sign in sign up
<<
Home , Carbon dioxide, Density

Properties of Dioxide Legal units of measurement and most recent technical developments Preface

Consumers from all sectors are showing keen interest in (CO2).

This document contains data and information characterising the physical, chemical and physiological properties of carbon dioxide.

It takes into account both the legal units of measurement and the latest technical developments.

Ihre GmbH

2 for | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Contents

Important data for CO2 4

Temperature-entropy diagram 6

Pressure- diagram 8

Vapour table 10

Specific heat capacities of CO2 11

Water content as a function of 12

Solubility of in CO2 14

CO2 in water 14

CO2 solubility in and other organic 16

Pressure conditions in CO2 cylinders as a function of and filling level 18

Isochores (lines of equal ) 19

Specific of CO2 at different and 20

Density of CO2 22

Dissociation 24

Neutralisation 25

Definitions 26

Units of measurement and conversion tables 27

Literature references 34

This publication is based on the state of technical knowledge at the time of issue. It is the responsibility of the user to check its applicability to his or her particular case and to ensure that the version in use is up to date. Neither the Messer Group GmbH nor those involved in the preparation of the publication accept any liability for its use.

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 3 Important data for CO2

Chemical formula CO2 (atomic bonding O = C = O)

Molar MCO2 = 44.011 kg/kmol

3 Standard Vmn = 22.263 m /kmol

Specific constant RCO2 = 0.1889 kJ/(kg ∙ K)

3 Standard density rn = 1.977 kg/m

CO2/air density ratio under standard d = 1.529 conditions

Critical temperature tcrit = 31 °C

Critical pressure Pcrit = 73.83 bars 3 Critical density rcrit = 466 kg/m

Sublimation point ts = -78.9 °C bei 0.981 bars

Triple point tT = -56.6 °C bei 5.18 bars

Decomposition temperature From about 1,200°C, for a level of about 0.032 vol%

Colour in gaseous state Colourless

Fire behaviour Not combustible, known as a -extinguishing agent

Static electricity/charge When CO2 effuses into the from the liquid , the dry that form give rise to an “electrostatic charge”.

Reactivity under normal conditions Stable compound, employed as an at normal ambient temperatures.

Combination with water CO2+H2O=H2CO3

Of the CO2 gas dissolved in water, only about 0.1% exists as the H2CO3. The pH value of aqueous CO2

at standard pressure is 3.7. Under pressure, it falls to a limiting value of 3.3. Hence CO2 is well suited as a neutralising medium for alkaline solutions.

Odour Odourless

Taste Neutral

Toxicity Non-toxic, legally approved for use with foodstuffs and does not require declaration

OEL value 5,000 ml/m3 (ppm) as an eight-hour average

Medical application Inhalation of 3 to 5% CO2 in gas

Experience with high Irritation of the respiratory centre at 30,000 to 50,000 ppm (3 to 5 vol%).

concentrations of CO2 in Loss of consciousness at 70,000 to 100,000 ppm (7 to 10 vol%) due to lack of .

4 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 103 Supercritical Liquid 102

Critical point p,T-Diagramm 10 Pressure p, bars The regions in which the various pressure and temperature dependent

1 aggregate states of CO2 exist can be seen in the (p,T) Gaseous 10-1 173 223 273 323 373 Temperature T, K

Solid CO2 ()

At p = 0.981 bars and t = -78.9°C (194.25 K)

Heat of sublimation rs = 573.02 kJ/kg

Refrigerating capacity when warming from -78.9°C (194.25 K) auf 0°C (273 K) qO ≈ 645 kJ/kg

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 5 Temperature-entropy (t,s) diagram for CO2

solid – liquid – vapour

Plank and Kuprianoff

Specific enthalpy h, kJ/kg v, dm3/kg Pressure p, 0.9 Entropy s, kcal/(kg·K) 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 At 0°C [= 273.15 K] gilt: h 790 40

100 h = 418.7 kJ/kg [= 100 kcal/kg] 30 liq 413 140 90 140 780 20 413 80 15 = 5.18 10 8 6 tr sliq = 4.187 kJ/(kg ∙ K) [= 1 kcal/(kg ∙ K)] p 770 70 130 130 403 60 403

50 760 393 120 120 750 393

740 383 110 110 383 730

720 373 100 100 373 710

700 363 90 90 690 363

680

670 T , K 353 80 80 353 t , °C 660

650 343 70 640 70 630 343

620 610 600 60 3 60 333 590 100 5 333 Temperature 580 4 6 570 Temperature 560 8 550 110 10 50 540 90 50 323 530 323 520 15 510 80 40 500 40 313 70 313 490 70 31°C 100 480 tK = 150 60 t , °C v = 200 T , K 303 30 470 30 303 50 460 20 Temperature

40 450 50 20 20 293 440 293 30 40 430 10 30 10 283 418.68 283 s, kcal/(kg·K) 0.7 0.8 420 20 410 0 0 273 0 400 273 v = 2

390 3 263 -10 10 -10 263 380 4

370 300 600 800 5 500 15 253 -20 400 -20 360 8 253 6 350 1000 -30 243 -30 x = 0.1 243 340 8 0.4

10 0.6 6

x = 0.9 = x

0.2 0.8 330 0.7 0.3 -40 233 -40 = 5.18 233 tr 320 15 p 0.5

T , K 310

t , °C 300 20 223 -50 -50 223 Temperature 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 30 40 50 4

3

100 2 213 -60 -60 213 90

80 v = 1200 -70 203 -70 1.5 203

1.0 v = 10 70 0.8 193 -80 0.6 -80 193 60 0.4

183 -90 0.7 -90 0.5 0.8 183

50 100 0.4 0.3 x = 0.9 p = 0.2 50 200 0.2 0.6 1000 x = 0.1 500 173 -100 -100 173 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.1868 4.5 5.0 5.5 Entropy s, kJ/(kg·K)

6 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 0.9 Entropy s, kcal/(kg·K) 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

h 790 40

100 30 413 140 90 140 780 20 413 80 15 = 5.18 10 8 6 tr p 770 70 130 130 403 60 403

50 760 393 120 120 750 393

740 383 110 110 383 730

720 373 100 100 373 710

700 363 90 90 690 363

680

670 T , K 353 80 80 353 t , °C 660

650 343 70 640 70 630 343

620 610 600 60 3 60 333 590 100 5 333 Temperature 580 4 6 570 Temperature 560 8 550 110 10 50 540 90 50 323 530 323 520 15 510 80 40 500 40 313 70 313 490 70 31°C 100 480 tK = 150 60 t , °C v = 200 T , K 303 30 470 30 303 50 460 20 Temperature

40 450 50 20 20 293 440 293 30 40 430 10 30 10 283 418.68 283 s, kcal/(kg·K) 0.7 0.8 420 20 410 0 0 273 0 400 273 v = 2

390 3 263 -10 10 -10 263 380 4

370 300 600 800 5 500 15 253 -20 400 -20 360 8 253 6 350 1000 -30 243 -30 x = 0.1 243 340 8 0.4

10 0.6 6

x = 0.9 = x

0.2 0.8 330 0.7 0.3 -40 233 -40 = 5.18 233 tr 320 15 p 0.5

T , K 310

t , °C 300 20 223 -50 -50 223 Temperature 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 30 40 50 4

3

100 2 213 -60 -60 213 90

80 v = 1200 -70 203 -70 1.5 203

1.0 v = 10 70 0.8 193 -80 0.6 -80 193 60 0.4

183 -90 0.7 -90 0.5 0.8 183

50 100 0.4 0.3 x = 0.9 p = 0.2 50 200 0.2 0.6 1000 x = 0.1 500 173 -100 -100 173 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.1868 4.5 5.0 5.5 Entropy s, kJ/(kg·K)

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 7 Pressure-enthalpy (p,h) diagram for CO2

350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

solid – liquid – vapour

383 K 383

373 K 373

403 K 403 333 K 333 323 K 323

353 K 353

243 K 248 K 253 K 258 K 263 K 268 K 273 K 278 K 283 K 288 K 293 K K 313 308 K 308

233 K 298 K K 303

343 K 343

305.££‚5 K 305.££‚5 310.5 K 310.5

393 K 393 363 K 363

T = 223 K According to Plank-Kuprianoff 110 110

6

7

2 1

4. 8 5 6 2 0 .7 5 9 3

8 0 0 1 4. 8 8 9 4 4

8 4. 5. 5. 5. 1 = 4. 4. 4. 2

1 100 7 100 2 s 5. 2 At 273.15 K, h = 418.7 kJ/kg 5. liq 5. 5.

= and sliq = 4.187 kJ/(kg ∙ K) s 3

g k / 3

In the interest of clarity the diagram shows temperature 90 m 90 d 5 4 values T = (TO – 0,15) K, except for the critical temperature, = 6 v tcrit, and the temperature at the triple point,tr.

