the whole progeny (Example I) Müller-Thurgau (1.6) 40 Gf.Ga-52-42 (4.4) Solaris (4.6) 34 30 27 20 22 carpet carriers population carriersr carriers of carriers % % der Population % der 10 sporangia 9 sporangia 8 sporangia sporangia sporangia 20 5 - - Dense >20 6 No 0 1 1 3 5 7 9 Schwander et al. 2011 Downy Mildew: classes of resistance susceptible Downy mildew resistance level resistent www.jki.bund.de • individual resistance loci: degree of resistance ? • effect of combination ? Downy Mildew: classes of resistance Downy Mildew: classes of resistance Downy Mildew: classes of resistance Downy Mildew: classes of resistance Schwander et al 2011 www.jki.bund.de Downy Mildew: Example II Cab. Sauvignon Solaris X Rpv10 MTP3082-1-42 Cab. Cortis X Rpv3 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv10 Gf.2015-127 Rpv1 Rpv1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv10 www.jki.bund.de 14 Downy Mildew: Example II Influence of individual resistance loci and their different combinations on degree of resistance 9 8 7 6 5 4 degree degree degree degree fofofo resistance resistance resistance 3 2 1 -Rpv1,-Rpv1 -Rpv9 +Rpv1,+Rpv1 -Rpv10 -Rpv1,-Rpv1 +Rpv10 +Rpv1,+Rpv1 +Rpv10 -Rpv10 -Rpv10 +Rpv10 +Rpv10 www.jki.bund.de MTP3082-1-42 X Regent Downy Mildew: Example III Rpv1 Rpv3 Gf.2005-305-119 X Petra Rpv1 Rpv3 Rpv12 Kishmish Gf.2011-7-128 X vatkana Rpv12 Rpv1 Rpv3 Gf.2015-72 Rpv12 Rpv12 Rpv12 Rpv12 Rpv12 Rpv12 Rpv12 Rpv12 Rpv1 Rpv3 Rpv1 Rpv3 Rpv1 Rpv3 Rpv1 Rpv3 Rpv1 Rpv3 Rpv1 Rpv3 Rpv1 Rpv3 Rpv1 Rpv3 www.jki.bund.de Downy Mildew: Example III Influence of individual resistance loci and their different combinations on degree of resistance 9 8 7 6 Resistenz 5 der 4 Grad Grad der der Resistenz Grad degree of resistanceof degree 3 2 1 -Rpv1,---Rpv1Rpv1Rpv11 - +Rpv1,+Rpv1+Rpv1+Rpv12 - ---Rpv1Rpv1-Rpv1,Rpv1-Rpv1,3 -Rpv1,-Rpv1,---Rpv1Rpv1Rpv14 -- +Rpv1+Rpv1+Rpv1,+Rpv1,5 +Rpv1,+Rpv1,+Rpv1+Rpv16 -- ---Rpv1,Rpv1Rpv1-Rpv1,7 +Rpv1,+Rpv1+Rpv1,8 -Rpv3,--Rpv3.1Rpv3.1Rpv3.1 - Rpv3,---Rpv3.1Rpv3.1Rpv3.1 - +Rpv3,+Rpv3,+Rpv3.1+Rpv3.1+Rpv3.1 -- ---Rpv3,Rpv3.1Rpv3.1Rpv3,Rpv3.1 +Rpv3,+Rpv3,+Rpv3.1+Rpv3.1 -- -Rpv3,-Rpv3,Rpv3.1Rpv3.1 +Rpv3.1+Rpv3.1+Rpv3,+Rpv3, +Rpv3,+Rpv3.1+Rpv3, ---Rpv12Rpv12Rpv12Rpv12 ---Rpv12Rpv12Rpv12 ---Rpv12Rpv12Rpv12Rpv12 +Rpv12+Rpv12+Rpv12 --Rpv12Rpv12 +Rpv12+Rpv12+Rpv12+Rpv12 +Rpv12+Rpv12+Rpv12 +Rpv12+Rpv12+Rpv12 www.jki.bund.de Downy Mildew no resistance locus Leaf disc essays Rpv1 Rpv3.1 Rpv12 1 resistance locus Rpv1+Rpv3.1 Rpv1+Rpv12 Rpv3.1+Rpv12 2 resistance loci Rpv1+Rpv3.1+Rpv12 3 resistance loci www.jki.bund.de Comparison of different Downy Mildew resistance loci for their individual degree of resistance - Results deduced from different experiments - 9 8 7 6 5 4 degree degree of resistance 3 2 1 Rpv1 Rpv3.1 Rpv3.2 Rpv10 Rpv12 www.jki.bund.de Aim: combining 3 resistance loci for powdery mildew ( ) and 3 for downy mildew( ) Downy mildew Powdery mildew Rpv1 Rpv3-1Rpv3-2 Rpv10 Rpv12 Run1 Ren1 Ren3 Ren4 Rpv1 Rpv3-1 Rpv10 Rpv1 Rpv3-2 Rpv12 Run1 Ren1 Run1 Ren3 Ren3 Type of resistance: 3&3 Ren4 1 …………..……..further combinations……………………40 www.jki.bund.de Specific Considerations: Other Diseases showing up e.g. Black Rot • caused by Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) (ascomycete) • nativ to North America, introduced in 1885 www.jki.bund.de What could/should be done from a breeding point of view? • Focus on major pathogens but look also for the next pathogen • Identify new and strong sources of resistance • Combine different resistance loci ideally 3 loci (mechanisms) • Do not „burn“ resistances by using stepwise new single resistances • Use a minimum of plant protection „add a kind of a chemical resistance mechanism“ • Create varieties with different combinations of resistances • Look for adaptation to climate change Make a good compromise on the time scale! We need international research and pre-breeding! www.jki.bund.de.
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