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Home , Arges (Cyclops), Caeneus, Cronus, Hecatoncheires, Hemera, Hephaestus

ZEUS (zoose or zyoose; Roman name ) was the supreme of . He was the father of the heroes and , the latter of whom once wrestled him to a draw.

Zeus was the youngest son of the and . When he was born, his father Cronus intended to swallow him as he had all of Zeus's siblings: , , , and . But Rhea hid the newborn in a cave on Mount Dicte in . (To this day, the guides at the "cave of Zeus" use their flashlights to cast shadow puppets in the cave, creating images of baby Zeus from the .)

When he had grown up, Zeus caused Cronus to vomit up his sisters and brothers, and these joined him in fighting to wrest control of the universe from the Titans and Cronus, their king. Having vanquished his father and the other Titans, Zeus imprisoned most of them in the of .

Then he and his brothers Poseidon and Hades divided up creation. Poseidon received the as his domain, Hades got the Underworld and Zeus took the . Zeus also was accorded supreme authority on and on .

POSEIDON (puh-SYE-dun or poh-SYE-dun; Roman name ) was the god of the sea, earthquakes and horses. Although he was officially one of the supreme gods of Mount Olympus, he spent most of his time in his watery domain.

Poseidon was brother to Zeus and Hades. These three gods divided up creation. Zeus was ruler of the sky, Hades had dominion of the Underworld and Poseidon was given all water, both fresh and salt.

Although there were various rivers personified as gods, these would have been technically under Poseidon's sway. Similarly, , the , wasn't really considered on a par with Poseidon, who was known to drive his chariot through the waves in unquestioned dominance. Poseidon had married Nereus's daughter, the sea- .

In dividing , the watery realm and the subterranean land of the dead, the Olympians agreed that the earth itself would be ruled jointly, with Zeus as king. This led to a number of territorial disputes among the gods. Poseidon vied with to be patron of . The god demonstrated his power and benevolence by striking the Acropolis with his three-pronged , which caused a spring of salt water to emerge.

Athena, however, planted an tree, which was seen as a more useful favor. Her paramount importance to the Athenians is seen in her magnificent temple, the Parthenon, which still crowns the Acropolis. The people of Athens were careful, all the same, to honor Poseidon as well (as soon as his anger calmed down and he withdrew the flood of seawater with which he ravaged the land after his loss in the contest with Athena).

Poseidon was father of the , although the mortal also claimed this distinction. Theseus was happy to have two fathers, enjoying the lineage of each when it suited him. Thus he became king of Athens by virtue of being Aegeus's son, but availed himself of Poseidon's parentage in facing a challenge handed him by King of Crete. This monarch threw his signet ring into the depths of the sea and dared Theseus to retrieve it. The hero dove beneath the waves and not only found the ring but was given a crown by Poseidon's wife, Amphitrite.

Poseidon was not so well-disposed toward another famous hero. Because blinded the , who was Poseidon's son, the god not only delayed the hero's homeward return from the but caused him to face enormous perils. At one point he whipped up the sea with his and caused a storm so severe that Odysseus was shipwrecked.

Poseidon similarly cursed the wife of King Minos. Minos had proved his divine right to rule Crete by calling on Poseidon to send a bull from the sea, which the king promised to . Poseidon sent the bull, but Minos liked it too much to sacrifice it. So Poseidon asked , the of love, to make Minos's queen, Pasiphae, fall in love with the bull. The result was the monstrous , half-man, half-bull.

As god of horses, Poseidon often adopted the shape of a steed. It is not certain that he was in this form when he wooed . But when Perseus later killed the , the winged horse sprang from her severed neck.

Poseidon sometimes granted the shape-shifting power to others. And he ceded to the request of the maiden Caenis that she be transformed into the invulnerable, male warrior .

HERMES (HUR-meez; Roman name ) was the messenger of the gods and guide of dead to the Underworld. A prankster and inventive from birth, aided the heroes Odysseus and Perseus in their quests.

Hermes was the son Zeus and a mountain nymph. As a newborn he was remarkably precocious. On his very first day of life, he found the empty shell of a tortoise and perceived its utility as a sounding chamber. Stringing sinews across it, he created the first .

