<<

SPEED

SPEED POLITICS OF

SPEED POLITICS [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU

SPEED SPEED POLITICS OF [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的 SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] SPEED POLITICS SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政 SPEED SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] SPEED POLITICS OF [09] [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的 SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] [09] DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09]SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU SPEED POLITICS OF[09] DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] 弹幕的速度政治 SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政 POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09]SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 速度政治 SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的 OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] 治 [09] DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] SPEED POLITICS OF[09] DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] 弹幕的速度政治 POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09]SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] 速度政治 SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] [09] OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] 治 [09] DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09] 弹幕的速度政治 POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 [09]

SPEED SPEED

SPEED POLITICS OF OF POLITICS SPEED

SPEED POLITICS POLITICS SPEED SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED SPEED SPEED SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED

183

SPEED POLITICS OF OF POLITICS SPEED

SPEED POLITICS POLITICS SPEED SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED

SPEED SPEED

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED [09] [09]

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED [09] [09]

[09] [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED

[09] [09]

[09] [09]

[09] [09]

POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS [09] [09]

弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED

[09] [09]

SPEED POLITICS OF OF POLITICS SPEED

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED

[09] [09]

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED

[09] [09] [09] [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED [09] [09]

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED

DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU

[09] [09]

[09] [09] [09] [09]

治 治 [09] [09]

OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF

速度政治 速度政治

POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS

弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED

[09] [09]

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED

[09] [09]

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED [09] [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED [09] [09]

DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU

[09] [09]

[09] [09] [09] [09]

治 治 [09] [09]

OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF [09] [09]

速度政治 速度政治

POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS [09] [09]

弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED [09] [09]

SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU OF POLITICS SPEED [09] [09]

DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU [09] [09] [09] [09] TOP: “Time is Money, Efficiency is Life” (Chinese: “时间就是金钱,效率就是生命”) is a widespread slogan of ’s economic reform. It was initially a quote from Geng made in 1981.

BOTTOM: Picture taken by the author in a factory ruin during the “2014 Bi-City - Biennale of Urbanism/Architecture: Value Factory.” [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 185

e n - ra he he a ar. nd ith w erm t e

t a

T

w W

eta arge

r

pium

huge rush,

l 2013)

( m O peed’s f he fo a

societies

u t

arracks

ime,

s o esthetic henzhen t

shanzhai b orld apitalism

a rosperity, he

rtists of S

f eform c t

peed. p a new

W

emains o cceleration anagement

onstruction

R

s r romological

romological a

c orror

he he

d m

d dromological f for t t f h

“ o roposes

he o n italism

conomic ilitary ’Donnell t p

uring etween

adrenaline v catchingp

o e he

O

d b m f “

econd

vitalism

T force ven

o

eyday

S war. unction an

alls e a

nd

h f irilio

peed fficiency,

xploitation, c

a

of

V s y e cademics, ary olitics e

a ao’s

he elied

b t p A r ts nd H

M anufacturing i s

M driving

i he a emporality:

” owever, t t f

m

natural state

rowd/traffic

brings irilio

o f

abor

fter c model. uperiority dministrative rings l V ong

( o

ssociation s a main l a b

day.

appiness.

2006),

s

xperiment the a

uins. echnological hina’s i uring h

r

t a e

d

Revolution.

C the

as

aul

rovinces. escribe aval h in constant

P n he

apitalism olitics p

d and n upervision i mphetamine)

t

ragmatic

rowth a P roduction ritique c

s

f a o

peed p g

c p t o

eplication

onstant r

s est f

r

ncanny Shenzhen c

actory become o f hat

oth

face u fo W f a nd

floors

lace o

oxconn b Cultural a

herefore nland w

nvestigating

amphetamine a lobal

i

p

t i n to F evelopment

f

has

the

g

a eriod oined

f he d

o n t

t ercest romological

i

c p lso o he the ame

a

nd t elayed fi d a n

for

three a Speed nd

a d

incubators,

henzhen

of s

speed nder i

rucial n

a he ecessity I S fi

rst u

t c t entrified

n

advances

rom I echnological fi

f

g hrough t treet

how

a t entury,

s

f

conomic Life.

orkers happiness; cceleration

w pitome c athological ven

he hrough o eans ompound rofit e a

r e

w p t t e ” as rst

nd

c

is ntrenched

he p

m

uilding—“

t abor a

fficiency necessity e shanzhai o

f l

t

B o ( 9th e

s peed as rst o

i bsolute he 1 oth

to ace).