80 403 K 80 313 K 7 Pressure p, bars 303 K Critical point 304.15 K 310.5 K

383 K 308 K 373 K 305.5 K 393 K 8

70 343 K 70 303 K 323 K 363 K 333 K 353 K 9

0 3 /kg 1

60 293 K 60 293 K 293

v = 2 dm 3 12

4

0.9 0.8 x = 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 50 50 5

14 283 K 283 283 K 6

40 16 40 6 8 5.43

2 5.35

. 5.27

5.10 5.18 8

4 273 K 273

4.35 1 4.43 5.02

4.51 4.60 4.68 4.76 4.85 4.93 273 K = 20 s 10 30 30 25

263 K 263 263 K

15 30

10 20 K 253 253 K 20 20 40 9 70

3 K 243 5.35 /kg K 243 K 50 5.39 5.43 8 s = 5.31 5.47 3 30

5.52 2

5.56 2 233 K 233

v = 100 dm 5.60 233 K 70

= 40

5.64 Pressure p, bars 10 10 7

5.68 T 50 5.73 100 6 5.77 5.18 bars = ptr 216.55 K = Ttr 70 5.18 5.81 150 5 150 5 5 5.85 213 K 5.39 5.43 5.60 5.89 3.76 3.85 3.93 4.01 4.10 4.18 4.26 4.35 4.43 4.51 4.60 4.68 4.76 4.85 4.93 5.02 5.10 5.18 5.27 5.35 5.47 5.52 5.56 5.94 200 4 5.68 200 4 4 5.98 s = 3.68

0.7

0.8 5.77 3 208 K 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 3 x = 0.1

3 x = 0.9 s = 5.85 2 203 K 2 2 500 198 K 500

1 193 K 1 K

1 K

183 K

3 3 3

3

3 3 3 3

3

3

3 3 3

3 3 3 3

3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2

9 8

7 0 1 3 8 2 7 5

6 4

4 0 5 9

223 K 223 243 K 243 233 K 233 203 K 203 213 K 213

173 K K 193

253 K 253

273 K 273 283 K 283

263 K 263

293 K 293 303 K 303 323 K 323 313 K 313

363 K 363 353 K 353 343 K 343 333 K 333

20 19 21

2

25 24 23

26

2 2 463 463

2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

43 4 42 4 41 4 3 650 700 750 800 850 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 Enthalpy h, kJ/kg

8 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide

350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

383 K 383

373 K 373

403 K 403 333 K 333 323 K 323

353 K 353

243 K 248 K 253 K 258 K 263 K 268 K 273 K 278 K 283 K 288 K 293 K K 313 308 K 308

233 K 298 K K 303

343 K 343

305.££‚5 K 305.££‚5 310.5 K 310.5

393 K 393 363 K 363

T = 223 K 110 110

6

7

2 1

4. 8 5 6 2 0 .7 5 9 3

8 0 0 1 4. 8 8 9 4 4

8 4. 5. 5. 5. 1 = 4. 4. 4. 2

1 100 7 100 2 s 5. 2 5.

5. 5.

=

s 3

g k / 3

90 m 90 d 5 4

= 6 v

80 403 K 80 313 K 7 Pressure p, bars 303 K Critical point 304.15 K 310.5 K

383 K 308 K 373 K 305.5 K 393 K 8

70 343 K 70 303 K 323 K 363 K 333 K 353 K 9

0 3 /kg 1

60 293 K 60 293 K 293

v = 2 dm 3 12

4

0.9 0.8 x = 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 50 50 5

14 283 K 283 283 K 6

40 16 40 6 8 5.43

2 5.35

. 5.27

5.10 5.18 8

4 273 K 273

4.35 1 4.43 5.02

4.51 4.60 4.68 4.76 4.85 4.93 273 K = 20 s 10 30 30 25

263 K 263 263 K

15 30

10 20 K 253 253 K 20 20 40 9 70

3 K 243 5.35 /kg K 243 K 50 5.39 5.43 8 s = 5.31 5.47 3 30

5.52 2

5.56 2 233 K 233 v = 100 dm 5.60 233 K 70

= 40

5.64 Pressure p, bars 10 10 7

5.68 T 50 5.73 100 6 5.77 5.18 bars = ptr 216.55 K = Ttr 70 5.18 5.81 150 5 150 5 5 5.85 213 K 5.39 5.43 5.60 5.89 3.76 3.85 3.93 4.01 4.10 4.18 4.26 4.35 4.43 4.51 4.60 4.68 4.76 4.85 4.93 5.02 5.10 5.18 5.27 5.35 5.47 5.52 5.56 5.94 200 4 5.68 200 4 4 5.98 s = 3.68

0.7

0.8 5.77 3 208 K 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 3 x = 0.1

3 x = 0.9 s = 5.85 2 203 K 2 2 500 198 K 500

1 193 K 1 K

1 K

183 K

3 3 3

3

3 3 3 3

3

3

3 3 3

3 3 3 3

3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2

9 8

7 0 1 3 8 2 7 5

6 4

4 0 5 9

223 K 223 243 K 243 233 K 233 203 K 203 213 K 213

173 K K 193

253 K 253

273 K 273 283 K 283

263 K 263

293 K 293 303 K 303 323 K 323 313 K 313

363 K 363 353 K 353 343 K 343 333 K 333

20 19 21

2

25 24 23

26

2 2 463 463

2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

43 4 42 4 41 4 3 650 700 750 800 850 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 Enthalpy h, kJ/kg

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 9 Vapour table for CO2 liquid – vapour

Density, kg/m3 Enthalpy, KJ/kg Evap. Entropy, kJ/(kg∙K) t, °C T, K p, bar heat r r liq ga hliq hga kJ/kg sliq sga +31 304.15 73.83 466.0 466.0 558.94 558.94 0 4.6465 4.6465 +30 303.15 71.92 596.4 334.4 527.12 590.13 63.01 4.5444 4.7524 +25 298.15 64.32 705.8 240.0 497.39 616.84 119.45 4.4497 4.8504 +20 293.15 57.33 770.7 190.2 477.30 632.63 155.33 4.3827 4.9128 +15 288.15 50.93 817.9 158.0 460.97 641.29 180.32 4.3292 4.9551 +10 283.15 45.06 858.0 133.0 445.89 647.24 201.35 4.2781 4.9894 + 5 278.15 39.72 893.1 113.0 431.66 650.84 219.18 4.2300 5.0179 0 273.15 34.85 924.8 96.3 418.68 653.69 235.01 4.1868 5.0472 -5 268.15 30.45 953.8 82.4 405.74 654.86 249.12 4.1480 5.0698 -10 263.15 26.47 980.8 70.5 393.94 655.65 261.71 4.0976 5.0924 -15 258.15 22.89 1006.1 60.2 382.84 656.07 273.23 4.0570 5.1154 -20 253.15 19.67 1029.9 51.4 372.33 656.36 284.03 4.0168 5.1380 -25 248.15 16.81 1052.6 43.8 362.28 655.95 293.67 3.9779 5.1615 -30 243.15 14.27 1074.2 37.0 352.49 655.49 303.00 3.9389 5.1854 -35 238.15 12.02 1094.9 31.2 342.82 654.77 311.95 3.8996 5.2096 -40 233.15 10.05 1115.0 26.2 333.23 653.62 320.62 3.8594 5.2348 -45 228.15 8.33 1134.5 21.8 323.64 652.68 329.04 3.8184 5.2607 -50 223.15 6.84 1153.5 18.1 314.05 651.34 337.29 3.7765 5.2883 -55 218.15 5.55 1172.1 14.8 304.46 649.88 345.42 3.7334 5.3172 -56.6 216.55 5.18 1177.9 13.8 301.32 649.33 348.01 3.7205 5.3273

At 0°C wird hliq = 418.68 kJ/kg (= 100 kcal/kg) and sliq = 4.1868 kJ/(kg ∙ K) [(= 1 kcal/(kg ∙ K)] is set

Vapour table for CO2 solid – vapour

Density, kg/m3 Enthalpy, KJ/kg Evap. Entropy, kJ/(kg∙K) t, °C T, K p, bar heat rliq rga hliq hga kJ/kg sliq sga -56.6 216.55 5.18 1512.4 13.84 105.55 649.33 543.78 2.8156 5.3273 -60 213.15 4.10 1521.9 10.97 99.27 649.21 549.94 2.7863 5.3671 -65 208.15 2.87 1534.6 7.74 89.97 648.41 558.44 2.7428 5.4261 -70 203.15 1.98 1546.1 5.39 82.02 646.94 564.92 2.7043 5.4860 -75 198.15 1.34 1556.5 3.71 75.07 645.02 569.95 2.6695 5.5467 -78.9 194.25 0.98 1564.0 2.74 70.05 643.18 573.13 2.6435 5.5948 -80 193.15 0.896 1566.1 2.51 68.71 642.63 573.92 2.6373 5.6095 -85 188.15 0.584 1574.8 1.672 62.72 639.99 577.27 2.6059 5.6748 -90 183.15 0.372 1582.2 1.087 56.90 637.06 580.16 2.5749 5.7435 -95 178.15 0.231 1588.9 0.693 51.20 633.97 582.77 2.5431 5.8150 -100 173.15 0.139 1595.2 0.428 45.55 630.74 585.19 2.5104 5.8908

At 0°C, hliq = 418.68 kJ/kg (= 100 kcal/kg) and ssol = 4.1868 kJ/(kg ∙ K) [(= 1 kcal/(kg ∙ K)] is set

10 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Specific heat capacities of CO2

kJ kcal kcal kJ K kg grd kg grd kmol K kmol

0.36 1.50 65.0 0.34 c 15.0 1.40 p 60.0 0.32 14.0 1.30 0.30 13.0 55.0 cv 1.20 0.28 12.0 50.0 1.10 0.26 11.0 45.0 1.00 0.24 10.0 0.22 0.90 40.0 9.0 0.20

0.80 Measured values according to E. Justi 35.0 0.18 8.0

0.70 30.0 0.16 7.0

0.60 0.14 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 °C 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 2700 2900 3100 K

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 11 Water content of CO2 gas as a function of the dew point temperature

Water content of CO2 gas, ppm (volume/volume) 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10 20 30 40 50 70 80 90 60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 Dew point, K 270 280 290 300 310

Water content of CO2 gas, ppm (mass/mass) 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 Dew point, K 270 280 290 300 310

Specifications for standard pressure. We can provide information for higher pressures - pressure dew point - on request.