Hermes was known for his helpfulness to mankind, both in his capacity as immortal herald and on his own initiative. When Perseus out to face the Gorgon Medusa, Hermes aided him in the quest. According to one version of the myth, he loaned the hero his own magic sandals, which conferred upon the wearer the ability to fly.

Some say that Hermes loaned Perseus a helmet of invisibility as well. Also known as the helmet of darkness, this was the same headgear that Hermes himself had worn when he vanquished the . This was on the occasion when the gargantuan sons of Earth rose up in revolt against the gods of Olympus.

Hermes' symbol of office as divine messenger was his staff, or . This was originally a willow wand with entwined ribbons, traditional badge of the herald. But the ribbons were eventually depicted as . To support this mythologically, a story evolved that Hermes used the caduceus to separate two fighting snakes which forthwith twined themselves together in peace.

It was Hermes' job to convey dead souls to the Underworld. And as patron of travelers, he was often shown in a wide-brimmed sun hat of straw. Hermes was known to the Romans as Mercury. His most famous depiction, a statue by Bellini, shows him alight on one foot, wings at his heels, the snaky caduceus in hand and, on his head, a rather stylized combination helmet-of-darkness and sun hat.

HERA (HEE-ruh; Roman name ) was the goddess of marriage. Hera was the wife of Zeus and Queen of the Olympians.

Hera hated the great hero Heracles since he was the son of her husband Zeus and a mortal woman. When he was still an infant, she sent snakes to attack him in his crib. Later she stirred up the against him when he was on one of his quests.

On the other hand, Hera aided the hero , who would never have retrieved the without her sponsorship.

In , Hera was the reigning female goddess of Olympus because she was Zeus's wife. But her worship is actually far older than that of her husband. It goes back to a time when the creative force we call "God" was conceived of as a woman. The Goddess took many forms, among them that of a bird.

Hera was worshipped throughout , and the oldest and most important temples were consecrated to her. Her subjugation to Zeus and depiction as a jealous shrew are mythological reflections of one of the most profound changes ever in human spirituality.

Tens of thousands of years ago, as the evidence of cave art and artifacts makes clear, humanity was focused on the female body, either pregnant or fit to bear children. Childbirth was the closest humans came to the great power that caused the earth to bring forth new life in the spring. To the extent that these distant ancestors of ours were evolved enough to think of worshipping this power, we may safely conclude that they thought of it as female.

Thousands of years later (and some five to nine thousand years before our own time), the European descendants of these people lived in large villages, with specialized crafts and religious institutions. It is clear from the artifacts they left behind that they worshipped a power (or a group of powers) that came in many forms--a bird, a , perhaps the earth itself. And this great power was female. For the human female has the ability to procreate--to bring forth new life.

It is said that it was only when humanity discovered man's role in procreation that male gods began to be worshipped. There is no reason to doubt, though, that male gods were worshipped before the mystery of birth was fully known. In all probability the greatest powers were thought of as female but there were male as well. And it is clear that even after procreation was properly understood, the more peaceful Europeans--perhaps down to the "Minoans" of Crete--continued to worship the Great Mother.

And there were many peaceful Europeans. Many of the largest villages of that distant era were unfortified. The culture known as "Old European" did not fear aggression from its neighbors. But then things changed and a great period of violence began. Invaders swept into Europe from the vast central plains of . They brought the Indo-European language family that today includes French, Italian, Spanish and English. They also brought a sky god, the supreme male deity that in Greek mythology became known as Zeus.

Little is known of these early Indo-Europeans, but the peaceful settlements of Old Europe were no match for them. In some places their new culture became supreme, in others there was merger. Hardier mountain folk resisted, though many were displaced from their strongholds, moved on and displaced others in a domino effect. The Dorian invasion of can be seen as a result of this chain reaction.

The old order seems to have held out longest on Crete where, protected by the from invasion by land, the high Minoan civilization survived until almost three thousand years ago. Abruptly, then, from the perspective of human existence, the gender of the greatest power changed from female to male. And many of the stories that form the basis of Greek mythology were first told in their present form not long after the shift.