n stagnation s consider

fi t hat

w

xplicating

a eriod

b peed t

y

e and p ccupied and peedy s to technological

b

s o cale o

ascination). i S t t rmy therefore n he s f igrant s

i

t i

ecame

for a m

gromos speed uomao

m a b

( Efficiency

xtent

a

f utmoded G e

and ink

nconditional econd o o l

henzhen ominate, need

rogress” henzhen lways s u peed

thus

like S pplies reek

d S p ( peed.” a he f s S

b ince he a

a G a

1 t addiction

s

Shenzhen o start-ups

the

traumatising t ” ” ut utated “

o X a c Money,

r

an

t o

h f

t i is the

m

C te r m a W around

t D

both

From

progress. 1 “dromologicalbuilt he authorities 300,000-strong incomprehensible (thust emains The which issing as mental obsession is oncentration, phors: are n consumerism to ll rendition reflectsn pharmaceutical reserve journalists workshops, rmy of the eng factories, est iaoping T h e on he amous Wars For after hen hina, Shenzhen progresso 时间就是金钱,效率就是生命 Time ------Ge Zhang 弹幕的速度政治 | Dino ------OF DANMU SPEED POLITICS massive wholesale of sanitary pads, please contact 5564878

assassin for hire, contact 84523 COFFIN SALE, CONTACT 484854

Fake ID, contact 7823121 Painless Abortion, contact 1222334 change your fate, contact 741165

A TRANSLATION AND A LESS DENSE SIMULATION OF LOVE DEBT’S DANMU COMMENTS. [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 187

f f ” n I as nd o o as as

he he nd are h ow ow a (

uin heir

t t l

t a r w

t

h

i

ortal igital

s tands verlay which p ia s espite that d

ensity.

hapes, a s

v

a ver o

oots ubtitles

owever, D

ody oitering

d s radually ased) A controls r l o latforms s

Messaging

mage ccording

b b aiden).

g H ideo i ntelligible

p ubcultural i

A

v

R

(弹幕)

s nd ideo ommentary

he urtain” n rbanization)

t v a c c epeated ockets ain a a

u usic.

emonstration

tream r

traffic),

s ixels,

ymbolize

f d s ideo s f player m

oving m omments p e.g.,

s

v o ( ngenuity a ultures o c

i

m

f

c t n is lash o i JavaScript (Real-Time

hitou’s

rchaeological tigmatized peed o

(

re t F f the o h 5 ts bullet hina’s

sers

s a s

S i

ideo (流量,

fi

omments end characters o

eal-time. “

iteral

apitalism).

C v f goraphobia. U s l r r

c

s

n evisiting

c

o goraphobic a C ses

r a ideo reat a a

a

y a

u

fo a RTMP r t

f

sed v

hus

M b

y

nd

s apan t ardstick o u he i

o ariety ould

which b

n a J y t

f

eans

c v T

s t and “ a

rtillery s

o i

liuliang i n ouyu

CMAScript m

in

b a i treams

uality comments-over-the- a

E

D tilises istake ”. s context. i i

“ the

q Acfun.

tart hina’s latform u ( emonstration

i s he ctual

nd

n

m vintage.” s s oth i p peed Chinese/kanji a s

d C A a

i 2

ispersed—unapproved ses

China.

s

2014). a a

tsa eal-time f u

servers, d ill

3 is

hat

f site

udiences in o genre e

ecame assed t

rowds

o

w a iterally latform

o

est d urpose) b n cfun l b c same

Chinese

p

emediation

m I

omments. b ome

ppropriated erformativity

p

(Liao r

danmu rowd esthetics ilibili

t

c c f a an p nherent i “

B c a f i

danmu

the

opularized o the

s

here

f o he video P D ould game “advanced t a

w dministrators, to tself o

s: ystem

danmu

an

he

i o other

olitics

ecoming he w a nfluenced t

s a

r platforms igital c verification

i ore

t

omments

p b

as d ilibili.com,

c welling c

p

mostly argely

refer s B

ehicles/people l a

olely Love ebt rotocols: u each

v

pon

video

s p t ivestreaming

inema, easurement video f

l arrages rowd, he han

ontained n

radually, hich

u f c

t erhaps popular creen.” danmu

ser o a nd c b c T

o

m o

G

w

s p cfun’s u

a

een nterface

pecific erformativity,

known etwork” e i A ideo omment regardless b

T

s nd p Chinese n ( v b c

he erm

concerns

nd

n rofoundly

danmu a 4 elied eijing

ifferent

y

entertain a in

once r a asic a a

p d B ummed

b as ith raffic

raffic

s 2017) b

ervers, s t his ower. s t to ( h

ust s n i

hrough

w t tself).”