12 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Water content of CO2 gas, ppm (volume/volume) 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10 20 30 40 50 70 80 90 60 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 Dew point, K 270 280 290 300 310

Water content of CO2 gas, ppm (mass/mass) 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 Dew point, K 270 280 290 300 310

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 13 Solubility of water in liquid CO2

Temperature, K 243 253 263 273 283 293 303

1000 2 600 O/kg CO

2 400 mg H

200

Temperature, °C -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Solubility of CO2 in water as a function of pressure and temperature

16 15 14 273 K (0 °C) 278 K (5 °C) 13 283 K (10 °C) 12 288 K (15 °C) 11 293 K (20 °C) 10 298 K (25 °C) /l water

2 9 303 K (30 °C) 8 308 K (35 °C) 7 313 K (40 °C) 6 318 K (45 °C) 323 K (50 °C) content, g CO 5 2

CO 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pressure p, bars

14 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Solubility of CO2 in water at high pressures

8

709,3 bar 608 7 506,6

405,3

6 304

Liquid-vapour boundary 202,7

O 5 2 152 /100 g H

2 101,3 4

76

content, g CO 3 2 50,7 CO 40,5

2 30,4

20,3

1 10,1 5,1

1,013 bar 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Temperature, °C

273 283 293 303 313 323 333 343 353 363 373 383 393 Temperature, K

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 15 Solubility of CO2 in alcohol and other organic liquids

3 cm dissolved CO2 under standard conditions a in L cm3 ∙ bars

3 cm dissolved CO2 under standard conditions λ in L g solvent ∙ bars

Temperature, °C Solvent - 80 - 60 - 40 - 20 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 a a a a a a a a a a a a L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L

Acetone CH3 CO CH3 424 469 - 129.5 43.4 51 - 24.5 10.9 13.3 8.6 10.7 - 6.6 - 8.4 - - - 6.7 - - 4.2 5.5

Ethanol CH3 CH2 OH 88.8 102 35.3 41.2 24.2 28.6 - - 4.3 5.4 3.6 4.4 - - - 3.7 - - 2.6 3.3 - - - -

Benzene C6 H6 ------2.6 4 2.54 2.87 2.34 2.66 2.4 2.74 2.30 2.64 2.14 2.48 - -

Butanol - (2) CH3 CH OH CH2 CH3 ------1.95 2.42 1.80 2.24 1.67 2.09 ------

Butyric acid CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH ------3.82 3.97 3.46 3.61 3.15 3.29 ------

Chloroform CH Cl3 ------3.70 2.47 3.39 2.27 3.10 2.09 - 1.90 - 1.5 - -

Cumene C6 H5 CH (CH3) 2 ------1.86 2.13 1.73 2.01 1.61 1.88 ------

Cyclohexane (CH2) 6 ------1.56 2.01 ------

Decalin C10 H18 ------1.97 2.14 1.4 1.5 - - - - 1.11 1.25 1.0 - 0.94 - 0.88 - 0.81 0.94

Diethyl ether (C2 H5) 2 O - 306 - 92 - 36.7 - 17.8 - 9.8 - 8 - - - 6.4 ------

1,2-Dibromoethane (CH2 Br) 2 ------2.27 1.03 2.11 0.97 1.95 0.90 1.81 0.84 1.62 0.75 - -

Dimethylformamide (CH3) 2 CONH ------4.5 4.8 ------

d-Limonene C10 H16 ------1.90 2.24 1.77 2.09 1.63 1.94 ------

Acetic acid CH3 COOH ------5.25 4.99 4.72 4.49 4.23 4.05 - 3.8 - 3.4 - -

Methyl CH3 COOCH3 - 357 - 103 - 41.8 - 20.9 - 11.7 - 9.4 - - - 7.5 - - - 6.1 - - - -

Glycerol CH2 OHCH OHCH2 OH ------0.03 0.02 ------

Heptane C7 H16 ------1.95 2.86 1.83 2.68 - - 1.60 2.39 - -

Methanol CH3 OH 197 224 - 67 21.2 25 9.7 11.6 5.2 6.4 - 5.1 - - 3.3 4.2 - - - 3.7 - - 2.5 3.3

Propionic acid CH3 CH2 COOH ------4.48 4.48 4.07 4.09 3.69 3.72 ------

Carbon disulphide CS2 ------0.89 0.69 0.82 0.64 0.79 0.62 ------

Carbon tetrachloride C Cl4 ------2.44 1.54 - - - - 2.3 1.4

Toluene C6 H5 CH3 - 21.4 8.4 8.9 4.1 4.5 2.8 3.1 3.21 3.6 3.02 3.5 2.40 2.75 2.7 3.1 2.18 2.53 2.5 2.9 - - - -

Trichloroethylene C2 HCI3 38.5 25.5 - - 12.8 8.2 6.4 4.3 3.8 2.5 ------

Xylene (tech.) C6 H4 (CH3) 2 - - 7.5 8.0 4.6 5 2.4 2.7 1.7 1.9 - - 2.20 2.53 2.04 2.36 1.89 2.19 ------

16 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Solubility of CO2 in alcohol 8

6 alcohol

3 273 K 4 /m 2

2 298 K kg CO

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Concentration in %

Temperature, °C Solvent - 80 - 60 - 40 - 20 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 a a a a a a a a a a a a L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L L l L

Acetone CH3 CO CH3 424 469 - 129.5 43.4 51 - 24.5 10.9 13.3 8.6 10.7 - 6.6 - 8.4 - - - 6.7 - - 4.2 5.5

Ethanol CH3 CH2 OH 88.8 102 35.3 41.2 24.2 28.6 - - 4.3 5.4 3.6 4.4 - - - 3.7 - - 2.6 3.3 - - - -

Benzene C6 H6 ------2.6 4 2.54 2.87 2.34 2.66 2.4 2.74 2.30 2.64 2.14 2.48 - -

Butanol - (2) CH3 CH OH CH2 CH3 ------1.95 2.42 1.80 2.24 1.67 2.09 ------

Butyric acid CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH ------3.82 3.97 3.46 3.61 3.15 3.29 ------

Chloroform CH Cl3 ------3.70 2.47 3.39 2.27 3.10 2.09 - 1.90 - 1.5 - -

Cumene C6 H5 CH (CH3) 2 ------1.86 2.13 1.73 2.01 1.61 1.88 ------

Cyclohexane (CH2) 6 ------1.56 2.01 ------

Decalin C10 H18 ------1.97 2.14 1.4 1.5 - - - - 1.11 1.25 1.0 - 0.94 - 0.88 - 0.81 0.94

Diethyl ether (C2 H5) 2 O - 306 - 92 - 36.7 - 17.8 - 9.8 - 8 - - - 6.4 ------

1,2-Dibromoethane (CH2 Br) 2 ------2.27 1.03 2.11 0.97 1.95 0.90 1.81 0.84 1.62 0.75 - -

Dimethylformamide (CH3) 2 CONH ------4.5 4.8 ------d-Limonene C10 H16 ------1.90 2.24 1.77 2.09 1.63 1.94 ------

Acetic acid CH3 COOH ------5.25 4.99 4.72 4.49 4.23 4.05 - 3.8 - 3.4 - -

Methyl acetate CH3 COOCH3 - 357 - 103 - 41.8 - 20.9 - 11.7 - 9.4 - - - 7.5 - - - 6.1 - - - -

Glycerol CH2 OHCH OHCH2 OH ------0.03 0.02 ------

Heptane C7 H16 ------1.95 2.86 1.83 2.68 - - 1.60 2.39 - -

Methanol CH3 OH 197 224 - 67 21.2 25 9.7 11.6 5.2 6.4 - 5.1 - - 3.3 4.2 - - - 3.7 - - 2.5 3.3

Propionic acid CH3 CH2 COOH ------4.48 4.48 4.07 4.09 3.69 3.72 ------

Carbon disulphide CS2 ------0.89 0.69 0.82 0.64 0.79 0.62 ------

Carbon tetrachloride C Cl4 ------2.44 1.54 - - - - 2.3 1.4

Toluene C6 H5 CH3 - 21.4 8.4 8.9 4.1 4.5 2.8 3.1 3.21 3.6 3.02 3.5 2.40 2.75 2.7 3.1 2.18 2.53 2.5 2.9 - - - -

Trichloroethylene C2 HCI3 38.5 25.5 - - 12.8 8.2 6.4 4.3 3.8 2.5 ------

Xylene (tech.) C6 H4 (CH3) 2 - - 7.5 8.0 4.6 5 2.4 2.7 1.7 1.9 - - 2.20 2.53 2.04 2.36 1.89 2.19 ------

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 17 CO2 pressures in cylinders for different filling ratios

On winter days, the pressure in a carbon dioxide cylinder falls sharply. The CO2 pressure depends only on the temperature. It says nothing about the content of the bottle. It is only possible to check the content by weighing.