Zeus's many adulterous affairs may derive from ceremonies in which the new sky god "married" various local embodiments of the Great Goddess. That there was some insecurity on the part of the supplanter god and his worshippers is seen in the mythological birth of Athena from Zeus's head--as if to say that the sky god could do anything any Great Goddess could do.

This Goddess continued to be worshipped in some form down into historical times. Her worship is sometimes dismissed as a "fertility cult", largely because religious practices degenerated under new influences. But we may look for traces in the of the old order, in which Athena, whose name is pre-Greek, was the Goddess herself.

Under the influence of the Indo-Europeans, this bird goddess became the chief deity of war. Her earlier guise may be glimpsed in Athena's symbol, the owl, which derives from the preceding thousands of years of sacred bird imagery.

HEPHAESTUS (he-FEE-stus or he-FESS-tus; Roman name ) was the lame god of fire and crafts or the two together, hence of . was the son of Zeus and Hera or, in some accounts, of Hera alone. He limped because he was born lame, which caused his mother to throw him off Mount Olympus. Or in other accounts he interceded in a fight between Zeus and Hera, and Zeus took him by the foot and threw him from Olympus to the earth far below.

Hephaestus accomplished numerous prodigies of craftsmanship, such as the marvelous palaces that he built for the gods atop Mount Olympus, or the armor that he made for during the siege of (the description of which occupies a great many lines of 's epic of the Trojan War).

Hephaestus also created the first woman, , at the command of Zeus, in retaliation for the various tricks by which the had benefited mortal men at the expense of the gods. Pandora was given to the Titan's brother, , as his wife. For her dowry she brought a jar filled with evils from which she removed the lid, thereby afflicting men for the first time with hard work and sickness. Only remained inside the jar.

DIONYSUS (dye-oh-NYE-sus; Roman name Bacchus) was the god of wine. was the son of Zeus and the mortal heroine .

Dionysus rescued after she had been abandoned by Theseus. Dionysus also saved his mother from the Underworld, after Zeus showed her his true nature as storm god and consumed her in .

It was Dionysus who granted Midas the power to turn whatever he touched into gold, then was kind enough to take the power back when it proved inconvenient.

DEMETER (dee-MEE-tur; Roman name ) was the goddess of agriculture. Demeter as the sister of Zeus and the mother of . Persephone was gathering flowers in a meadow one day when a huge crack opened up in the earth and Hades, King of the Dead, emerged from the Underworld. He seized Persephone and carried her off in his chariot, back down to his his realm below, where she became his queen. Demeter was heartbroken. She wandered the length and breadth of the earth in search of her daughter, during which time the crops withered and it became perpetual .

At length Hades was persuaded to surrender Persephone for one half of every year, the spring and summer seasons when flowers bloom and the earth bears fruit once more. The half year that Persephone spends in the Underworld as Hades' queen coincides with the barren season.

When depicted in art, Demeter is often shown carrying a sheaf of grain.

ATHENA (a-THEE-nuh; Roman name ) was the goddess of crafts and the domestic arts and also those of war. She was the patron goddess of Athens. Her symbol was the owl. She was originally the Great Goddess in the form of a bird. By the late Classic, she had come to be regarded as a goddess of

Zeus was once married to , a daughter of Ocean who was renowned for her wisdom. When Metis became pregnant, Zeus was warned by Earth that a son born to Metis would overthrow him, just as he had usurped his own father's .

So Zeus swallowed Metis. In time he was overcome with a splitting headache and summoned help from the craftsman god Hephaestus (or, some say, the Titan Prometheus). Hephaestus cleaved Zeus's forehead with an ax, and Athena sprang forth fully armed.

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The poet tells the story to account for Zeus's great wisdom, since he can be said to have literally incorporated Metis. One can also read into the myth wishful thinking on the part of the mythmakers who replaced the worship of the Great Goddess, mother of all growing things, for that of the male sky-god Zeus. Zeus gave birth to Athena himself, as if to say, Who needs a woman in order to bring forth new life?

Athena aided the heroes Perseus, Jason, , Odysseus and Heracles in their quests.

Both Athena and Poseidon wanted to be patron deity of Athens. To prove her worthiness for the honor, Athena caused an olive tree to spring up on the citadel of Athens, the Acropolis. Poseidon sought to outdo her by striking the ground with his trident and causing a spring of water to gush forth. But as he was god of the sea, the water was salty. Athena's gift to the Athenians was considered to be more useful, so she became the city's patron deity.