i se

p i on t

a as isplays t nderstood

layback t u

essay

e describe m

i

i

h

quare

d

u raffic p b bsession

he leading

the peed danmu

t s nfrastructures; ime—therefore

( ut i

omments, o

t to T e s

ntry danmu movie

ense inemas.

nshrined linguistic b c

This or ook

a b

e

eleted c

ideo d the t

hat

“ e sizes—also

nforcing

hat

CROWD

t v

d

t

ideo the n e

c erms, n a

ould

of igital ouga,

i rowds

ver v

latforms t

arnivals, o he esthetic—rather

c n

r d behavior. y bsession p c used t

o raffic ow

D

a

rvers—

he

t o b and o

nderstand n aneuvring

t

i

one he

se

earby). extual u

Japanse t

extual,

ven t m

during

imulating henzhen t n is

ideo

e

differently. in

s t t v

S s

b

t

danmu

w danmu o s

servers. s as mplemented W fonts

hould ot r

t t d

(quality)

t a

d

MARCHING u I

originally g se C

N C

S

i m

2

t d a e t o

Danmaku Danmu

Bilibli.com Different

other three Protocol) nspecified parate pronounced 3 4 5 2 its being vintage” accumulated egularly of principle arly opposedo hat Chinese MC hitou’s conversation notn In o rder he THE Danmu more to colors, echnical isplay sites was an nd ircraft subtitle overlaidn like ystem iconico (Li past 017) to ecade he ystem ikipedia The of hinese interface he romological and suzhi athering and the nternet arching the disorder. ommunists referso oth stationed SCREENSHOT CAPTURED DURING A LIVESTREAM SPONSORED BY SPORTS OF LIVESTREAMER TRACY MCGRADY. [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 189

f f n n i o o of he he he he he o

t t t t ere ans

arly T

ive- ideo ideo

f oors

l w f e peed them r often n

v v

d

I re

(

s o efault,

a fo f moving a equires arching d eclining n speeds; nd

a

r weaking

ortals o

urported

d o rontpage a t ules. s m

etiquette. y p

f ainstream r p

obility: t

006—said ords hitou a

i n B ynonymous i oles,

2 rigin. m S

w m he imulation

ntroducing as s pply nowledge

p he o

properties s prevent

conic T ut

a k t o

i

w

t C

b

ideo ilibili)

eft. rchive o ouTube) mpose a

v raffic l to he ts etiquette o i B ince t

M i t a

flow. t t

Y

n

s

ow

t hese

o

i t s h t n

movement other ia

aster.

esthetics

danmu, he

a exts ecame ust o f v f he t

t dvertisements raffic—the

a

ehicular ust e.g.,

b

t

t o f j

( or a m video v

ontexts—a

ublic must

cfun

o

arliest

f ump c ight and p ime,

r A ubcultural cene—active e

erformance,

r omments ove o

b t

s s

ou f such p c

ideo ffect (

fo tatic m y o o

v ntroduction

rotesque,

e

t

s he they f i

fonts llegal nforce

ts ecessitates

he

same ow t

i g i

o t

e rom n s

fl

f

f

nd f

ts

ser speed a i f latforms

pecific eneric o irst, ideo o

a g

u

and

he o s the v urrencies p

radually g F nd nterface mnipresent nderstood

isual he t

membership.

i

c

a t o v u n

id

the

ne i

a

etaphor ollective

colors, ideo on easurements eyond

o ulture a

ost omments c av v he nd ow.

s re b m

ubcultural c t m omments

ideo c

nline

quality” a fl

a

a

s

tories, s M

v c “

a o

as

danmu a s

irtual he

o

amented t w onger t v l verified s l ducate

y-posting

he erform hat he ut control raffiti—not e A his ural t t fl t

comments

o p

ack

b t rucial r

g

VoD) xplicit Acfun].”

onger

s

hina. digging”).

l ( n different

b

c

imulates e

o

dopted

rder udience C et, he of t 006) ouyu), ouTube

n a comments

t

s a i o on he in nd

2 c

n Y re D nd

t

elow pamming

a

a a a hem, n

a n

remium

b

i s hrough”

t f i requires

t lso ural

p ust

f browser eaning o emes, pinglun.