300

80

60

40

20

200

80 Filling ratio Test pressure 60 1 kg in kg/1 Cylinder 100% filled with liquid CO2 at °C, bars Characteristic 40 °C bars bars

Pressure, bars 20 A 22.2 59.3 1 : 1.34 0.746 250*

100 D 27.2 65.5 1 : 1.50 0.666 190 Critical point 80 * or 190 bars +31 °C 73.83 bar with rupture disc 60 27,2 °C 65.5 bar Cylinder 100% filled with 22,2 °C 59.3 bar 40 liquid CO2

20 A D

1 1510 5 5 10 15 25 30 35 45 50 55 65 70 75 85 90 95 105 110115 125130135 _ 0 + 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Temperature, °C

273 293 313 333 353 373 393 413 Temperature, K

18 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Isochores for CO2 (lines of equal density) 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.68

240 0.66

0.64 220 0.62 0.60 200

0.55 180 0.50 0.466 160 (Critical density) 0.40 140 0.35

0.30 120 0.25 Pressure, bars

100 0.20

80 0.15 Critical point

60

40

20

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Temperature, °C

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 19 Specific volume of CO2 in dm3/kg at different temperatures and pressures

Temperature Pressure, bars °C K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 - 30 243.15 455 225 149 110 87.2 71.8 60.8 52.6 46.2 41.0 0.96 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 - 20 253.15 474 235 155 115 91.4 75.4 64.0 55.4 48.7 43.4 27.2 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 - 15 258.15 484 240 159 118 93.5 77.2 65.6 56.8 50.0 44.6 28.1 20.4 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 - 10 263.15 494 245 162 120 95.6 79.0 67.1 58.2 51.3 45.7 29.0 20.5 15.3 1.05 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 - 5 268.15 503 250 165 123 97.6 80.7 68.6 59.6 52.5 46.9 29.8 21.2 16.0 12.3 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 0 273.15 513 255 169 125 100 82.4 70.10 60.9 53.7 48.0 30.7 21.9 16.6 12.9 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 5 278.15 522 259 172 128 102 84.2 71.6 62.2 54.9 49.1 31.5 22.6 17.2 13.5 10.8 1.12 1.11 1.11 10 283.15 532 264 175 131 104 85.9 73.1 63.6 56.1 50.2 32.3 23.2 17.8 14.1 11.3 9.19 1.16 1.21 15 288.15 541 269 178 133 106 87.6 74.6 64.9 57.3 51.3 33.0 23.9 18.3 14.6 11.9 10.2 8.01 6.48 20 293.15 551 274 182 135 108 89.3 76.1 66.2 58.5 52.3 33.8 24.5 18.9 15.1 12.4 10.7 8.53 7.06 25 298.15 561 279 185 138 110 91.0 77.6 67.5 59.7 53.4 34.6 25.1 19.4 15.6 12.8 11.1 9.18 7.59 30 303.15 570 284 188 140 112 92.7 79.0 68.8 60.8 54.5 35.3 25.7 19.9 16.1 13.3 11.5 9.44 8.04 35 308.15 580 289 191 143 114 94.4 80.5 70.1 62.0 55.5 36.1 26.3 20.5 16.5 13.7 11.9 9.84 8.45 40 313.15 589 293 195 145 116 96.0 82.0 71.4 63.2 56.6 36.8 26.9 21.0 17.0 14.1 12.3 10.2 8.83 45 318.15 599 298 198 148 118 97.7 83.4 72.7 64.3 57.6 37.5 27.5 21.4 17.4 14.5 12.7 10.6 9.19 50 323.15 608 303 201 150 120 99.4 84.8 73.9 65.4 58.6 38.3 28.1 21.9 17.8 14.9 13.4 10.9 9.52

Temperature Pressure, bars °C K 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 - 30 243.15 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.9T 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.84 - 20 253.15 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86 - 15 258.15 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 - 10 263.15 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 - 5 268.15 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0 273.15 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.91 5 278.15 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 10 283.15 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.93 15 288.15 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.94 20 293.15 5.72 1.29 1.33 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.11 1.07 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.95 25 298.15 6.24 5.19 4.44 1.38 1.33 1.30 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.97 30 303.15 6.85 5.78 4.72 3.52 2.17 1.86 1.50 1.39 1.34 1.31 1.81 1.12 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.98 35 308.15 7.29 6.27 5.33 4.41 3.46 2.71 1.82 1.56 1.47 1.42 1.23 1.16 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.99 40 313.15 7.67 6.68 5.81 5.01 4.24 3.43 2.50 2.16 1.88 1.70 1.29 1.19 1.14 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.01 45 318.15 8.03 7.05 6.19 5.43 4.74 4.07 3.40 2.90 2.45 2.08 1.35 1.23 1.17 1.12 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.02 50 323.15 8.36 7.38 6.54 5.80 5.14 4.53 3.98 3.45 2.96 2.54 1.44 1.28 1.20 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.04

The values below the stepped line refer to gas; those above it refer to condensate.

20 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Temperature Pressure, bars °C K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 - 30 243.15 455 225 149 110 87.2 71.8 60.8 52.6 46.2 41.0 0.96 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 - 20 253.15 474 235 155 115 91.4 75.4 64.0 55.4 48.7 43.4 27.2 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 - 15 258.15 484 240 159 118 93.5 77.2 65.6 56.8 50.0 44.6 28.1 20.4 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 - 10 263.15 494 245 162 120 95.6 79.0 67.1 58.2 51.3 45.7 29.0 20.5 15.3 1.05 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 - 5 268.15 503 250 165 123 97.6 80.7 68.6 59.6 52.5 46.9 29.8 21.2 16.0 12.3 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 0 273.15 513 255 169 125 100 82.4 70.10 60.9 53.7 48.0 30.7 21.9 16.6 12.9 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 5 278.15 522 259 172 128 102 84.2 71.6 62.2 54.9 49.1 31.5 22.6 17.2 13.5 10.8 1.12 1.11 1.11 10 283.15 532 264 175 131 104 85.9 73.1 63.6 56.1 50.2 32.3 23.2 17.8 14.1 11.3 9.19 1.16 1.21 15 288.15 541 269 178 133 106 87.6 74.6 64.9 57.3 51.3 33.0 23.9 18.3 14.6 11.9 10.2 8.01 6.48 20 293.15 551 274 182 135 108 89.3 76.1 66.2 58.5 52.3 33.8 24.5 18.9 15.1 12.4 10.7 8.53 7.06 25 298.15 561 279 185 138 110 91.0 77.6 67.5 59.7 53.4 34.6 25.1 19.4 15.6 12.8 11.1 9.18 7.59 30 303.15 570 284 188 140 112 92.7 79.0 68.8 60.8 54.5 35.3 25.7 19.9 16.1 13.3 11.5 9.44 8.04 35 308.15 580 289 191 143 114 94.4 80.5 70.1 62.0 55.5 36.1 26.3 20.5 16.5 13.7 11.9 9.84 8.45 40 313.15 589 293 195 145 116 96.0 82.0 71.4 63.2 56.6 36.8 26.9 21.0 17.0 14.1 12.3 10.2 8.83 45 318.15 599 298 198 148 118 97.7 83.4 72.7 64.3 57.6 37.5 27.5 21.4 17.4 14.5 12.7 10.6 9.19 50 323.15 608 303 201 150 120 99.4 84.8 73.9 65.4 58.6 38.3 28.1 21.9 17.8 14.9 13.4 10.9 9.52

Temperature Pressure, bars °C K 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 - 30 243.15 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.9T 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.84 - 20 253.15 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86 - 15 258.15 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 - 10 263.15 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 - 5 268.15 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0 273.15 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.91 5 278.15 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 10 283.15 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.93 15 288.15 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.94 20 293.15 5.72 1.29 1.33 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.11 1.07 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.95 25 298.15 6.24 5.19 4.44 1.38 1.33 1.30 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.97 30 303.15 6.85 5.78 4.72 3.52 2.17 1.86 1.50 1.39 1.34 1.31 1.81 1.12 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.98 35 308.15 7.29 6.27 5.33 4.41 3.46 2.71 1.82 1.56 1.47 1.42 1.23 1.16 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.99 40 313.15 7.67 6.68 5.81 5.01 4.24 3.43 2.50 2.16 1.88 1.70 1.29 1.19 1.14 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.01 45 318.15 8.03 7.05 6.19 5.43 4.74 4.07 3.40 2.90 2.45 2.08 1.35 1.23 1.17 1.12 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.02 50 323.15 8.36 7.38 6.54 5.80 5.14 4.53 3.98 3.45 2.96 2.54 1.44 1.28 1.20 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.04

The values below the stepped line refer to gas; those above it refer to condensate.