Athena sponsored Perseus in his quest to slay Medusa because she wanted the Gorgon's head to decorate her shield.

ARTEMIS (AR-ti-mis; Roman name ) was the virgin goddess of the hunt. She helped women in childbirth but also brought sudden death with her arrows.

Artemis and her brother were the children of Zeus and . In some versions of their myth, Artemis was born first and helped her mother to deliver Apollo.

Niobe, queen of Thebes, once boasted that she was better than Leto because she had many children while the goddess had but two. Artemis and Apollo avenged this insult to their mother by killing all or most of 's children with their arrows. The weeping Niobe was transformed into stone, in which form she continued to weep.

ARES (-eez; Roman name ) was the , or more precisely of warlike frenzy. Though an immortal deity, he was bested by Heracles in battle and was almost killed when stuffed into a jar by two . When another hero wounded him during the Trojan War, he received scant sympathy from his father Zeus.

In appearance, was handsome and cruel. He is often depicted carrying a bloodstained spear. His throne on Mount Olympus was said to be covered in human skin.

The Roman god Mars, with whom Ares was identified, was the father of and Remus, the mythological founders of . Thus he was more important to the Romans than his Greek counterpart. He was also more dignified.

APOLLO (uh-POL-oh; Roman name Apollo) was the god of prophesy, music and healing.

Like most of his fellow Olympians, Apollo did not hesitate to intervene in human affairs. It was he who brought about the demise of the mighty Achilles. Of all the heroes besieging the city of Troy in the Trojan War, Achilles was the best fighter by far. He had easily defeated the Trojan captain in single combat. But Apollo helped Hector's brother slay Achilles with an arrow.

When someone died suddenly, he was said to have been struck down by one of Apollo's arrows. Homer's epic of the Trojan War begins with the god causing a plague by raining arrows down upon the Greek camp.

As god of music, Apollo is often depicted playing the lyre. He did not invent this instrument, however, but was given it by Hermes in compensation for cattle theft. Some say that Apollo did invent the lute, although he was best known for his skill on the lyre.

He won several musical contests by playing this instrument. In one case he bested , who competed on his own invention, the shepherd's pipe. On this occasion, King Midas had the bad sense to say that he preferred Pan's music, which caused Apollo to turn his ears into those of an ass.

APHRODITE (a-fro-DYE-tee; Roman name ) was the goddess of love, beauty and fertility. She was also a protectress of sailors.

The poet Hesiod said that Aphrodite was born from sea-foam. Homer, on the other hand, said that she was the daughter of Zeus and .

When the Trojan prince Paris was asked to judge which of three Olympian was the most beautiful, he chose Aphrodite over Hera and Athena. The latter two had hoped to bribe him with power and victory in battle, but Aphrodite offered the love of the most beautiful woman in the world.

This was of , who became infamous as when Paris subsequently eloped with her. In the ensuing Trojan War, Hera and Athena were implacable enemies of Troy while Aphrodite was loyal to Paris and the Trojans. IN HOMER

In his epic of the Trojan War, Homer tells how Aphrodite intervened in battle to save her son , a Trojan ally. The Greek hero , who had been on the verge of killing Aeneas, attacked the goddess herself, wounding her on the wrist with his spear and causing the to flow. (Ichor is what immortals have in the place of blood.)

Aphrodite promptly dropped Aeneas, who was rescued by Apollo, another Olympian sponsor of the Trojans. In pain she sought out her brother Ares, the god of war who stood nearby admiring the carnage, and borrowed his chariot so that she might fly up to Olympus. There she goes crying to her mother Dione, who soothes her and cures her wound. Her father Zeus tells her to leave war to the likes of Ares and Athena, while devoting herself to the business of marriage.

Elsewhere in Homer's , Aphrodite saves Paris when he is about to be killed in single combat by . The goddess wraps him in a mist and spirits him away, setting him down in his own bedroom in Troy. She then appears to Helen in the guise of an elderly handmaiden and tells her that Paris is waiting for her.