r “grave danmu re a

fter nformant—and o

a e.g.,

m i

same or

a m m (

s omment a

p

ilibili—often omments.

or ay F

peed text imulate

lower ct quantity c nd the B

upposed p s

s shot

s a

a he articipants

o s

the

“ t

andbills

r soriasis) p o

ouku

o to ainstream originated t f h

nd comments t

nd s

Y asses,

iteral founded re he

ontrolled i

articipants omments l o a

m ( (literally

t a ove danmu f

esthetic a

c

white latform ouku. large c

m p

t

ew

o

imply i a odelled

f m Y p

n e latforms

s a

sent

o he roperties ideo-on-Demand [that

eed

of m nonymous s

b p

t 012,

he

heir p

n V

a a t posting cfun t 2 he

ouku

uburban (2016):

liupixian

he be ike t

o

A l “comment”

f t

n s wafen posting ensity t Y r ideo n

line

s ust

iped

o a by nd d v omments

s oth

osting

fo a n ideo eteran a w c i of m s as a

b nowledge p ike

v v

l videos

A k

must a c

t

S t t word

o re ot

c t v

o B o basic

I

f raditional

p

rituals c interview Instructions t

b

a

the

s

t i p i

i

o [remix] There an referred

Danmu

“ sufficient by pioneers. in platforms video drastically ortals with However, the contextf nterface streaming For China, nstance, content. riginally ince what he omments Second, proper he peration “privilege” even shorter of , ptions omments iewers The limit. raffic each omment crowd. is. oth the traffic. llegal “habitation” referredo and not tairs osted Appropriating utilised he from is eing same VIDEO OF A PIRATE STREAM OF JAPANESE DRAMA PLEASE LOVE ME. In these sort of streams, viewers collectively commentate on and express admiration to the protagonists, the most mainstream social function of danmu. [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 191

f n o - - t o of he he he he he a a

t t t t t

ideo

ideo dge. cfun rmat sers, pace airan irtual v v e bject, o texts) roups a raph A s u ut T v ptimi

t

fo

o

sn g g b

o

n

istorical n possibly

echnical ctor, D

as he iewer—a

nd ts t nventory, e o h

i A t a i 3 rocessing v omments,

erformers a he

b

t ser nforces p c

nteractivity s p iscreteness

i ccording bscures xhibitionists

pecificity ur u e r

he and ar, rcraft A he herefore d he

e o A t s

t iegetic o t an ifferent o t b

nd

it nd

d c he ndless d

ut a f n

ords,

coded Wa a nterface transparency

i enter e

T ccording djuncts, he

ore i he b

nd o

kill w nd n ducate t

c t a a

c he a

n s

a

e o

or

t

o f hey

otally

a

he the t

t bjects. r o

roliferated eal-time t he ot

paces. he he

r t ot o o eflects p n ctors immersive” t

t ideo s

bullets,’ ther

r ot

ubject

n

f

‘ “ a

v s

o

ody” s n s

n o

iewer

a

re

a opy b

v

o social. n s contesting re a

Worldf c rame I

ssumes i

roadcast.

articipate

tage he

f the

oes a a extual, rejects ( t

ontent b s

p o erspective t eal-time

he

d

t nline c ain

uch

r

p ultiple

VIDEO esponses) T

s he o

(composed r

m eparate f olely t

m ame nd

being

s s ociotechnological o mmutable he video,

ble he g a layer.” i

t

s creen. t

omment

he a

enter

ouku

imply ith

s t mage, c nto re c iegetic danmu rrangement i

s i

Y

nd w

ne-way ntersection the

he a f omments

d a

he i

lurred. t

a

t o

o while ere he etiquette—that C

nstant nd

erception

actual ot he earn

b

he i images

t l

of t

n olitics nterface epend a “ t a w

p n n

i

he

his p eal-timeness d

t n o s “added s o t r etween

ses

t o a

a

ts nd b

i u

r

C verlaid re—from at ser

part ideo. a ommentators he

an o

ideo “ o etween CULTURE a

essages u t

v iscrete ouku

v hich

b omments, etiquette. d e

Y

m ine pecific

c l ideo n ideo

w b ltimately aesthetic

LIVESTREAMING s hape

ord

s 012) f 2013),

he v ommon

v the pixelated

he ts u ( herefore

ideo, t

( nough s epends

i a 2 o c t

w t

v

ocialization

ulture.