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 21 Density of CO2 in dm3/kg at different temperatures and pressures

Temperature °C -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 p, bars (K) 223.15 233.15 243.15 253.15 263.15 273.15 283.15 293.15 303.15 313.15 323.15 333.15 343.15 353.15 363.15 373.15 473.15 573.15 673.15 733.15 873.15 973.15 1073.15 1173.15 1273.15 1 2.403 2.296 2.198 2.109 2.026 1.951 1.880 1.815 1.754 1.697 1.644 1.594 1.5474 1.5031 1.4613 1.4218 1.1198 0.9238 0.7864 0.6846 0.6061 0.5438 0.4931 0.4511 0.4156 2 4.873 4.646 4.442 4.255 4.085 3.928 3.784 3.650 3.525 3.409 3.301 3.200 3.1047 3.0150 2.9304 2.8505 2.2417 1.8484 1.5729 1.3691 1.2121 1.0874 0.9860 0.9019 0.8311 3 7.414 7.055 6.733 6.442 6.177 5.934 5.711 5.505 5.314 5.137 4.971 4.817 4.6719 4.5355 4.4071 4.2859 3.3658 2.7737 2.3596 2.0535 1.8179 1.6308 1.4787 1.3526 1.2464 4 10.034 9.526 9.075 8.669 8.303 7.969 7.663 7.381 7.121 6.880 6.655 6.445 6.2493 6.0650 5.8916 5.7282 4.4920 3.6996 3.1464 2.7378 2.4235 2.1740 1.9713 1.8031 1.6614 5 12.739 12.064 11.470 10.941 10.465 10.033 9.640 9.279 8.946 8.638 8.352 8.086 7.8369 7.6034 7.3840 7.1775 5.6204 4.6262 3.9334 3.4221 3.0289 2.7171 2.4636 2.2534 2.0763 6 15.538 14.675 13.923 13.258 12.665 12.129 11.643 11.198 10.790 10.413 10.063 9.738 9.4348 9.1508 8.8843 8.6336 6.7508 5.5534 4.7205 4.1063 3.6342 3.2599 2.9556 2.7035 2.4910 7 1155.755 17.364 16.437 15.625 14.904 14.258 13.673 13.140 12.653 12.203 11.788 11.402 11.0433 10.7074 10.3926 10.0969 7.8835 6.4813 5.5077 4.7904 4.2393 3.8025 3.4475 3.1533 2.9055 8 1155.992 20.139 19.016 18.043 17.184 16.419 15.731 15.106 14.535 14.011 13.527 13.079 12.6624 12.2733 11.9090 11.5672 9.0182 7.4099 6.2950 5.4743 4.8442 4.3448 3.9392 3.6030 3.3198 9 1156.230 23.008 21.667 20.515 19.509 18.617 17.818 17.095 16.438 15.836 15.281 14.768 14.2923 13.8485 13.4336 13.0446 10.1551 8.3391 7.0824 6.1582 5.4490 4.8870 4.4306 4.0524 3.7339 10 1156.467 25.982 24.394 23.046 21.879 20.851 19.934 19.110 18.361 17.678 17.050 16.470 15.9332 15.4332 14.9664 14.5293 11.2941 9.2690 7.8699 6.8420 6.0535 5.4290 4.9218 4.5017 4.1478 20 1158.813 1119.813 1078.048 1032.125 48.795 45.648 43.035 40.806 38.866 37.153 35.621 34.238 32.9802 31.8283 30.7677 29.7863 22.8004 18.6020 15.7509 13.6742 12.0890 10.8371 9.8224 8.9827 8.2762 30 1161.118 1122.604 1081.518 1036.625 985.771 77.333 71.056 66.202 62.250 58.925 56.060 53.548 51.3167 49.3119 47.4953 45.8372 34.5165 27.9944 23.6399 20.4949 18.1054 16.2238 14.7013 13.4431 12.3850 40 1163.384 1125.334 1084.890 1040.948 991.661 933.318 108.323 97.510 89.782 83.774 78.869 74.734 71.1683 68.0394 65.2574 62.7575 46.4390 37.4412 31.5339 27.3023 24.1020 21.5886 19.5585 17.8825 16.4743 50 1165.612 1128.007 1088.171 1045.111 997.231 941.517 870.489 140.532 123.995 113.019 104.805 98.258 92.8294 88.2032 84.1821 80.6331 58.5641 46.9375 39.4300 34.0948 30.0777 26.9311 24.3937 22.3011 20.5441 60 1167.805 1130.627 1091.366 1049.128 1002.523 949.064 883.203 784.972 171.486 149.201 135.098 124.789 116.6919 110.0440 104.4213 99.5619 70.8868 56.4783 47.3253 40.8710 36.0318 32.2508 29.2067 26.6988 24.5945 70 1169.963 1133.194 1094.480 1053.011 1007.569 956.075 894.280 810.026 268.984 198.315 171.921 155.337 143.2873 133.8636 126.1549 119.6536 83.4016 66.0585 55.2170 47.6293 41.9636 37.5474 33.9973 31.0754 28.6253 * 80 1172.089 1135.713 1097.519 1056.770 1012.393 962.634 904.154 828.801 699.939 281.328 219.584 191.481 173.3417 160.0380 149.5915 141.0290 96.1015 75.6728 63.1022 54.3682 47.8721 42.8205 38.7654 35.4310 32.6367 90 1174.182 1138.185 1100.487 1060.416 1017.020 968.806 913.099 844.105 743.739 484.090 287.528 235.732 207.8317 189.0221 174.9649 163.8144 108.9786 85.3160 70.9783 61.0864 53.7568 48.0698 43.5108 38.7655 36.6287 100 1176.244 1140.613 1103.388 1063.955 1021.468 974.642 921.302 857.159 771.414 622.640 389.912 291.658 247.9632 221.3241 202.5164 188.1318 122.0235 94.9826 78.8425 67.7824 59.6169 53.2947 48.2334 44.0788 40.6012 200 1195.392 1162.802 1129.374 1094.812 1058.791 1020.927 980.760 937.723 891.127 840.193 784.233 723.192 658.6143 594.1590 534.2812 482.0222 258.4521 191.6980 156.2715 133.2510 116.7296 104.1472 94.1756 86.0431 79.2641 300 1212.373 1182.053 1151.308 1119.963 1087.853 1054.818 1020.700 985.353 948.648 910.500 870.900 829.966 788.0056 745.5433 703.3082 662.1336 389.9362 284.4402 229.9006 195.2833 170.7922 152.3009 137.7244 125.8751 116.0176 400 - 1199.169 1170.456 1141.446 1112.039 1082.149 1051.709 1020.670 989.008 956.729 923.879 890.554 856.9055 823.1460 789.5420 756.3960 497.5657 368.2514 297.9378 253.1158 221.4635 197.6135 178.8381 163.5865 150.9017 500 - 1214.648 1187.545 1160.335 1132.943 1105.317 1077.420 1049.235 1020.764 992.028 963.072 933.967 904.8086 875.7146 846.8254 818.2952 580.2124 440.8542 359.4118 306.3397 268.5790 240.0348 217.5232 199.2124 183.9660