Helen recognizes the goddess in disguise and asks if she is being led once more to ruin. For Aphrodite had bewitched her into leaving her husband Menelaus to run off with Paris. She dares to suggest that Aphrodite go to Paris herself.

Suddenly furious, the goddess warns Helen not to go too far, lest she be abandoned to the hatred of and Trojans alike. "I'll hate you," says the mercurial goddess, "as much as I love you now."

Even though Zeus's queen Hera and Aphrodite are on different sides in the Trojan War, the goddess of love loans Hera her magical in order to distract Zeus from the fray. This garment has the property of causing men (and gods) to fall hopelessly in love with whoever is wearing it.

Homer calls Aphrodite "the Cyprian", and many of her attributes may have come from Asia via Cyprus (and Cythera) in Mycenaean times. These almost certainly mixed with a preexisting Hellenic or Aegean goddess. The ancient Greeks themselves felt that Aphrodite was both Greek and foreign. JASON

Aphrodite involved herself on other occasions in the affairs of mortal heroes. When Jason asked permission of the king of Colchis to remove the Golden Fleece from the grove in which it hung, the king was clearly unwilling. So the goddess Hera, who sponsored Jason's quest, asked her fellow-Olympian Aphrodite to intervene. The love goddess made the king's daughter fall in love with Jason, and Medea proved instrumental in Jason's success. AENEAS

Another time, Zeus punished Aphrodite for beguiling her fellow gods into inappropriate romances. He caused her to become infatuated with the mortal . That's how she came to be the mother of Aeneas. She protected this hero during the Trojan War and its aftermath, when Aeneas quested to and became the mythological founder of a line of Roman emperors.

A minor Italic goddess named Venus became identified with Aphrodite, and that's how she got her Roman name. It is as Venus that she appears in the Aeneiad , the poet 's epic of the .

And on still another occasion, HEPHAESTUS

The love goddess was married to the homely craftsman-god Hephaestus. She was unfaithful to him with Ares, and Homer relates in the how Hephaestus had his revenge.

IN ART

Elsewhere in classical art she has no distinctive attributes other than her beauty. Flowers and vegetation motifs suggest her connection to fertility.

Aphrodite was associated with the dove. Another of her sacred birds was the goose, on which she is seen to ride in a vase painting from antiquity.

Hesiod's reference to Aphrodite's having been born from the sea inspired the artist Botticelli's famous painting of the goddess on a giant scallop shell. Equally if not better known is the Venus de Milo, a statue which lost its arms in ancient times.

WAR GODDESS?

The ancient travel writer describes a number of statues of Aphrodite dressed for battle, many of them in Sparta. Given the manner in which the militaristic Spartans raised their girls, it is not surprising that they conceived of a female goddess in military attire. She also would have donned armaments to defend cities, such as , who adopted her as their patroness. This is not to say that she was a war goddess, although some have seen her as such and find significance in her pairing with the war god Ares in mythology and worship.

The two most recent editions of "The Oxford Classical Dictionary" are at variance over this aspect of the goddess. The 1970 edition sees her as a goddess of war and traces this to her Oriental roots. It is true that she has resemblances to , who is a goddess of war as well as fertility.

The 1996 edition of "The Oxford Classical Dictionary", on the other hand, offers several counterarguments. It sees her being paired with Ares, for instance, not because they are similarly warlike but precisely because love and war are opposites.

In any case, Aphrodite's primary function was to preside over reproduction, since this was essential for the survival of the community.

There were many OTHER GODS besides the Olympians. A number of them were said to live atop Mount Olympus with the supreme twelve.

For instance, Heracles was made into a god when he died, and he was given the goddess as his wife. They lived together in a palace on Olympus. Only the Olympians themselves, however, met in supreme council, seated together in Zeus's royal hall on twelve ornate .

For that matter, the composition of the Olympians changed over time. Originally Hestia, goddess of the hearth, was one of the twelve, but she grew tired of the godly bickering and gladly gave her place to the god of wine, Dionysus.

On the other hand, Hades, god of the dead and brother of Zeus and Poseidon, isn't included in our assembly because he dwelt in the Underworld and not on Olympus. His Roman name was . PAN

Pan (who is pictured above in the act of sneaking into a gathering of the ) was a god of shepherds and flocks. Pan was the son of Hermes and a nymph. He was born with the legs and horns of a , which caused his own mother to spurn him.

