Hydrological and Hydrogeological Evaluation of Mhadei River Watershed – in Goa and Karnataka
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HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF MHADEI RIVER WATERSHED – IN GOA AND KARNATAKA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO GOA UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOLOGY BY MANOJ M. IBRAMPURKAR, M.Sc. DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCE GOA UNIVERSITY 2012 i ‘Gurur Brahma, Gurur Vishnu, Gurur Devo Maheshwara Guru Sakshat Parabrahma Tasmai Shree Guruveh namah’ (Shri Guru Charitra) To All My Teachers ii CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis titled, “HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF MHADEI RIVER WATERSHED – IN GOA AND KARNATAKA” submitted by Mr. Manoj M. Ibrampurkar for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology is a record of research work done by him during the period of study and is based on the results of experiments carried out by him independently. The thesis or a part thereof has not previously formed the basis for the award to the research scholar for any other degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar titles. RESEARCH GUIDE Dr. A. G. CHACHADI, Professor, Department of Earth Science, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa iii STATEMENT I hereby state that this thesis titled, HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF MHADEI RIVER WATERSHED – IN GOA AND KARNATAKA” for the award of Ph.D. degree is my original contribution and that the thesis or any part thereof has not previously formed the basis for the award of any other degree, diploma or other similar titles of any university or institute. To the best of my knowledge, the present study is the first comprehensive study of its kind from the study area. The literature pertaining to the investigated problem has been duly acknowledged. Facilities availed from other sources have also been duly acknowledged. RESEARCH SCHOLAR MANOJ IBRAMPURKAR, Department of Earth Science, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a deep debt of gratitude to my Guide Prof. A. G. Chachadi, Head, Department of Earth Science, Goa University, for his continued inspiration and efficient guidance throughout the course of this research work. His thorough understanding of the subject of Hydrogeology and his ability to get the best out of his students is highly appreciated. I take this opportunity to express my deep respect and gratitude to him for his constant involvement in the study, valuable suggestions, critical evaluation of the findings and patient review of the manuscript. I am thankful to the University Grants Commission, Government of India, for providing financial assistance in the form of Minor Research Project and award of Teacher Fellowship under the Faculty Improvement Programme. I sincerely thank Mr. S.D. Sayanak, former Chief Engineer (Mandovi Basin), Mr. S. T. Nadkarni, Chief Engineer (WRD), Mr. N. Somasundaram, Senior Hydrogeologist and Mr. S. V. Prabhavalkar, SE (CPO) of the Water Resources Department , Government of Goa for providing the necessary data about the water resources of Goa and the proposed water retention projects by Karnataka. I am also thankful to India Meteorological Department, Altinho, for providing the rainfall data and Dr. D. Mayekar and Mr. S. Sawant of Department of Mines and Geology, Govt. of Goa for their support and co-operation. I am grateful to Mr. V.B. Saxena, Joint Director, Department of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation, Govt. of Goa for providing necessary information about the Minor Irrigation schemes. I express my deep gratitude towards Dr. B. K. Purundara and Dr. B. Venkatesh of National Institute of Hydrology, Belgaum and Dr. Davithuraj of Central Ground Water Board, Belgaum for their valuable inputs and encouragement. I am thankful to the Principal Dr.(Mrs) Y. Modassir, former Principal Dr. S.V. Deshpande and Management of Dhempe College of Arts and Science for providing all the necessary facilities in the college during the research work. Special thanks to Dr. K.G. Hiremath, Dr. S.R. Ganihar, Dr. S Powar, Dr. Ramu Murthy, Dr. S. Samant, Dr. W. Manual and Dr. R. Karmali for their co-operation and guidance at various stages of the work. Similarly, I express my gratitude to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of Earth v Science, Goa University and the administrative staff and authorities of Goa University for their constant guidance and co-operation during the study period. I am also grateful to my colleagues at the Geology Department of Dhempe College of Arts and Science, Prof. A.G. Agshikar, Prof. D.S. Parab, Prof (Ms). M.A. Miranda and Mr. V. Kurundwad for their constant support and co-operation during the research work. Special thanks to Ms. Shilpa Khandolkar for assisting me in the preparation of all the figures in GIS platform. I gratefully acknowledge Late Prof. O.A. Fernandes who inspired me to study Geology. I also thank Prof. M.S. Katti of Chowgule College, Margao for his