22 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Temperature °C -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 p, bars (K) 223.15 233.15 243.15 253.15 263.15 273.15 283.15 293.15 303.15 313.15 323.15 333.15 343.15 353.15 363.15 373.15 473.15 573.15 673.15 733.15 873.15 973.15 1073.15 1173.15 1273.15 1 2.403 2.296 2.198 2.109 2.026 1.951 1.880 1.815 1.754 1.697 1.644 1.594 1.5474 1.5031 1.4613 1.4218 1.1198 0.9238 0.7864 0.6846 0.6061 0.5438 0.4931 0.4511 0.4156 2 4.873 4.646 4.442 4.255 4.085 3.928 3.784 3.650 3.525 3.409 3.301 3.200 3.1047 3.0150 2.9304 2.8505 2.2417 1.8484 1.5729 1.3691 1.2121 1.0874 0.9860 0.9019 0.8311 3 7.414 7.055 6.733 6.442 6.177 5.934 5.711 5.505 5.314 5.137 4.971 4.817 4.6719 4.5355 4.4071 4.2859 3.3658 2.7737 2.3596 2.0535 1.8179 1.6308 1.4787 1.3526 1.2464 4 10.034 9.526 9.075 8.669 8.303 7.969 7.663 7.381 7.121 6.880 6.655 6.445 6.2493 6.0650 5.8916 5.7282 4.4920 3.6996 3.1464 2.7378 2.4235 2.1740 1.9713 1.8031 1.6614 5 12.739 12.064 11.470 10.941 10.465 10.033 9.640 9.279 8.946 8.638 8.352 8.086 7.8369 7.6034 7.3840 7.1775 5.6204 4.6262 3.9334 3.4221 3.0289 2.7171 2.4636 2.2534 2.0763 6 15.538 14.675 13.923 13.258 12.665 12.129 11.643 11.198 10.790 10.413 10.063 9.738 9.4348 9.1508 8.8843 8.6336 6.7508 5.5534 4.7205 4.1063 3.6342 3.2599 2.9556 2.7035 2.4910 7 1155.755 17.364 16.437 15.625 14.904 14.258 13.673 13.140 12.653 12.203 11.788 11.402 11.0433 10.7074 10.3926 10.0969 7.8835 6.4813 5.5077 4.7904 4.2393 3.8025 3.4475 3.1533 2.9055 8 1155.992 20.139 19.016 18.043 17.184 16.419 15.731 15.106 14.535 14.011 13.527 13.079 12.6624 12.2733 11.9090 11.5672 9.0182 7.4099 6.2950 5.4743 4.8442 4.3448 3.9392 3.6030 3.3198 9 1156.230 23.008 21.667 20.515 19.509 18.617 17.818 17.095 16.438 15.836 15.281 14.768 14.2923 13.8485 13.4336 13.0446 10.1551 8.3391 7.0824 6.1582 5.4490 4.8870 4.4306 4.0524 3.7339 10 1156.467 25.982 24.394 23.046 21.879 20.851 19.934 19.110 18.361 17.678 17.050 16.470 15.9332 15.4332 14.9664 14.5293 11.2941 9.2690 7.8699 6.8420 6.0535 5.4290 4.9218 4.5017 4.1478 20 1158.813 1119.813 1078.048 1032.125 48.795 45.648 43.035 40.806 38.866 37.153 35.621 34.238 32.9802 31.8283 30.7677 29.7863 22.8004 18.6020 15.7509 13.6742 12.0890 10.8371 9.8224 8.9827 8.2762 30 1161.118 1122.604 1081.518 1036.625 985.771 77.333 71.056 66.202 62.250 58.925 56.060 53.548 51.3167 49.3119 47.4953 45.8372 34.5165 27.9944 23.6399 20.4949 18.1054 16.2238 14.7013 13.4431 12.3850 40 1163.384 1125.334 1084.890 1040.948 991.661 933.318 108.323 97.510 89.782 83.774 78.869 74.734 71.1683 68.0394 65.2574 62.7575 46.4390 37.4412 31.5339 27.3023 24.1020 21.5886 19.5585 17.8825 16.4743 50 1165.612 1128.007 1088.171 1045.111 997.231 941.517 870.489 140.532 123.995 113.019 104.805 98.258 92.8294 88.2032 84.1821 80.6331 58.5641 46.9375 39.4300 34.0948 30.0777 26.9311 24.3937 22.3011 20.5441 60 1167.805 1130.627 1091.366 1049.128 1002.523 949.064 883.203 784.972 171.486 149.201 135.098 124.789 116.6919 110.0440 104.4213 99.5619 70.8868 56.4783 47.3253 40.8710 36.0318 32.2508 29.2067 26.6988 24.5945 70 1169.963 1133.194 1094.480 1053.011 1007.569 956.075 894.280 810.026 268.984 198.315 171.921 155.337 143.2873 133.8636 126.1549 119.6536 83.4016 66.0585 55.2170 47.6293 41.9636 37.5474 33.9973 31.0754 28.6253 80 1172.089 1135.713 1097.519 1056.770 1012.393 962.634 904.154 828.801 699.939 281.328 219.584 191.481 173.3417 160.0380 149.5915 141.0290 96.1015 75.6728 63.1022 54.3682 47.8721 42.8205 38.7654 35.4310 32.6367 90 1174.182 1138.185 1100.487 1060.416 1017.020 968.806 913.099 844.105 743.739 484.090 287.528 235.732 207.8317 189.0221 174.9649 163.8144 108.9786 85.3160 70.9783 61.0864 53.7568 48.0698 43.5108 38.7655 36.6287 100 1176.244 1140.613 1103.388 1063.955 1021.468 974.642 921.302 857.159 771.414 622.640 389.912 291.658 247.9632 221.3241 202.5164 188.1318 122.0235 94.9826 78.8425 67.7824 59.6169 53.2947 48.2334 44.0788 40.6012 200 1195.392 1162.802 1129.374 1094.812 1058.791 1020.927 980.760 937.723 891.127 840.193 784.233 723.192 658.6143 594.1590 534.2812 482.0222 258.4521 191.6980 156.2715 133.2510 116.7296 104.1472 94.1756 86.0431 79.2641 300 1212.373 1182.053 1151.308 1119.963 1087.853 1054.818 1020.700 985.353 948.648 910.500 870.900 829.966 788.0056 745.5433 703.3082 662.1336 389.9362 284.4402 229.9006 195.2833 170.7922 152.3009 137.7244 125.8751 116.0176 400 - 1199.169 1170.456 1141.446 1112.039 1082.149 1051.709 1020.670 989.008 956.729 923.879 890.554 856.9055 823.1460 789.5420 756.3960 497.5657 368.2514 297.9378 253.1158 221.4635 197.6135 178.8381 163.5865 150.9017 500 - 1214.648 1187.545 1160.335 1132.943 1105.317 1077.420 1049.235 1020.764 992.028 963.072 933.967 904.8086 875.7146 846.8254 818.2952 580.2124 440.8542 359.4118 306.3397 268.5790 240.0348 217.5232 199.2124 183.9660

*) CRITICAL POINT

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 23 Dissociation of CO2 At standard pressure

Temperature, °C 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 100

80 , % 2 60

40

Dissociated CO 20

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Temperature, K

At different pressures (in %)

Temperature Pressure K 0.1 bars 1 bars 10 bars 100 bars 1000 5.31 x 10-5 2.47 x 10-5 1.14 x 10-5 5.31 x 10-6

1500 1.04 x 10-1 4.83 x 10-2 2.24 x 10-2 1.04 x 10-2

2000 4.35 2.05 9.60 x 10-1 4.45 x 10-1 2500 33.5 17.6 8.63 4.09 3000 77.1 54.8 32.2 16.9 3500 93.7 83.2 63.4 39.8

From a chemical point of view, CO2 is an extremely stable compound which decomposes to and oxygen only at very high temperatures (0.032% at about 1,200°C

CO2 + 283 kJ CO + 1/2 O2

24 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Neutralisation curves

Pure with CO2 Pure solution with a acid

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Permissible 7 range pH value 6 Phase I Phase II Phase III 5 4 2 OH– + CO CO 2– + CO + H O 3 2 3 2 2 CO 2– + H O 2 HCO – 2 3 2 3 1

Absorbed CO2

The indicated permissible pH range is currently applicable to the discharge of waste water from commercial and industrial into public waste water treatment facilities.

Example: Equation for the reaction with potassium hydroxide solution (two steps)

Step 1: 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H20

Step 2: Na2CO3+ CO2 + H2O 2NaHCO3

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 25 Definitions

Thermodynamic state variables Molecular mass Any quantity of substance is defined by three thermody- The molecular mass, formerly called molecular , namic state variables: the volume V (specific volumev = is a dimensionless number which indicates how much VIm), the pressure p and the temperature T. greater the mass of a is than 1/12 of the of the carbon isotope 12C. For each aggregate state – solid, liquid or gaseous – the third of these variables is determined by the other two. Density Other state variables are the entropy s, the enthalpy h Formula symbol p and the internal u. Unit kg/m3 The density of a substance is the quotient of the mass

The p, t diagram for CO2 depicts the regions in which m and the volume V (p = m/V). the different phases exist. Two phases are in equilibrium along each of the plotted boundary curves. At the Specific triple point, all three phases exist simultaneously Formula symbols cp1 cv1 (cf. pressure-enthalpy diagram). Unit kJ/(kg ∙ K) The is the amount of heat The liquid/vapour boundary curve ends at the critical expressed in joules which must be supplied to 1 kg of a point; the associated values for the state variables are substance in order to raise its temperature by 1 K. called critical data. Above the critical point, it is no longer possible to distinguish between liquid and With gases, a distinction is made between cp and cv vapour (no difference in density); there no longer exists depending whether the heat is supplied under condi- a liquid level at which the vapour and the liquid are in tions of constant pressure or constant volume. The ratio equilibrium. Liquefaction of gas by increasing pressure cp /cv is constant for ideal gases. (i. e. volume reduction) is only possible below the critical point.