Nor was the adult god more popular with the . ran away from him and lost her voice as a consequence, being condemned only to repeat the words of others. Another fleeing nymph was transformed into a reed, which inspired Pan to invent the shepherd's pipe of bound reeds of varying lengths.

Pan was considered to be the cause of the sudden fear that sometimes comes for no reason, especially in lonely places. That's why it's called "panic".

Roman god Greek god What they do Head god/keeper of

1 Jupiter Zeus gate 2 Mars Ares God of war Protect-punishes

3 Juno Hera men / mother god 4 Venus Aphrodite Goddess of love Goddess of

6 Mars Demirter agriculture 7 Diana Artemis Goddess of hunting 8 Bacchus God of wine 9 Minerva Athena Warrior goddess Messenger/medicine 10 Mercury Hermes god God of the 11 Pluto Hades underworld/wealth 12 Neptune Poseidon God of the sea Goddess of hearth 13 Hestia and home 14 Vulcan Hephaestus God of fire

Introduction to Mythology

Roman and Greek myths date back to BC times. They originated in Europe near or around the Mediterranean Sea. They were especially concentrated in Greece and Italy. Myths are simply stories that are made up to explain something. A long time ago in Athens, Greece people made up stories to explain the tribulations of life. These stories consisted of gods, heroes, and warriors. Years later the Greeks were conquered by the Romans. The new rulers were pleased with these stories so the Romans adopted them. They took the myths back to Italy, where the myths were well liked, except for one thing. The names were all Greek sounding. The Romans changed all the names in the myth to better fit there lifestyle.

MYTH [míth] n. - 1. A dealing with ancestors beings,etc., and usually making an attempt to explain some belief, practice, or natural phenomenon. - AMBER Dictionary

Creation and the First Gods

In the beginning was : a vast, primordial, formless void, an immeasurable abyss (image 20k). Chaos gave birth to two children: a daughter called , or 'Night' (Roman 'Nox'), and , a region of unfathomable darkness where death dwelt. Then -winged Nyx floated over Erebus and laid a wind-borne egg. From this egg sprang , of Love, and with the birth of Eros came order and beauty.

Eros created Light ('' in Greek) and her sister, Day ('' in Greek). With the coming of Love and Light, Chaos gave birth to Gaea, the goddess Earth (Roman '') (image 16k) . Erebus became the darkness of the underworld.

With no companion, Gaea bore from herself , the sea, and (Greek 'Ouranos'), the starry that cover the Earth (image 16k). Gaea then united with Uranus to produce the first living creatures. Thus, Earth (Gaea) and Heaven (Uranus) became the first real parents of the universe. Several types of offspring came from their union:

Hecatoncheires (Roman 'Centimani') These three giant each had one hundred arms and fifty heads. Their names were Briareus, Cottus, and Gyges. They used their many hands to transmit tremendous energy and cause earthquakes. (image 12k) Three giant monsters, each had only one eye in the center of its forehead. They had devastating, destructive powers. Their names were , Brontes, and Steropes (or Pyracmon). The Cyclopes were able to fire up their forges and prepare their to create massive destructive weapons. The Titans The Titans were similar in size and strength but were not as destructive as the or the Cyclopes. The Greeks envisioned them with human characteristics, but they were not human (there would be no humans yet for eons to come). Tremendous in size and strength, they were considered to be more like forces than beings. (Some authors say the Titans were born to Uranus and Gaea before the Cyclopes.)

Gaea came to have reason to complain bitterly about Uranus' treatment of the Hecatoncheires and the Cyclopes: Uranus detested them because of their ugliness and their great destructive strength. Although they were his sons, he chained and imprisoned them within the deepest region of the earth, which later was to be known as Tartarus. (Some authors say that Uranus imprisoned only the Hecatoncheires and not the Cyclopes.)

When Gaea asked the Titans for help in rescuing her sons only the Titan Cronus agreed to help. Gaea armed him with a sickle and, as Uranus and Gaea slept late one night, Cronus attacked Uranus with the sickle. Cronus flung the removed pieces of Uranus into the sea, causing blood (or life energy) to be spilled onto the land and into the sea. The drops of blood that fell onto the land gave rise to the giants, the nymphs of the trees, and the Furies. The drops of blood that fell into the sea began to foam, and this became the birthplace of Aphrodite (image 21k).