ay nd e of

d he

s he tands

s i

he

t c he TO a indow/section T

s nconsistent, integral m t

t

re ith i

he w ut he

ake uch t f a thics, eal-time ntry w therefore

t t

r b s omments

e o an

e reske

paces

m

c eparation

2006; f f moving T is ideo COMMENT s anifests VOD

( sense

s

cene o o etween

v

reach hey

he s

hey b creen.

p T t

nterface, T edicated

s (53).”

acilitate isible, uppose i OF he sage omment

ense—“in” f

t ortals v d s

he s pectators c u nowledge—a

even s

f

t omment

p nd

s a

k

e f nterface

he o danmu c FROM

a i t f ot system

ndreas unique he o one

egime

nd w ragmented,

t alloway

r o n arrative),

becoming ayering mmediacy f A eal-timeness a

pace. l

and a elation f i

n erely

I G

ime, he

r s

R articipatory ideo

t t iteral y

rinciple.

iscuss at

l nd . v he m p

on-diegetic p

d B

a bjects onstituents T

R the

n he

(

c o

t

a o

t

a

t n become aims g

fo

l

convey

i t m

w comment a t

a u animated c s c B s n

p c

a a

d t the t

d

zation the oward latform. REALTIMENESS: Asn platforms. nterface, ical, —they in essential he subcultural ost reversing It aestheticizationoes ot literally Danmu scrolling and articulable omments cross (2016) “At rites: ny iven non-diegetic distinction. the onventional ando (the feedback oherent rth). Alexander exampleo world) nd understanding of of window igital video nd heorist AESTHETICIZATION In he anguage and and ociocultural ilibili. but who ot who he nderstand re ften Mainstream SCREENSHOT CAPTURED ON DOUYU CELEBRITY CHUANGGE’S (串哥) CHANNEL DURING WHICH HE ASKED HIS VIEWERS TO PRESS 1 TO TOAST WITH HIM. “1111”, “6666”, “23333” and “hhhhh” are all ways to express a similar meaning to “LOL” or “LMAO”. [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 193

e a - - re

he he he he he he b nd o the t t t t t t

a hrill uch lat a

rom

n

t

s f ense n p rites,

o cross I

an pread

s

t mme b w a danmu isplays i c s

indless

hey

oD

ive, he

l t d

a hatroom estowed eactions oD

diff pseudo-

V opularity m T coherent ent

CROWD” omments r

c

Given

b

“ V p

s

ollectively. “

c

emporality

q

hrough n danmu ot

c

r

heir t hat

understood i c omments. ideos, t

f VoD, t

t “

n

ve

o he flow” v nstance, a

2017)

nd urface. he this re

eal-timeness i o t

(

h “

t

r

Li s

a s iewer, a

a nd

ocio-aesthetic

of i

as erent iveness

n ffords oth v l

bout

f i ill a litism

“ s ontribute n

or

rom a o nderstanding e c nterface ood w

w F f O i

riginal).”

column. u

danmu

i ull

) ho re c itton m ideo o s like uarrelling f djacent f 2016), ifferent “alive.” hird

n v

ideo case (

a C i t

o d

ideos.

n f v

i

danmu

v danmu

rings o

part

ther.

vandalize he collectively

he b

f viewers t A

erformance f the o feel im

t

( enshrined” he

laborate omments ouyu’s ves

o ery

a p o t h h “ n f

danmu ccessibility c e v echnical essages Y D

In

elps onstruct rucial

ndividually o ccupy t

o

perativity

a

i

separate

elps ollectively

to c n

isplays m s o s o

ommunication”

ynchronization

qunzhong ach i ive

he h c

l o d

a a t ith c

s A ery hile

e

ouyu.

he

video he

mphasis

v

t oth f w

w T he D hat

e ay o

hey nfrastructure. he

elebrated

o b a

t

i he T t c t ive

danmu

l ontagions 群众 w c

t

the (

latform nterface ashy

c

i

ver e f ike ecome nterface f a y ut p l fl arly dopters,

i he

ideo).

o

o nto

b o 102, b t having b o-presence nd

i

erformances

v ( n

29).

i erspective

c omeone a he

1 comments. p

he according quarrelling”

t

erformance s p t

of ecause ligned, “ he ualities.