Formula symbol l1 CO2 can be liquefied at room temperature by compres- Unit W/(m ∙ K) sion; this is not possible for other gases such as air, N2, The thermal conductivity, also known as the coefficient

O2 and He. of thermal conduction or specific heat conductivity, is a material constant which describes the conduction of Enthalpy (specific) heat in a substance. It represents the amount of heat Formula symbol h that would flow through two opposite faces of a cube Unit kJ/kg with edges of length 1 m if there were a temperature The enthalpy is equal to the sum of the internal energy difference of 1 K between the two faces. u stored in a system and the displacement work pv, h = u + pv. Note: The coefficient describes the passage of heat through the surface of a body into its Entropy (specific) environment. The unit of this number is W/(m2 ∙ K); its Formula symbol s formula symbol is k. Unit kJ/(kg ∙ K) The entropy characterises changes in state with regard MAC value to the conversion of heat into useful energy. In a closed The maximum allowable concentration (MAC) specifies system, only those process in which the entropy the highest permissible concentration of an industrial increases are able to run by themselves. Since states of agent in the air at a place of work that, in general, would higher order can only transition to states of lower order, not affect the health of employees when they are the entropy is also a measure of the “disorder” of a exposed to it for eight hours per day in the course of a system. Only the change in entropy can be calculated 40-hour working week. Currently applicable are the for a particular change in state; the absolute entropy German Technical Rules for Hazardous Substances values for the initial and final states are not generally (TRGS), in particular TRGS 900 (Occupational Exposure known. If the temperature were to be absolute zero, Limits) and TRGS 903 (Biological Limit Values). entropy would have the value zero.

26 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Units of measurement

According to the German legislation on the use of units The following prefixes and prefix symbols are internatio- for measurement, only “legal units” are to be used in nally defined for decimal multiples and fractions of official and commercial transactions from 1 January approved units: 1978 onwards.

Prefix Abbreviation Prefix Abbreviation

1018 Exa E 10-1 Dezi d

1015 Peta P 10-2 Zenti c

1012 Tera T 10-3 Milli m 109 Giga G 10-6 Mikro m 106 Mega M 10-9 Nano n

103 Kilo k 10-12 Piko p

102 Hekto h 10-15 Femto f

101 Deka da 10-18 Atto a

Important constants Important conversions

Temperature Avogadro’s constant

23 -1 NA = 6.02214 ∙ 10 kmol Temperature in

T in K T = t + 273.15 Universal

R = 8.3145 J/(mol ∙ K) Temperature in degrees

5 t in °C t = /9 (tF - 32) Standard molar volume of an

VO = 22.41397 l/mol Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit

9 tF in °F tF = /5 t + 32 Standard pressure

pn = 101325 Pa = 1.01325 bar Temperature in degrees Rankine = (1 atm = 760 Torr)

TR in °R TR = tF + 459.69

Standard temperature

Tn = 273.15 K = 0°C

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 27 Pressure p

Pa bar atm Torr at

1 Pa = 1 10-5 0.986923 ∙ 10-5 0.750062 ∙ 10-2 1.01972 ∙ 10-5 1 N/m2 =

1 bar = 105 1 0.986923 750.062 1.01972 106 dyn/cm2 =

1 atm = 1.01325 ∙ 105 1.01325 1 760 1.033227 760 Torr =

1 Torr = 1.333224 ∙ 102 1.333224 ∙ 10-3 1.315789 ∙ 10-3 1 1.35951 ∙ 10-3

1 at = 1 kp/cm2 = 9.80665 ∙ 104 0.980665 0.967841 735.559 1 104 kp/m2 =

10m WS =

1 lb/in2 = 0.68948 η Pa = 68.948 mbar 1 mm Hg (mm QS) = 133.322 Pa = 1.33322 mbar

Energy E

J kp m kcal kW h PS h

1 J = 1 W s = 1 N m = 1 0.101972 2.38844 ∙ 10-4 2.77778 ∙ 10-7 3.77673 ∙ 10-7 1 kg m2/s2 = 107 erg =

1 kp m = 9.80665 1 2.34228 ∙ 10-3 2.72407 ∙ 10-6 3.70370 ∙ 10-6

1 kcal = 4.1868 ∙ 103 426.935 1 1.163 ∙ 10-3 1.58124 ∙ 10-3

1 kW h = 3.6 ∙ 106 3.670978 ∙ 105 859.845 1 1.35962

1 PS h = 2.647796 ∙ 106 2,7 ∙ 105 632.416 0.735499 1

1 Btu = 0.251996 kcal = 1.055056 kJ (nach internationaler Dampftafel)

Power P

W kW PS HP kcal/h

1 W = 1 J/s = 1 10-3 1.35962 ∙ 10-3 1.34102 ∙ 10-3 0.859845 1 N m/s =

1 kW = 103 1 1.35962 1.34102 859.845

1 PS = 735.499 0.735499 1 0.986 632.416

1 HP = 745,7 0.7457 1.0138 1 641.197 550 Ibf ∙ ft/s =

1 kcal/h = 1.1630 1.1630 ∙ 10-3 1.58124 ∙ 10-3 1.55958 ∙ 10-3 1

28 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Specific heat capacityc

J/(kg ∙ K) kW h/(kg ∙ K) kcal/(kg ∙ K) cal/(g ∙ K) Btu/(lb ∙ °F)

1 J/(kg ∙ K) = 1 2.7778 ∙ 10-7 2.3885 ∙ 10-4 2.3885 ∙ 10-4 2.3885 ∙ 10-4

1 kW h/(kg ∙ K) = 3.6 ∙ 106 1 859.845 859.845 859.845

1 kcal/(kg ∙ K) = 4.1868 ∙ 103 1.1630 ∙ 10-3 1 1 1

1 cal/(g ∙ K) = 4.1868 ∙ 103 1.1630 ∙ 10-3 1 1 1

1 Btu/(lb ∙ °F) = 4.1868 ∙ 103 1.1630 ∙ 10-3 1 1 1

Dynamic η

Pa s kg/(m ∙ h) kp s/m2 kp h/m2 Ib - mass/(ft ∙ s)

1 Pa s = 1 3600 0.10197 2.833 ∙ 10-5 0.6721 1 N s/m2 =

1 kg/(m ∙ h) = 2.778 ∙ 10-4 1 2.833 ∙ 10-5 78.68 ∙ 10-10 18.67 ∙ 10-5

1 kp s/m2 = 9.807 3.5304 ∙ 104 1 2.778 ∙ 10-4 6.5919

1 kp h/m2 = 353.04 ∙ 102 127.09 ∙ 106 3600 1 23730

1 Ib - mass/(ft ∙ s) = 1.488 5357 0.15175 4.214 ∙ 10-5 1

1 lb - mass/fts = 0.03108 Ib ∙ s/ft2

Kinematic viscosity v

St (Stokes) m2/s m2/h ft2/s ft2/h

1 St = 1 10-4 0.36 1.0764 ∙ 10-3 3.875 1 cm2/s (Stokes) =

1 m2/s = 104 1 3600 10.764 3.875 ∙ 104

1 m2/h = 2.778 2.778 ∙ 10-4 1 29.9 ∙ 10-4 10.764

1 ft2/ s = 929.03 9.2903 ∙ 10-2 334.45 1 3600

1 ft2/h = 0.25806 25.806 ∙ 10-6 9.2903 ∙ 10-2 2.778 ∙ 10-4 1

This list of figures also applies to the a and the coefficient D.

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 29 Thermal conductivity λ

W/(m ∙ K) kcal/(m ∙ h ∙ K) kJ/(m ∙ h ∙ K) Btu ∙ in/(ft2 ∙ h ∙ °F) Btu/(ft ∙ h ∙ °F)

1 W/(m ∙ K) = 1 0.859845 3.6000 6.9335 0.5778

1 kcal/(m ∙ h ∙ K) = 1.163 1 4.1868 8.064 0.6719

1 kJ/(m ∙ h ∙ K) = 0.2778 0.23885 1 1.9262 0.1605

1 Btu ∙ in/(ft2 ∙ h ∙ °F) = 0.14423 0.1240 0.5192 1 0.08333

1 Btu/(ft ∙ h ∙ °F) = 1.73071 1.488 6.2300 12 1

Heat transfer coefficientα and thermal transmittance k

W/(m2 ∙ K) W/(cm2 ∙ K) kcal/(m2 ∙ h ∙ K) kJ/(m2 ∙ h ∙ K) Btu/(ft2 ∙ h ∙ °F)

1 W/(m2 ∙ K) = 1 10-4 0.859845 3.600 0.1761

1 W/(cm2 ∙ K) = 104 1 8598.45 3600 0.1761 ∙ 104

1 kcal/(m2 ∙ h ∙ K) = 1.163 1.163 ∙ 10-4 1 4.1868 0.2048

1 kJ/(m2 ∙ h ∙ K) = 0.2778 0.2778 ∙ 10-4 0.23885 1 0.4893

1 Btu/(ft2 ∙ h ∙ °F) = 5.678 5.678 ∙ 10-4 4.8823 2.0438 1

Heat flux densityq

W/m2 kcal/(m2 ∙ h) kJ/(m2 ∙ h) Btu/(in2 ∙ s) Btu/(ft2 ∙ h)

1 W/m2 = 1 0.859845 3.600 6.1151 ∙ 10-7 0.317 1 J (s ∙ m2) =

1 kcal/(m2 ∙ h) = 1.163 1 4.1868 71.119 ∙ 10-8 0.36868

1 kJ/(m2 ∙ h) = 0.2778 0.23885 1 1.699 ∙ 10-7 0.08806

1 Btu/(in2 ∙ s) = 1.635 ∙ 106 1.405 ∙ 106 5.8858 ∙ 106 1 51.84 ∙ 104

1 Btu/(ft2 ∙ h) = 3.15454 2.713 11.356 1.929 ∙ 10-6 1

30 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Conversion instructions for CO2 residual gas components, volume fractions ⇒ mass fractions

Volume fractions

Volume fractions of residual gas components in CO2 are given in percent by volume = vol% or ppm v/v = parts per million, depending on the concentration. (The designation vpm = volume parts per million is also still frequently used.)