After Cronus defeated Uranus, he released the Hecatoncheires and the Cyclopes and reigned as king of the Titans for thousands of years.

The Titans

Often called the Elder Gods, the Titans were the firstborn children of Uranus and Gaea. They had incredible size and incredible strength. Some Titans were imagined as having enormous human forms but with tails instead of legs. There is much discussion about the number, nature, and age of the Titans, but the consensus is that they were involved with the activities of nature. The Titans were numerous, and their tasks were varied (and sometimes nebulous) according to different legends. Here are some of the most notable Titans and their characteristics:

Cronus, youngest of the first-generation Titans and eventually their ruler, was known by the Romans as Saturn. Rhea, an , was wife to Cronus and mother of the first Olympians. , Titan of the oceans and , was the god of the great river that circled the entire earth and bore his name. Prometheus was a second-generation Titan and the wisest of them all. His name means 'Forethought' and he was able to tell the future. He supported Zeus in his revolt and afterwards. He also became mankind's protector and benefactor. He later opposed Zeus's will and suffered greatly for it until Heracles rescued him. Epithemeus, whose name means 'Afterthought,' was also a second-generation Titan. A somewhat dull fellow, he did assist his brother Prometheus in creating mankind. Unfortunately he accepted from Zeus the gift of Pandora and her box, which led to the introduction of all the evils into the world. , a second-generation Titan, was condemned to hold up the earth on his shoulders because he opposed Zeus. The memory of this terrible burden is preserved today in the name we give to a collection of the world's maps. , a sun god, was Titan of Light and father to the Sun, the Moon, and the Dawn, for which he was greatly revered. , Titaness of Memory, became the mother of the nine . We still invoke her name today when we speak of a 'mnemonic' device, something that aids memorization.

Cronus' mother, Gaea, persuaded him to usurp his father Uranus and take over the throne of Olympus. So Cronus -- alone or in some legends with the aid of the other Titans -- mutilated Uranus, became the ruling Titan, and married his sister Rhea. Cronus' rule in Olympus was a in which humans and gods were equally happy. However, he had been warned in a prophesy that one of his own children would dethrone him and assume his place as ruler of Olympus. To avoid this Cronus swallowed all of his children as soon as they were born.

Rhea, understandably unhappy at Cronus' behavior, replaced their infant son Zeus with a disguised rock, and Cronus swallowed the rock instead. Subsequently Zeus rebelled against Cronus and rescued his siblings from Cronus' interior. In the ten-year war that followed, Zeus received help from Cronus' half-brothers, the Cyclopes and the hundred- handed Hecatoncheires (the Centimani).

Eventually Cronus and the Titans who had sided with him against the Olympians were defeated. They were thrown into Tartarus and imprisoned there forever under guard of the Hecatoncheires. In another version of the fall of the Titans, the defeated Cronus went to rule in the Islands of the Blessed (Italy). Titans who had not taken part in the wars against Zeus were allowed to keep their status; these included Oceanus, the female Titans, and (a son of Hyperion).

There were other Titans less prominent or important in themselves but who had famous children:

Iapetus was the father of Atlas, Prometheus, and Epithemeus. , earth goddess and Titaness of Justice and Order, gave birth to the and the Seasons. was a sea goddess and wife of Oceanus, with whom she produced the rivers, the 3000 sea nymphs, and the Titaness Metis. Metis, whose name means '' or 'counsel,' was a second-generation Titaness. Her name means 'prudence' or 'counsel.' She is said by some to have been the mother of Athena, having been swallowed whole by Zeus prior to giving birth. Coeüs was the Titan of Intelligence and father of Leto. , a Titaness associated with the moon, was the mother of Leto. Leto, a second-generation Titaness, became mother of Apollo and Artemis. was the wife of Hyperion and mother of the Sun, Moon and Dawn. Helios, son of Hyperion, was a sun god and father of the ill- fated .

About the more obscure Titans we know very little (perhaps they did very little), and they have tended to fade out of memory and out of the legends.