make elation

p pecific t cts

b

a

q r nterview

s ense aken

ive a

i part) the he l danmu ith

t

s eal-timeness

014, t

n rowds

ommentators a

masses”

wo ccentuate r i irtual f

reated nd w 2 c c t

and y “

a latforms owever, v a

of

o c a

f

he

“ f

iveness p l. latform ach nterface hese H t m

l evices, worshippers” o om rtistic eighbors i

ideo,

nd o t

nline a e p instead

he “ f v d a nd n he

a

lso

o eeks

t npredictable

ulgarizes Fr

t ivestreaming

o a n

T

ull ase, SQUARE l a v i u

r

view w

e f

is

c

ivestreaming

nd radually

l

r h ideo. fo accumulated llusion

a

he g ideo ocial nd o ithin i

v

nables

rgument t

obile o v s hese a lmost

49). ideo. e ome 017)—virtual his t w aid

mode, a

AND ossess t re he

t omposed

v a

s 2

etaphor m 2 s t as he

p

a

c

n t

ays whole

he h

f n

m he

xperience I eal-time were t a n commentary

d

f emporal or t he Li o i owever,

r

a

e t latforms ( t o

F

haracteristics h

urns

o

p

017, l f

f t

n t

c ima his

i

2 o

ncourages o earlier.

T X Weltevrede ideo

onger op ivestreaming analizes

nstance,

oD,

l e ( l and t re)visitors i v o nterface

ideo. CROWD

pectator

b (

video i V pace

n ivestreaming

arefully Li

v

o

hours, s ( t t latforms f

s

( c i i

nderstood ometimes or n

f

he

video. p o full-screen

of a s

t u s he

F

o

lation esthetic

ppear t

s re t pecific a

real-time”—an a

iveness” e

a in comments a l e

a video ttention a s a imeline

t

b a

danmu a

n o

t b c

i

f l

c

g s

c f mentioned t a

o o t

l

o

B o a t j

t e

l screen screen

t t

“ MC l t l

s

EFFECTS, directly rom contagious and “the he oint roadcaster mobsr effectf diacy, rowds.” ivestreaming AGORAPHOBIA: As ivestreamer by as he requent netiquette to ivestreamsof ivestreaming sensef undesirable Previously, esthetics. A interaction,trong casef etiquette ivestreams, limited full comments creen implications. comments the performance In he ase within arguingn with he he nline simultaneity”—having with different host” imes of comments virtual form ilibili, In he ase needso social livestreaming nd and xperience” SCREENSHOT TAKEN OF A TEN-HOUR VIDEO OF “EPIC SAX GUY” ON REPEAT, WHICH OVER TIME HAS BECOME A VIRTUAL “SHRINE” FOR VIEWERS TO REVISIT AND POST PRAYERS AND JOKES ON, AMONG OTHER RITUALS. [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 195

, f f e n - - - - ai i o o he he he an an b ith aul

t t D

ven c c lat T

hich w hina

P

ssay orde e irth

p s ass’s ulgar

ll

zoom o lation e hared C

h w b e v t espe

ust whole

nature A

“ a

hannel e

danmu s m

ou erhaps

etween etween

w

c

y iscerally m p athering hat o simulta a b b

creen ymbolize

ndividual

v t irculation

t mount i 0s.

ne g

s

s

he he r c 7 a s

irections… o

t a s t

n i o

hina. a

o hat d “

the essage.

t t

xperience

o

joyful

n

inhua’s he C nd

i uality: hrough kinetic nd he s e onsistent

t “ o, m riends,” J

i t a

q a

t rowds

f

c T

rom

t

roletarian heer an

c ackground. i f ai

s sed

apan—the verload p he b

b

raffic t 0s

The D J u ifference estroy o

ivestreaming t

omments,

omprehend ellowship l here

6 very creen” uite f

d d t

f t heatre lass c

c he he i he

s e t

q cross o

Livestreaming he n t

ide, c

t

ivestreaming ialogic

t T 0s. l confirms a nd

o s f o s

w d

2019),

i 9 ate t

a

(

a o l n

esthetic hat rajectory

ith

i

r

r nd hat uotes t t eing he a

o t

ovie o ost-Reform w t a

rotesting epresents, q

fficiency.” nd he

r water b ast way

also

he ccustomed

t p bullet f

p e a f o

m

t

a ts I p f

a t “

erm i ords

n ass”

rowds s t

u o

i a ideo n ualitative rowds masses. ignals

own nformation

i ndividual

c ar w

a ass’s

v n i m i

q circulation.” c

s t f

ow nonymous

d

he

ince

o eal-time.