1 ppm v/v = 1 cm3/1 m3 (1 per 1,000,000 Volumenanteile)

1 ppm v/v = 1 µl/1 I = 1 µl/1 dm3

10,000 ppm v/v = 10,000 cm3/1 m3 = 10 dm3/1 m3 = 1 Vol-%

Mass fractions

Weight fractions of residual gas components in CO2 are given in percent by weight or ppm w/w = parts per million, depending on the concentration.

1 ppm w/w = 1 mg/1 kg (1 mass fraction per 1,000,000 mass fractions)

1 ppm w/w = 1 µg/1 g

10,000 ppm w/w = 10,000 mg/1 kg = 10 g/1 kg = 1 wt%

Molar mass/molar volume (* = multiplication sign)

M CO2 = 44.011 g/mol V mn = 22.263 l/mol

1 kg CO 1000 g = 22.72 mol 2 44.011 g/mol

1 m3 CO 1000l = 44.92 mol 2 22.263 l/mol

1 kg CO2 22.72 mol * 22.263 l/mol = 505.8 I CO2

3 1 m CO2 44.92 mol * 44.011 g/mol = 1977 g CO2

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 31 Conversion of volume fraction ⇔ mass fraction (* = multiplication sign)

M Residual gas ppm v/v = X (mg/kg) * CO M 2

M Residual gas = of the residual gas component (g/mol)

M CO2 = molar mass of the containing gas (g/mol) X = mass fraction (mg/kg corresponds to ppm w/w)

Example: How many mass fractions is equivalent to 1 ppm v/v CH4 in CO2?

(Molar mass of CH4 = 16 g/mol ; molar mass of CO2 = 44 g/mol)

16 g/mol X (ppm w/w) = 1 ppm v/v = 0.3636 mg/kg * 44 g/mol

0.3636 mg/kg 44 g/mol Reverse: * = 1 ppm v/v calculation 16 g/mol

Example: How many volume fractions is equivalent to 100 ppm w/w H2O in CO2?

3 (Density: CO2 = 1,977 kg/Nm ; H2O = 0,804 mg/ml)

100 ppm w/w mg 1.977 kg/m3 246 cm3 * = = 246 ppm v/v kg 0,804 mg/cm3 m3

X (ppm w/w) M CO g oder * 2 = ppm v/v mit M H O = 18 M 2 mol H2O

Concentration specification:

Ratio % ppm ppb ppt

1: 100 1*10-2 1 10,000 - -

1: 1 million 1*10-6 0.0001 1 1000 -

1: 1 billion 1*10-9 0.000 001 0.001 1 1000

1: 1 trillion 1*10-12 - - 0.001 1

32 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 33 Literature references

Altunin V.V., Sakhabetdinov M.A. Handbook of and Physics 53rd edition. Teploenergetika 8, 85,1972 The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland 1972-73

Altunin, V.V., Sakhabetdinov M.A. Institut national de recherche et de sécurité, Valeurs Teploenergetika 5, 85,1973 limités de concentration des substances toxiques dans l‘air, Note n° 829, Paris 1973 Bender, E. Equations of state exactly representing the phase International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry behaviour of pure substances. Proceedings of the (IUPAC), International thermodynamic tables of the fluid symposium on thermo-physical properties A.S.M.E., state Carbon Dioxide, Oxford 1976 227, 1980 JANAF Bosih, J. F. Thermochemical tables, 2nd edition. NSRD- NBS 37, Prévention de la , Entreprise moderne Washington 1971 d’Edition, Technique et documentation, Paris 1972 Jenkin, C. F. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A 98,1920, S.17 C

CO2, Chemical, biochemical and physiological aspects NASASP, 188, Washington 1969 Katz, S. H., James C. The Journal of American Chemical Society, 35,872,1913 Cramer, F. Chem. Ing.-Techn. 27,1955, S. 484 ff Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Bd. 4, 2. Auflage D’Ans/Lax: Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker, Band 1, 3. Kuprianoff Auflage, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg Die feste Kohlensäure, 2. Auflage, Enke, Stuttgart

Din, F. Landolt-Börnstein Thermodynamic functions of gases, Volume 1, Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, London, Butherworths,1962 Astronomie, Geophysik, Technik, Bd. 2, 6. Auflage, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg Documentation commerciale, Dräger, 1973 Lebovits, A. Encyclopédie des gaz - l’air liquide, Modern , 139, March 1966

Dioxide de Carbone CO2, p. 333-368 Liebrand, H. J. Encyclopédie de médecine, d‘hygiène et de sécurité Atlas of gas chromatography, Journal of gas du travail, B.I.T., Genève 1973 chromatography, 518, Octobre 1967

European Carbon Dioxide Association (EDIA) LI Yuan-Hui, Tsui tien-Fung Journal of Geophysical research, 76,18, 4209, 1971 Frejaville, J. P., et al. Toxicologie clinique et analytique, Flammarion Notice commerciale Impervia, Société d’études et de Médecine Sciences, Paris 1971 réalisations, Paris 1973

Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, , P. Kohlenstoff Teil C, Weinheim/Bergstraße Nouveau traité de chimie minérale, tome VIII, Masson, Paris 1968 Guerin, H. Traité de manipulation et d’analyse des gaz, Perry, J. H. Masson, Paris 1952 Chemical engineer‘s handbook, Mc Graw Hill 1963

34 Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide Petzold/Gensheimer Umrechnung in SI-Einheiten, Karl Hanser-Verlag, München, Wien

Plank, R. Handbuch der Kältetechnik, Bd. 4, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg

R.W. Pohl Einführung in die Physik, 16. Auflage Springer-Verlag Berlin 1964

PTB Mitteilungen Amts- und Mitteilungsblatt der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt

Résistances des plastiques à la corrosion, Techniques de l‘ingenieur, Paris 1973

Sengers, J. V., Michels, A. The thermal conductivity of carbon dioxide in the critical region. Progress in international research on thermo- dynamic and properties A.S.M.E., 434, 1962

Stone, H. W. Ind. Engng. Chem. 35,1943, S. 1284-86

Uhlig, H. H. The corrosion handbook, John Wiley and sons, New York 1948

Ullmanns Encyclopädie der technischen Chemie, Bd. 14, 4. Auflage, S. 569-581, Weinheim 1977

M. Vollenweider

Fabricat. et applications industrielles du CO2

Vukalovich, M. P., Altunin, V.V. Thermophysical Properties of Carbon Dioxide, London 1968

Wiebe, R., Gaddy, W. L., J. Amer Chem. Soc. 63, 1941, S. 475-477

Gases for Life | Properties of Carbon Dioxide 35 We make the most out of air.

For over 100 years, the name Messer has been associ- into its individual components every day and make ated with expertise in industrial gases. The Messer more from them: Gases for Life. Group manufactures and supplies oxygen, , , carbon dioxide, , , shielding This involves separating air into its three main gases, specialty gases, medical gases and a wide gases – nitrogen, oxygen and argon – as well as variety of gas . We at Messer call our products the noble gases and , each of which “Gases for Life”, because they are as important as we then process and store in liquid or gaseous form water and electricity in the manufacture of everyday for subsequent use. And in addition to these gases products from cars to braces. Air is the raw material obtained from air, we access others from natural or from which we obtain a major share of our gases. At industrial sources: carbon dioxide, hydrogen, over 60 units worldwide, we separate air helium and

And we make even more.

Gases for and cutting Be it shielding gases for welding or highly developed welding gas mixtures, Messer offers the whole spectrum of gases for welding and cutting. Range of services: • TIG, MIG and MAG welding • Forming • Laser cutting

Specialty gases The diversity of applications is mirrored by the breadth of Messer’s specialty gases portfolio that has been tailored to them. Examples of applications: Gases for the food industry • liquid helium is used for cooling superconducting All the pure gases and gas mixtures that Messer magnets in MRI scanners produces for use in the food industry are marketed • analytical processes involve the use of high purity under the name Gourmet. Messer gases and gas gases processes are used in different areas: • individual gas mixtures as calibration gases • for cryogenic freezing • insulating panels are filled with krypton • in complete transport refrigeration systems • bulbs with krypton-xenon mixtures • in packaging of food • in system solutions that optimise mixing and Gases for medicine processes In clinical treatment, medical gases are an important element of health care. The gas applications are manifold. Applications: • anaesthesia • pain management • diagnosis • respiratory therapy • surgery • cryotherapy • storage of biological materials Messer Group GmbH Messer-Platz 1 65812 Bad Soden Tel. +49 6196 7760-0 Fax +49 6196 7760-442 [email protected] www.messergroup.com

gasesforlife.de gase.de facebook.com plus.google.com twitter.com xing.com