constant encouragement and advice. I am also grateful to all the students of geology at Dhempe College and Goa University for their assistance during the field work and data processing. Special thanks to Anuj, Sachit, Zuber, Pooja, Rohit, Poornima, Shivam, Sapresh, Shaibaz, Francisco, Yogita, Samantha, Sonia, Vishwajit, Ambarish, Renfred and Shruti for their valuable contributions at various stages of the work. I am also grateful to my friends Simon, Ajinkya, Mohan, Rajesh, Satish, Siddhesh, Mendes, Inas, Walter, Bapat, Amruta, Manjit and Aulito for being with me during good as well as difficult times. I express my profound gratitude to my parents who raised me with love, care and values, and safeguarded me from all the troubles of life. I am also thankful to my sisters and brothers for their support and love. I also thank all those people who directly or indirectly helped me in completion of this work. Last but not the least, with immense pleasure, I express my gratitude to my wife Pallavi for providing a great support in times of distress, continual encouragement and taking care of our daughter Ira single-handedly. Her patience, understanding and untiring care kept me going. Above all, I thank the Almighty for being with me all the time. Manoj Ibrampurkar vi CONTENTS Chapter No. Topics Page No. List of tables x List of figures xiii List of plates xviii Abstract xix Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1 1.2 Physiography and Drainage 4 1.3 Climate and Rainfall 11 1.4 General Geological Setup of Goa 17 1.4.1 Laterite 21 1.4.2 Lineament Map of Goa 24 1.5 General Hydrogeological Setup of Goa 26 1.6 Scope of the Present Work 32 1.7 Aim and Objectives of the Present Study 33 1.8 Location of the Study Area 35 1.9 Salient Features of the Study Area 37 1.10 Previous Work 43 1.11 Methodology 46 Chapter 2 RAINFALL RUN-OFF AND BASEFLOW ESTIMATION 2.1 Introduction 49 2.2 Rainfall Analysis 49 2.2.1 Thiessen Polygon Method 50 2.2.2 Isohyetal Method 51 2.3 Rainfall Run-off Estimation 57 2.4 River Discharge Analysis 59 2.5 Baseflow Estimation 62 2.5.1 Stream Gauging Measurements 63 vii 2.5.2 Quantification of Baseflow 68 2.5.3 Baseflow Computation using Stream Hydrograph Analysis 72 2.6 Discussion 76 Chapter 3 MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS 3.1 Introduction 78 3.2 Mandovi River Basin 78 3.3 Morphometric Parameters 86 3.3.1 Basic Parameters 86 3.3.2 Derived Parameters 98 3.4 Discussion 112 Chapter 4 HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MHADEI RIVER WATERSHED 4.1 Introduction 120 4.2 Methodology of Data Collection 121 4.3 Aquifers of Mhadei River Watershed 127 4.4 Depth to Static Groundwater Level 136 4.5 Water Table Fluctuation 144 4.6 Well Hydrograph Analysis 148 4.6.1 Water Table Trend 153 4.6.2 Specific Recharge using Well Hydrograph 158 4.6.3 Relative Fall in Well Hydrograph 160 4.7 Groundwater Flow-net Analysis 162 4.8 Pumping Test Studies and Analysis 169 4.8.1 Transmissivity and Specific Yield of Unconfined Aquifer 169 4.8.2 Estimation of Aquifer Parameters 170 4.8.3 Papadupulos and Cooper Method 181 4.8.4 Mishra and Chachadi Method 189 4.8.5 Slitcher’s Method to Estimate Specific Capacity 198 viii 4.9 Groundwater Recharge Estimation 199 4.10 Infiltration Tests 202 4.11 Groundwater Availability 223 4.12 Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones 228 4.13 Discussion 231 Chapter 5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ON THE DOWNSTREAM HYDROLOGICAL REGIME OF MHADEI RIVER WATERSHED 5.1 Introduction 234 5.2 Proposed River Water Retention and Diversion Structures 235 5.3 Environmental Impact Analysis 242 Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS 257 BIBLIOGRAPHY 264 ix LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. 1.1 Salient features of the river basins in Goa 7 1.2 Water supply schemes created in Goa as on 2010 10 1.3 Irrigation by different sources in Goa as per Third 10 (2000-01) and Fourth (2006-07: Provisional) Census of Minor Irrigation Schemes 1.4 Stratigraphic sequence of rock formations in Goa 20 1.5 Dynamic groundwater resource of Goa as on2009 31 1.6 Distribution of various land use – land cover 37 types in Mhadei River watershed 2.1 Normal monthly rainfall (mm) of the rain-gauge 52 stations in and around Mhadei River watershed 2.2 Average rainfall using Theissen Polygon Method 54 2.3 Average rainfall using Isohyetal method 56 2.4 State-wise average annual rainfall and volume of 58 rainfall using Isohyetal method 2.5 Average monthly rainfall and resulting volume of 59 rainfall in Mhadei River watershed 2.6 Monthly average discharge data measured at 61 Ganjem River-gauging station on Mhadei River 2.7 Coefficients to obtain mean velocity of a river 64 from the surface velocity 2.8 Stream-flow measurements on Mhadei River near 66 Goa- Karnataka boundary in December 2007 2.9 Stream flow measurements on Mhadei River near 67 Goa-Karnataka boundary in April 2008 2.10 Baseflow computation for non-monsoon season 71 from Karnataka 2.11 Baseflow computation of Mhadei River watershed 75 using Stream hydrograph separation x Table No.