a m t

f n a fl r

s danmu

a imself

social” a o

u’s shuiyou

eep h

ust oitering

mpossible

“ j l “plaza” n s lready i k

X blates s ra i i

oad

s eutral

ervor

nline nd a cus r

a a e iew dynamic f n a n

s

o

o a

or

iveness v obile i

“ he

t rowd o l

fo ummon omments.

t eading

lowing

re

a

c irilio

omparable m t he r s fficiency”

c

s unfiltered

i his a

channel. t

f

inorganic he V

c e

here t

hat nd

ull an

t

o ther ensors, o his an “ magery t “habitable n f T a

a t i

t s he

b

ransmitted c o c omments i

eform hristina urtailed

o

t

t

ight

r ee ike ever c

f and c l

C of he n e s

square

o n

he

o ispersing t

he

his t

t e oD,

t n w d deal he o f I

T ach ime. i

iewers

b V t t

phemeral of t r iewers, o

as e

v

imes)

r mpossible e

v t ndividual n evolutionary i nd o dynamic i w i n nd fo o

hannel s

r t o

ouyu, elegates hinese

a “

t f cusing

f t

o a 02). c ust ollective a r

asy

f

ary

a D 1

o C o

pening eflection, hythm c e

o fo

m r

r

w

example o

ymphony, hus

livestreaming

ans

his rowds.

oincidentally, f s

n laza

t nd s t i r f b c ulticolored

o n

o efer

p

C a

ut” o f t here r

s an

a ushed f I Ibid,

fo eading i uncontrolled t

m o

r mbodiment

(

o

the urpose

r meanings p o ontrary

opular

iving lternatively, eight

o e

t p flow. e I p

asses C

g h

eaning A

iveness” pectate,

ike of

l (30-31).” nd b

l the

imilar s

ear a m olossus

oalescing ime

m

a —as ouyu

f

s t

c ave” o c

housands he

n o lance. hannel t D t

t

i articularly olemical t ontrol.” writes:

nstead space w

c

g ensity i

rowds

eans p quare nd c p “

a literal he n ime.” y erfect

d

riginal c

t shifting

s t a a

as o

s

m ooms. b p ay

verwhelms o

i a erspective

He virtual uantity. r ttentively t h

o ut,

w p “

q a he a the

t

o

the

t

i a d

efficiency e c danmaku

t

t

in

o

f embodies,

m o

c m

mob. on “ d e

M t p p

( o i

p

(

v

(

i a

[ p

t the p t o J

explains, “the eople, he has (1999) mplemented neous esire placef of in rotesting apan uring ciallys of under he he essaging traffic From literally he other, Reading dynamicolyphonic mplies “It stimulation, the ob] comments Virilio — 1977) Zooming observe rowds how comes iewers viewers rom defeats online simulates he hat insteadf is messages ccupied enormous alternative out” or ven spatio-temporality On opular forms, Li’s 2017) ne of social he summon exican xperience, ny of articipating SCREENSHOT TAKEN OF MC SHITOU’S DOUYU LIVESTREAMING CHANNEL, WHICH FAILED TO REVITALISE THE KIND OF DANMU RITUALS THAT EMERGED FROM HIS EARLY ACFUN VIDEOS — THE COMMENTS NO LONGER SIMULATED THE FLY POSTING BUT WERE INSTEAD DIRECT RESPONSES TO HIS LIVESTREAM. His Douyu channel’s popularity dwindled soon after, partly because the original attraction of his videos was no longer present. [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 197

f s s a n a

i i

ut ot o a he he he

wn s

t t t n b ven hus uge

o a

t ises. e

f

h

f

o

r

vents, o losest lready eneral o

d crowd.

re e c re

a

g pdating lausible

Enters he a

een a

ontinues ecame

t undreds, heir u

p

ensity

s

s igh t c It i b

h he

d

ighway, he hannels

hey h ntering t

t

t h c

e

hey

ow ore iven t eaning nd

n nd urveillance

olitical G ritiques That a m

rom m

a

Press. Plaza.” rom sychologists, s s

f c p fficially,

t i

marching rom f

istrust

plaza”

p

Press. o f on et. M

d 47–54.

a edicate

owing of he

onstantly inneapolis: elebrate

efore b

ust d

fl c c T alls egulation n j 2 b

Sites

of r

33–256. ocal

his

ass

m Polity o arch, v hifting i

T t ot 4, welling nd rowd

ow

m

s hina, Polity

ts m ide s n a c i

I

n

afest

O:NIX,

mported s C

ts ot hat nherited ith ivestreaming flow i

y

s

s ra. 6 ords. i l

pproved

rderly i UK:

Culture. mportant

ant b nd

i Video

his w e

he a he o w Danmaku

t UK: t

t a

Asia,

w

r

symphony.”

he r

n ontain t lient o

o

c a c ith

rowd

f c w ntirely. nomenclature onitor ainland Journal

o

latforms Zone: he e Online ay latforms,

affective

t m

m asses p

p Digital

quares lways

m

n escribed s n a the m

o I

The

t o reventing

d uantity… dministrators

lacklisted

s n omenclature Algorithmic Cambridge,

and echnologies rganized

i p a q

pace b

ost-Reform ynonymous

n

t o

“polemical welling

Cambridge,

he o

s ideo s p

6.

t s f

a

writes: v ut on

China’s

o

Contact f

of s b i

f nniversaries i

i he onjunction

Masks ltered he

ovel nterface t a ather, o heer a

aiwan). t c

June

s fi

ather

n On

s website.

g

ublic T omments

n

f a

China.

g i Asiascape: s rderly,

n ists f to p of

Effect. c

l (2011) I o

a

o

o eal-time ecame

o assembly

ivestreaming Attention.

r nd

Essays l t

b 29

square

heir a f

danmu

t plazas” sually t hat of an ajority o Concealment: oal

dministrators i (51).”

t Press. “

u

uch

rowds

a g

May sed m ts ideos/streams ensorship,

Popular Affect nless s

ajor c

of i istrust

Lovink

u

v ong f

nternet, c

u re

ot pdated ndecent I

d

M i rmy and alls he o

healthy” K

a Voyeurism.” n

u

public he

t Interface

So

a “

t

s

from

apitalism.

m ow Gaming:

s Platforms.” he

a c own n h i a hich

t

nline Ecology

post-Reform a d

effect nd

Geert

radually

r

w

f eriods article.netor.cn o The

n

tmost a

rowds, g Third Hong o down p

f in ( o

fo u

Minnesota

Interface ear

genda.

C o

As

eal-time

f

2006. The

Danmu a r unstoppable essages

emonstrating huts

ut

“ crowded he of shut s ule ises d from b

visual

t

requently M rowd,

r 2012. R. r “Exposure

housands,

lgorithms,

f he “The

a t egatively onsumer c wn

s y a

d “The i T

c n o

b ominates was A. A.

2017.

the

to t

it strategy p 2014. h

t seems s o

s m

o is

Y.

d

Internet.

1999.

s

b

2016.

u

R. 2017. t

o o

J.

T. 2019,

danmu t

the J.

In

6 Video-Streaming Liao, Galloway, University Li, Dai, Retrieved Galloway, REFERENCES An, Citton, actively opposed ushing “virtual costf monitoring quare” aintaining During Bilibili trust ensitive imply heir policing Danmu government. sent, motivation sing on sometimes he real-time. fficial crowds As “This also presence asic perational dismissed on square, potential he hreat. Naming “Asian symbolf igh ragons” differences” SCREENSHOT TAKEN OF A BILIBILI VIDEO WHERE THE SHEER NUMBER OF COMMENTS HAS TOTALLY OVERWHELMED THE ORIGINAL VIDEO AND ITS CONTENT IS NO LONGER VISIBLE. [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 199

of

Press.

Real-time:

Engines.”

of

Institute

Polity

Semiotext(e). shenzhennoted.com

Search UK:

Politics CA: website.

from

and

“The Amsterdam:

website.

Angeles,

Cambridge, 2014. Retrieved

logicmag.io Platforms

Los

C.

Spheres.

from Cause.

125

Media Speed.” a

Video Gerlitz, Politics. technode.com

(6), –150.

of

31

and and Social

from

Retrieved

Life

Without

A.,

on

Shenzhen

Speed Society,

Inner

“On Time.”

&

Retrieved

The Networks

Helmond,

[2006]. 2013.

Perspective “Bullet Cultures. E.,

Culture M. 2011. 2013.

1977

A. Cinema.” G.

P. 2019.

Device

C.

A Theory Virilio, Xu, Weltevrede, Treske, Network Lovink, O’Donnell, website. The